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	Eastern Zhou Dynasty Map (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		It was philosophers of this period who first enunciated the doctrine of the "mandate of heaven," the notion that the ruler (the "son of heaven") governed by divine right but his dethronement would mean that he had lost his mandate.
		In 771 BC, the Zhou court was sacked, and its king killed by invading barbarians who were allied with rebel lords.
		Because of this shift, historians divide the Zhou era into Western Zhou (1027 to 771 BC) and Eastern Zhou (770 to 221 BC).
	www.paulnoll.com /China/Dynasty/dynasty-East-Zhou.html (231 words)

	Zhou Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the Chinese historical tradition, the rulers of the Zhou displaced the Shang and legitimized their rule by invoking the Mandate of Heaven, the notion that the ruler (the "son of heaven") governed by divine right (granted by the Supreme God of Heaven) but that his dethronement would prove that he had lost the mandate.
		The Zhou dynasty was founded by the Ji family and had its capital at Hào (鎬, near the present-day city of Xi'an).
		In the West, the Zhou period is often described as feudal because the Zhou's early rule invites comparison with medieval rule in Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eastern_Zhou_Dynasty (1050 words)

	Han Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A distant relative of Liu royalty, Liu Xiu, prevailed after a number of agrarian rebellions overthrew Wang Mang's Xing Dynasty, and he reestablished the Han Dynasty (commonly referred to as the Eastern Han Dynasty, as his capital was at Luoyang, east of the old Han Dynasty capital at Chang'an).
		He and his son Emperor Ming of Han and grandson Emperor Zhang of Han were generally considered able emperors whose reigns were the prime of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
		In 311, around one hundred years after the fall of the Eastern Han, its capital Luoyang was sacked by the Huns.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eastern_Han_Dynasty (2303 words)

	Timeline
		With the transfer of the capital to Yin during the reign of the 19th ruler, a period of stability was established and the capital remained at Yin until the end of the dynasty.
		In BC 771 the Zhou court was sacked, and its king was killed by invading barbarians.
		Overthrown by usurpers, the Eastern Wei became the Northern Qi, and the Western Wei became the Northern Zhou.
	www15.brinkster.com /orientalempire/timeline1.htm (1697 words)

	Wikinfo \| Zhou Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Zhou Dynasty (周朝 late 10th century BC to late 9th century - 256 BC) (Wade-Giles Chou Dynasty) followed the Shang Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty in China.
		In the Chinese historical tradition, the rulers of the Zhou displaced the Shang and legitimized their rule by invoking the mandate of heaven.
		The Zhou dynasty was founded by the Ji family and had its capital at Hao, near the city of Xi'an, or Chang'an, as it was known in its heyday in the imperial period.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Zhou_Dynasty (743 words)

	Wikinfo \| Zhou Dynasty (1122 BC - 256 BC)
		Zhou Dynasty (周朝 1122 BC - 256 BC) (Wade-Giles Chou Dynasty) followed the Shang Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty in China.
		The Zhou dynasty had its capital at Hao, near the city of Xian, or Chang'an, as it was known in its heyday in the imperial period.
		The Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD) was declared by Empress Wu Zetian of China and lasted during her reign.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Zhou_Dynasty_(1122_BC_-_256_BC) (631 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Zhou Dynasty is divided into two parts, the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou.
		The Eastern Zhou period is thought of as the 'shaping period' of Chinese culture.
		The eastern part was ruled by Ping Wang, and the western part was ruled by the King of Hui.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/China/Zhou.html (377 words)

	Zhou
		The Zhou began as a semi-nomadic tribe that lived to the west of the Shang kingdom.
		The first is the Western Zhou, which occurs from the time of their victory over the Shang until about 771 B.C. when they were forced east by barbarians from the north.
		The Eastern Zhou is further divided into two time periods, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/china/ancient_china/zhou.html (714 words)

	Zhou Dynasty China\|Zhou Dynasty\|THE JADE ROAD LTD
		The ancient Zhou capital was divided into two sections, one for the Zhou people an the imperial court and the other half for the Shang people.
		The Zhou royal court and son of Emperor Yu Wang escape and move the capital eastward to Loyand in 771 B.C. Many of the ancient Jade artifacts uncovered and on the market today is the result of this historic event.
		I have studied and Zhou Dynasty Jade artifacts for over 30-years and find that each jade artifact made by the hands of the Great Zhou are masterpieces that the western world has seldom seen.
	www.thejaderoad.com /zhoudynasty.html (1026 words)

	CHRONOLOGY - ZHOU DYNASTY
		In the 11th century B.C. King Wu of the Zhou took advantage of the favourable opportunity presented by the absence of the Shang kings main military force, which was in the southeast attacking the Yi people.
		In 771 B.C. the Zhou court was sacked, and its king was killed by invaders allied with rebel lords.
		The Zhou's early decentralized rule was a proto-feudal, more sophisticated version of earlier tribal organization where control depended more on familial ties than on legal bonds.
	www.gotheborg.com /chronology/zhou.shtml (2013 words)

