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Topic: Ecdysozoa

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Panarthropoda

Echiura

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Deuterostomia

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	Ecdysozoa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ecdysozoa are a group of protostome animals, including the Arthropoda (insects, arachnids, crustaceans, et cetera), Nematoda, and several smaller phyla.
		Groups corresponding roughly to the Ecdysozoa had been proposed previously by Perrier in 1897 and Seurat in 1920 based on morphology alone.
		A closer examination of the characters supporting the monophyly of Ecdysozoa shows that some of them are dubious at least if at all factually true.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ecdysozoa (595 words)

	Ecdysozoa
		The Ecdysozoa are a large group of protostomian[?] animals, erected by Aguinaldo et al.
		The Ecdysozoa concept resolves some morphologic problems like the occurrence of a triradiate muscular sucking pharynx in tardigrades (whose bauplan reminds strongly of arthropods) and roundworms.
		The Ecdysozoa concept is contradictory to the more traditional Articulata[?] concept, where the Panarthropoda are combined to one taxon with the annelids.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ec/Ecdysozoa.html (200 words)

	Introduction to the Ecdysozoa
		The Ecdysozoa comprise one of the major groups within the animal kingdom, and it is also the largest since it includes both the arthropods (insects, spiders, and crustaceans) and the nematodes.
		The Ecdysozoa is one of the two large subdivisions within the Protostomia, a group in which the mouth develops from the first opening to develop in the embryo.
		The name Ecdysozoa refers to the fact that many members of this group regularly shed their cuticle, a process called ecdysis that is controlled hormonally by a class of steroids appropriately called ecdysteroids.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /phyla/ecdysozoa.html (602 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| Genome-scale evidence of the nematode-arthropod clade
		The 'Ecdysozoa hypothesis' postulated that all phyla composed of animals that grow by moulting a cuticular exoskeleton (such as arthropods and nematodes) originate from a common ancestor, thus forming a distinct clade.
		The gene-based Ecdysozoa versus genome-scale Coelomata alternative hypotheses were recently challenged by two phylogenomics studies that partly supported the Ecdysozoa clade [17] and a paraphyletic Coelomata group [18].
		The monophyly of the Ecdysozoa group, strongly championed by the evo-devo community [30], was originally deduced, and continually recovered, through the analysis of different single-gene sequences [3,5,6,8-11], sometimes in combination with morphological characters [7].
	genomebiology.com /2005/6/5/R41 (4801 words)

	Pentastomida - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This arrangement led to their scientific name, meaning "five openings", but although the appendages are similar in some species, only one is a mouth.
		They grow by moulting, which suggests they belong to the Ecdysozoa.
		Historically, they were considered to deserve a phylum of their own, but in 1972, Wingstrand showed similarities in the structure of spermatozoa between pentastomids and branchiurans (fish lice), a group of parasitic crustaceans
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pentastomida (313 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| The evolutionary position of nematodes
		We tested the Ecdysozoa hypothesis with analyses of more than 100 nuclear protein alignments, under conditions that would expose biases, and found that it was not supported.
		In the initial study defining Ecdysozoa [3], rate variation was considered to be the major bias affecting the phylogenetic position of nematodes.
		In that study, Ecdysozoa also was not significant, using any method, when the flatworm sequence was included [3].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2148/2/7 (3307 words)

	The Ecdysozoa are a large group of protostomian animals...
		The Ecdysozoa are a large group of protostomian animals...
		The "Ecdysozoa" are a large group of protostomian animals, erected by Aguinaldo "et al." in 1997 primarily based on 18s rRNA data.
		females and males present (though some groups are parthenogenetic and may have lost males during evolution) The Ecdysozoa concept resolves some morphologic problems like the occurrence of a triradiate muscular sucking pharynx in tardigrades (whose "bauplan" reminds one strongly of arthropods) and roundworms.
	www.geodatabase.de /Ecdysozoa (253 words)

