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Topic: Eccentric (Sport)

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	Eccentric (Sport) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eccentric movements are often defined as those exercise movements involving the lengthening of muscle fibers.
		Eccentric movements are involved in deceleration such as landing from a jump and parts of the movement of catching a ball such as a basketball.
		Stresses caused by eccentric movements greater than the athlete is accustomed to is believed to be a major cause of delayed onset muscle soreness, the term for the sometimes extreme soreness athlete suffer 24-48 hrs after an athletic event.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eccentric_(Sport) (117 words)

	Eccentricity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eccentric is from the Greek for out of the centre, as opposed to concentric, in the centre.
		In astrodynamics, the eccentricity of an orbit can be calculated from orbital state vectors as an absolute value of eccentricity vector or using other methods based on orbital energy and angular momentum.
		In mechanical engineering, an eccentric is a wheel that rotates on an axle that is displaced from the focus of the circle described by the wheel —in other words, a mechanical motion that can operate either as a cam or a crank, depending upon how it is driven.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eccentricity (265 words)

	xtri.com \| sport health \| april 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Eccentric contractions occur when the muscle lengthens under tension to decelerate the body.
		However, it is the eccentric phase of the running stride that wears out the quads during a race.
		One, eccentric contractions are harder on the body than concentric contractions.
	www.xtri.com /article.asp?id=303&offset=0 (485 words)

	5th IOC World Congress on Sport Sciences 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Nett eccentric musculotendinous stiffness was calculated as the change in vertical ground reaction force divided by the change in height of the subject's centre of mass.
		Eccentric musculotendinous stiffness was strongly related to ground contact time of the drop jumps (r = -0.79, -0.84, -0.83 for drop jumps from 30, 60, and 90cm drops respectively; p < 0.0001).
		It was concluded that the level of musculotendinous stiffness during the eccentric phase of a SSC jump is strongly related to the eccentric rate of force development and both are, in part, probable determinants of ground contact time.
	www.ausport.gov.au /fulltext/1999/iocwc/abs240b.htm (311 words)

	Human Kinetics
		In eccentric actions performed at moderate to high speeds, the muscles call on fast-twitch motor units to work; these fast-twitch muscle-fiber units are thus preferentially recruited.
		Force production during eccentric contraction is greater than concentric contractions because the body generates a higher tension at the point of the muscle’s insertion.
		One theory is that the faster the transition occurs from eccentric to concentric contraction, the greater the muscular tension produced and, potentially, the greater the muscle power produced (Komi 1973).
	www.humankinetics.com /products/showexcerpt.cfm?excerpt_id=2818 (3058 words)

	Shudokan Martial Arts Association: Online Articles: Burkland: Judo: Martial Way or Modern Sport? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is the conflict between the views of judo as a sport or as budo.
		Donn Draeger said, "Modern judo is commonly described as a sport, a fighting art, a spiritual discipline, a system of physical education and a recreational activity." Budo and sports have in common regular physical training in specific skills and routines.
		Sports are designed to provide physical fitness, entertainment and, through competition, the attainment of awards, monetary gain, and/or public acclaim.
	www.michionline.org /smaa/articles/burkland_judo.html (817 words)

	Sport template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is concluded that, in trained athletes, as a consequence of L-C loading VO2max is slightly but significantly raised, probably as a result of an activation of substrate flow through the TCA cycle, whereas the lipid contribution to metabolism in prolonged submaximal exercise remains unchanged.
		Eccentric muscle effort is known to induce delayed muscle soreness (DOMS) and muscle damage which are not responsive to medical treatment with the most common analgesic agents.
		The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of oral L-carnitine supplementation on pain (VAS scale), tenderness (pain thresholds) and CK release induced by a 20-min eccentric effort of the quadriceps muscle.
	www.vitamins.nl /nl/abstracts_roadrunner.htm (2810 words)

	1998 Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Sports during which contractions are predominantly concentric include swimming and cycling.
		It is generally agreed that an eccentric contraction leads to membrane damage in muscle fibres, a loss of calcium homeostasis, and consequent injury or even death of the muscle fibre.
		It is a common experience that after a period of soreness from eccentric exercise, a second bout of exercise a week later leads to much less soreness.
	www.ausport.gov.au /fulltext/1998/acsm/smabs042.htm (575 words)

	Ballistic Measurement System - Sample laboratories for exercise science
		Select a subject who is involved in a sport that involves jumping and after a warm-up have them perform three maximal jumps without use of the braking mechanism.
		Most sports require the explosive application of force to accelerate the body, limb or implement resulting in a high velocity at the point of impact or release.
		Pure 1RM strength is required in the sport of Power Lifting because there is no requirement for the weight to be lifted quickly as the athlete is attempting to lift the maximum amount of weight.
	www.innervations.com /resources/bmslabs.htm (2411 words)