	Chinese history:Zhou Dynasty (1046-256BC)
		The Zhou dynasty had its capital at Hao, near the city of Xi'an,or Chang'an, as it was known in its heyday in the imperial period.
		The Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other, from 1027 to 221 B.C. It was philosophers of this period who first enunciated the doctrine of the "mandate of heaven" (tianming), the notion that the ruler (the "son of heaven") governed by divine right but that his dethronement would prove that he had lost the mandate.
		These developments, which probably occurred in the latter Zhou period, were manifested in greater central control over local governments and a more routinized agricultural taxation.
	www.chinavoc.com /history/zhou.htm (402 words)

	Zhou Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China -- Research Into Origins Of Huns, Uygurs, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Zhou people were conferred the title of 'Xi Bo' (Count of the West) by Shang Dynasty King Zhouwang as a buffer state against the Western nomads.
		Zhou King Pingwang moved eastward to Luoyi in 770 BC under the escort of Qin lord, and promised to Qin the land of Feng and Qishan should Qin defeat Quanrong and recover the territories.
		In the autumn of 636 BC, the brother of Zhou King Xiangwang, Shu-dai, hired the Di barbarians in attacking the Zhou court.
	www.uglychinese.org /zhou.htm (13805 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: Chapter 1, Section 2- Ancient Chinese History Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Shu jing praises the first three Zhou rulers: King Wen (the Cultured King) expanded the Zhou domain; his son, King Wu (the Martial King), conquered the Shang; and King Wu's brother, Zhou Gong (often referred to as Duke of Zhou), consolidated the conquest and served as loyal regent for Wu’s heir.
		The Zhou established a new capital to the east at Chengzhou (near present-day Luoyang), where they were safer from barbarian attack, but the Eastern Zhou kings no longer exercised much political or military authority over the vassal states.
		In the Eastern Zhou period, real power lay with the larger states, although the Zhou kings continued as nominal overlords, partly because they were recognized as custodians of the Mandate of Heaven, but also because no single feudal state was strong enough to dominate the others.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/c01s02.html (5705 words)

	Chinese History
		When the western Zhou started is uncertainbut traditionally 1122 BC and 1027 BC are the dates given to us.
		The Eastern Zhou period is thought of as the'shaping period' of Chinese culture.
		The end of the Zhou period is in 221 BC whenthe first emperor of the Qin Dynasty unified the land on a new imperialbasis.
	www.china-inc.com /education/history/zhou.html (410 words)

	History of Chinese Dynasties: Zhou dynasty
		The Western Zhou Dynasty was more united under the control of the king and several vassals.
		The disrupted Eastern Zhou Dynasty had many kingdoms each with their own power and ambition to acquire overall control.
		The Iron Age was to become the new technology in the train of new ideas and thinking followed by the establishment of schools while reformists in each state put together new policies to maintain the rule of slave owners.
	www.warriortours.com /intro/history/zhou/index.htm (139 words)

	Chinese History - Zhou Dynasty å‘¨ (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		The Zhou Dynasty is probably the dynasty that reigned for the longest period not only of all Chinese dynasties, but of the whole world.
		The founders of the Zhou Dynasty, the Kings Wen and Wu (abbreviated to the couple Wen Wu æ—æ¦), and the Prince Regent Duke Dan of Zhou å‘¨å¬æ—¦, were seen as the ideal monarchs and even as patrons and inventors of every kind of arts.
		The Zhou kings had to flee from their western capital to the east, forced by "barbarian" tribes that invaded the Zhou territory.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Zhou/zhou.html (339 words)

	The Golden Age of Chinese Archaeology - NGA
		In 770 B.C., the king of Zhou moved his capital east to Luoyang; the five and a half centuries that followed, comprising two phases the Spring and Autumn period (770-476 B.C.) and the Warring States period (475-221 B.C.) are called the Eastern Zhou period.
		The Western Zhou kings had wielded considerable power; the kings of the Eastern Zhou period, by contrast, were largely puppet figures: several regional kingdoms exercised greater influence and waged frequent war among themselves.
		The bronze bells from the tomb at Xiasi (no. 91) reflect the Zhou (and Shang) tradition of burying the dead with musical instruments for solemn performances in honor of ancestral spirits.
	www.nga.gov /exhibitions/chbro_chu.htm (591 words)

	AH 370/EA 355 Arts of China: #3 The Zhou Dynasty
		Zhou - ritual sacrifices to ancestors, lengthy inscriptions announce patron's deeds to ancestors and descendents
		Zhou - became increasingly secular emblems of rank and power used (often in coordinated sets) by nobles in the feudal states; inscriptions diminish and virtually disappear.
		birds are prominent in W. Zhou; taotie and dragons gradually dissolve into abstract pattern-units that form the basis of continuous interlace designs found in E. Zhou; E. Zhou appearance of crude hunting scenes and other pictorial representations; introduction of inlays (gold, silver, copper, turquoise etc.) creating surface richness and brilliance.
	www.wisc.edu /arth/ah370/ah370s3.html (380 words)

	Out of Order ... Chaos
		Haojing, capital city of the Western Zhou Dynasty, was devastated by war in 771 BC.
		The Eastern Zhou never regained the military or political power necessary to reconquer the western lands or even to maintain much control over the 500 to 600 km2 they ruled.
		During the closing years of the Western Zhou Period, people began to despair at the apparent abdication of moral behavior by their leaders, a despair that only grew stronger throughout the Spring and Autumn period.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C01/E0107.htm (2163 words)

	Random House Academic Resources \| The Anchor Book of Chinese Poetry by edited by Tony Barnstone and Chou Ping
		The Shang were overthrown by the king of Zhou, a small dependent nation in the Wei River Valley in the western Shang territory, and thus began the Zhou dynasty, the first great period of Chinese literature.
		It was during the Zhou dynasty that the doctrine that the Chinese King was exercising a "Mandate of Heaven" in his rule developed.
		The Zhou dynasty is the longest of China's many dynasties, and is divided into the Western Zhou (1122-771 BCE) and the Eastern Zhou (771-256 BCE), as the Zhou were forced out of their capital at Xian by barbarian invaders from the north, and moved east to found their new capital in Luoyang.
	www.randomhouse.com /acmart/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385721981&view=excerpt (1766 words)

	Chinese History - Zhou Dynasty å‘¨ map and geography (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		Important vassals of the founding time of Western Zhou were ç®¡å”é®® Shu Xian, Ruler of Guan; æå”æ¦ Shu Wu, Ruler of Cheng; éå”è• Shu Chu, Ruler of Huo; ææ±æ¨“å¬ Donglou, Duke of Qi ("Qy"), a descendant of the House of Xia; ç•¢å¬é« Gao, Duke of Bi.
		The Western Zhou Dynasty had to flee to their eastern capital Chengzhou æå‘¨ or Luoyi é’é‘ after a savage attack by the western "barbarian" tribes of Quanrong ç¬æ or Xianyun çç (å´å) in 770 BC.
		This is the begin of Eastern Zhou period.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Zhou/zhou-map.html (1072 words)

	Dynasties of China: Zhou Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Having suffered much during the reign of King Zhou, the Shang army turned coat and led the Zhou army to the Shang capital.
		The Zhou Dynasty is traditionally divided into two periods: the Western Zhou (11th century BC to 711 BC) with Haojing as its capital and the Eastern Zhou (770 BC - 221 BC), when the capital was moved east to present Luoyang.
		Zhou reigned over 800 years and was the longest-ruling dynasty in Chinese history.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/zhou/index.htm (403 words)

	Chinese History, Regent Tour China
		The first dynasty to unite most of China under a single government was the Zhou Dynasty.
		In 771 B.C. Zhou's king was killed by invading barbarians who were allied with rebel lords.
		The end of the Zhou period is in 221 BC when the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty unified the land on a new imperial basis.
	www.regenttour.com /china/history/zhou.htm (456 words)

	Western Zhou (c. 1100 - 771 BC)
		Some, though not all, scholars believe that the Xia, the Shang, and the Zhou actually were three different cultures that emerged more or less at the same time in different areas of the Yellow River valley.
		However, the Zhou were the most powerful principality and played the role of hegemon in the area.
		The Zhou were able to maintain peace and stability through the hegemon system for a few hundred years; then in 771 BC, the capital was sacked by barbarians from the west.
	www.ancientworlds.net /109951 (321 words)

	Turk & Uygur (UIGUR, UIGHUIR, UIGUIR, and WEIWUER) -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Northern Zhou was a puppet of the Turks and inter-marriage between Turks and Northern Zhou was the way of maintaining peace between the two.
		The Eastern Turkic Khanate continued its expansion under Khan Muchuo (Mo-ch'o or Motcho) by subjugating tribes such as the Kirghiz and the Karlak before his death in AD 716.
		After this invasion, Eastern Turkestan was given the name Xinjiang which means "new territory" or "New Dominion" and it was annexed into the territory of the Manchu empire on November 18,1884.
	www.uglychinese.org /turk.htm (13749 words)

	The Social development of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Eastern Zhou was a period of disunity.
		Before the end of Zhou, copper cash, a small round coin with a square hole at the center for stringing purpose, had come into use, and it remained the standard Chinese coin until in the late 19th century.
		During the Eastern Zhou, the barbarian people who lived around the heartland of China became gradually incorporated into the Chinese cultural area.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/china/wuyi/zhou1.html (467 words)

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