	Eccentricity (orbit) Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		* In astrodynamics, the '''Eccentricity (orbit)eccentricity of an orbit''' can be calculated from orbital state vectors as an absolute value of eccentricity vector or using other methods based on orbital energy and angular momentum.
		* In mechanical engineering, an '''Eccentric (mechanism)eccentric''' is a wheel that rotates on an axle that is displaced from the focus of the circle described by the wheel —in other words, a mechanical motion that can operate either as a cam or a crank, depending upon how it is driven.
		* In sport, '''Eccentric (Sport)eccentric movements''' are those exercise movements involving the lengthening of muscle fibers.
	www.echostatic.com /index.php?title=Eccentricity_(orbit)&action=edit (221 words)

	What is the most direct means to achieve strength gains specific to the demands of jumping events? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Lacking sufficient eccentric strength and given the corresponding potential for buckling of the knee, the addition of approach speed would require limiting the range of motion or "joint movements" from the Newton quote, that would otherwise be utilized to generate greater vertical velocity at takeoff.
		Increasing the eccentric strength of the leg extensors will allow the athlete to effectively transfer the increased speed developed in the approach to a vertical direction at takeoff with a minimal loss of energy...
		This can partially be explained by the fact that during eccentric contraction the direction of lengthening of series elastic element is the same with the action of the contractile element.
	www.coachesinfo.com /article/46 (5454 words)

	CB Athletics [Issue 11]
		This eccentric work also increases the injury risk of the muscle because high levels of force are generated as the muscle lengthens (OR as the muscles stretches).
		If the eccentric strength of the hamstring is weak then the individual will not be able to control their limb during deceleration, and injury may occur from poor shock absorption upon landing.
		Negatives use a load of ~110-120% of the maximal concentric force in a slow-speed eccentric action, however, eccentric sport actions are high-speed with light loads (the weight of the limb).
	www.cbathletics.com /issues/11.htm (1364 words)

	1998 Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Unaccustomed exercise involving lengthening of muscle while it is contracting (eccentric exercise) often leads to delayed onset muscle soreness and muscle damage.
		To test for susceptibility to eccentric exercise-induced damage, a single period of eccentric exercise was then carried on an inclined treadmill for one hour.
		It was concluded that a period of concentric exercise increased the susceptibility of muscle to changes associated with the damage from eccentric exercise.
	www.ausport.gov.au /fulltext/1998/acsm/smabs062.htm (352 words)

	Periodicity
		Eccentric training never caught on in the Soviet Union, according to Dr. Verkoshansky, because it does not force adaptation in ligaments and tendons -- only speed-strength training (lifting the weight fast -- max effort, accelerating the weight with inertia assisting) can do that.
		Sport Perfection Stage: Three years of intense sport-specific training in order to make the grade of "Master of Sport" in their respective sports (only 30 percent of all candidates in the old Soviet empire ever made the grade).
		This is a maximum intensity workout, particularly because it is grueling and because eccentric movements are emphasized maximally.
	www.geocities.com /~slopitch/drsquat/fredperi.htm (2731 words)

	1998 Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The purpose of this study was to determine if two low volume, non-damaging bouts of eccentric exercise could also reduce the severity of symptoms experienced when a much larger bout of eccentric exercise was performed 7 days later.
		The main eccentric bout targeted the elbow flexors of the non-dominant arm and consisted of 36 maximal isokinetic, eccentric muscle actions.
		Analysis of post-test data revealed that while muscle soreness and concentric torque were not influenced by the eccentric familiarisation, all other variables (plasma CK activity, girth, elbow angle and isometric and eccentric torque) recovered more rapidly in the FAM group.
	www.ausport.gov.au /fulltext/1998/acsm/smabs192.htm (382 words)

	5th IOC World Congress on Sport Sciences 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		For muscle that are slow-fibred and/or anti-gravity-muscles, and/or perform strech-shortening cycles during everyday use, eccentric execise might not produce injury readily.
		An important question is whether fibre types differ in their susceptibility to damage from eccentric exercise.
		We have tested this by stretching predominatly fast and slow muscles over equivalent regions of their length-tension relation, and found that both were equally as damaged.
	www.ausport.gov.au /fulltext/1999/iocwc/abs258.htm (569 words)

	Human Kinetics
		(1997) measured concentric and eccentric power and work in a bilateral knee extensor test to exhaustion prior to and after creatine supplementation (20 g/day for 6 days, 120 g total) in 18 males and females who were randomly assigned to either a placebo or creatine group.
		Increases of 25% and 15% were also reported for concentric and eccentric work for the right leg.
		Although a 6% increase in bench press peak power was observed after creatine supplementation, there was no improvement in absolute or relative bench press force, average force, average power loss, or squat performance.
	www.humankinetics.com /products/showexcerpt.cfm?excerpt_id=2889 (1863 words)

	Sport Marketing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is entitled "Sports Marketing on the Internet" and really is interesting to look back at, now that we have seen the impact of the internet on the way sport has been marketed.
		In practical terms, as far as the sports marketer is concerned, this means that information about the marketplace can either be collected through in-depth conversations with key constituents of that market, or by collecting impersonal but generalisable statistical information from a broad representation of the market.
		As a result, qualitative sports market research focuses on the perceptions, opinions, beliefs and practices of individuals, and the assigning of these views with an underpinning meaning (Patton, 1990).
	acadweb.snhu.edu /nugent_nicholas/spt500.htm (9332 words)

	PLYOMETRIC TRAINING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Focus is placed on improving eccentric strength, achieving a rapid eccentric/concentric transition (termed amortization phase) and decreasing ground contact time using high force jumping exercises (for the lower limb).
		The eccentric exercise program as described by Stanish et al (1986) incorporates rapid eccentric exercises into the rehabilitation program, but does actually include sport specific or jumping exercises, which an athlete requires to return to their optimal level of functioning post injury.
		The exercises should be kept as close to the original skill as possible with, for example, training for sports such as basketball utilising a combination of double and single leg patterns, jumping for both length and height, and also adding tasks such as shooting or dunking to depth jumps.
	www.alphalink.com.au /~zack/exercise.html (2532 words)

	Eccentric Sport Moves into the Inner City
		Venture, if you will, beneath a flyover in west London carrying much of the capital's daily traffic flow and there, squeezed between brutalist tower blocks, are the first four courts for Eton fives fully open to the public.
		Herring, who once beat Prince Harry, younger son of Britain's heir to the throne Prince Charles, at Fives, said the sport was a hit with the eight-to-10-year-olds.
		It is about the only sport where the server does not have an advantage, because if the player taking the rebound does not like the serve he can ask for the ball to be served again.
	www.etonfives.co.uk /articles/reuters.2003.html (723 words)

	RTÉ.ie Sport - Eccentric excellence
		Eccentric put up a bold front-running performance to take the Littlewoods Bet Direct Winter Derby.
		John Egan had the Andrew Reid-trained four-year-old smartly out of the stalls and took the field along at a good gallop.
		The rider then kicked on at the turn, slipping the field, and Eccentric (7-2) kept on strongly to hold the late challenge of Blythe Knight (66-1) by a length and a quarter.
	www.rte.ie /sport/2005/0319/eccentric.html (115 words)

	A pilot study of the eccentric decline squat in the management of painful chronic patellar tendinopathy -- Purdam et ...
		A pilot study of the eccentric decline squat in the management of painful chronic patellar tendinopathy -- Purdam et al.
		A pilot study of the eccentric decline squat in the management of painful chronic patellar tendinopathy
		Evaluation of eccentric exercise in treatment of patellar tendinitis.
	bjsportmed.com /cgi/content/full/38/4/395 (1672 words)

	Human Kinetics
		Subjects in the eccentric group, the group that lowered the weight, complained of muscle soreness, whereas the other group did not.
		You may be surprised to know that the eccentric group in the Komi and Buskirk study gained a bit more strength, a common finding in eccentric training studies, probably because you can let down more weight than you can lift (hence the muscle is under more tension).
		But before you get excited about eccentric training, remember what I keep saying about specificity: Unless your sport or job calls for letting down heavy loads, the training may not help performance as much as regular weight training, and you are certain to get muscle soreness with eccentric contractions.
	www.humankinetics.com /products/showexcerpt.cfm?excerpt_id=3331 (544 words)

	xtri.com \| sport health \| april 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		If you do not have access to a box modify the workouts to include only those exercises that can be performed safely without the box.
		Once you have completed Week 5 of the program your muscles should be well accustomed to the stress of eccentric exercise.
		When the race season starts you can maintain your eccentric strength with 1-2 workouts per week made up of Level 2-4 exercises.
	www.xtri.com /article-p.asp?id=303 (979 words)

	Eleiko Sport Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The high intensity involved in eccentric contraction exercises (also known as "negatives") stresses the body greatly,and as aresult, should be used sparingly.
		Eccentric work is usually reserved for those muscles that are most involved in execution of particular sport skills.
		Eccentric regimen workouts can also be combined with the concentric and isometric contractions to develop greater explosive or speed strength.
	www.eleikosport.com /sportcenter/visaartikel.asp?id=34 (2995 words)

	Unicyclist Community Forums - Eccentric wheeled uni? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		To clarify, by 'eccentric wheel' I mean that the rim is circular, and on a flat plane, but the hub is not central.
		My guess is that a 1 inch eccentricity would be more noticeable in a 20 inch wheel than a 24.
		October 2001 (in the unicycling club) I tried a 24" unicycle with an axle that was eccentrically placed in the wheel with moderate offset, axle 2 or 3 inches (just guessing here but certainly more than the 1" that Unibrier mentioned) off the wheel centre.
	www.unicyclist.com /forums/showthread.php?threadid=22949 (2091 words)

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