	Comparative developmental genetics of the ecdysozoa: Tardigrades
		The Ecdysozoa hypothesis links these phyla in a supertaxon of moulting animals, suggesting that the divergent developmental mechanisms of C. elegans and D. melanogaster may derive from an ancestor more recent than their separation from other major lineages.
		The Ecdysozoa hypothesis was first proposed in modern times by Aguinaldo et al.
		Supertaxa corresponding roughly to the Ecdysozoa were previously proposed by Perrier in 1897 and Seurat in 1920 (discussed in Chitwood and Chitwood 1974) on the basis of morphology alone.
	www.nematodes.org /tardigrades/Tardigrades_and_Ecdysozoa.html (913 words)

	articulata
		Another set of characters is presented that supports the monophyly of Ecdysozoa: molting under influence of ecdysteroid hormones, loss of locomotory cilia, trilayered cuticle and the formation of the epicuticle from the tips of epidermal microvilli.
		Proposed relationships under the Ecdysozoa hypothesis: Panarthropoda and Cycloneuralia are sister taxa, the closest sister group of Ecdysozoa is Gastrotricha.
		Ecdysozoa: molting of cuticle by ecdysteroid hormones, loss of locomotory ciliachitinous endocuticle, secretion of epicuticle by the tips of epidermal microvilli.
	chuma.cas.usf.edu /~garey/articulata.html (622 words)

	Ecdysozoa: the Evidence for a Close Relationship Between Arthropods and Nematodes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The idea that molting animals form a monophyletic group known as Ecdysozoa is directly opposed to the traditional view that molting has evolved multiple times and that segmented protostomes form a monophyletic group known as Articulata.
		The key to Ecdysozoa is to place Cycloneuralia and Panarthropoda together as sister taxa.
		In morphological studies, the characters thus far that support Ecdysozoa are relating to molting, while characters that support Articulata are related to segmentation.
	shum.cc.huji.ac.il /~por/icz_xviii/abstracts/Garey.html (537 words)

	Gene study determines how humans are related to fruit flies and nematode worms
		The new hypothesis, named "Ecdysozoa," argued that fruit flies and nematodes are more closely related to each other than to humans.
		The name "Ecdysozoa" alludes to the fact that insects (and other arthropods) and nematodes both shed their outer covering, a process called ecdysis.
		Working with 100 genes allowed the researchers to work with groups of 10 or 20 genes stuck together--the equivalent of several thousand amino acids--which they say is enough for the statistical analyses required to obtain a significant result.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-04/ps-gsd042202.php (1110 words)

	Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia -- ...
		Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia
		arthropods and tardigrades) in the clade Ecdysozoa, whereas
		In fact, the monophyly of Ecdysozoa could be the result of an LBA artifact because arthropods, nematodes, and tardigrades were all fast evolving.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/22/5/1246 (4868 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		ABSTRACT: The hypothesis that molting protostomes such as nematodes and arthropods form a monophyletic group known as Ecdysozoa is directly opposed to Articulata, in which some segmented protostomes such as annelids and arthropods form a monophyletic taxon.
		Ultrastructural and cladistic studies have led to the widely accepted hypothesis that nematodes belong among the protostomes.
		The branching pattern within Ecdysozoa has been difficult to elucidate, but it now appears that priapulids and kinorhynchs form the earliest branching clade, followed by nematodes + nematomorphs, and finally the panarthropods.
	chuma.cas.usf.edu /~garey/ecdysozoa01.html (202 words)

	Introduction to nematode evolution and ecology
		On the basis of complete 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, Aguinaldo et al., 1997 proposed that nematodes were related to arthropods in a clade of molting animals they called "Ecdysozoa" (Figure 1b), to the exclusion of deuterostomes (represented by an echinoderm in their study) and some other protostome groups, such as molluscs and annelids.
		Unfortunately, this study was also hampered by the fact that most of their sets of putative "orthologs" were actually paralogs of various sorts, thus introducing another source of possible error for the inference of species relationships (Xie and Ding, 2000).
		Even if Ecdysozoa turns out to be the most well-supported hypothesis at the molecular level, there are many anatomical features of nematodes that will have to be explained (see Nielsen, 2001; Brusca and Brusca, 2003).
	www.wormbook.org /chapters/www_intronematodeevolecol/intronemevolecol.html (3597 words)

	[No title]
		Here, we present the first evidence obtained from a genome scale analysis supporting the ecdysozoa hypothesis.
		By gradualy decreasing the relative branch length of the nematode species, the bootstrap support and the statistical tree likelihood confidence changed from coelomata to ecdysozoa.
		The reliability of the ecdysozoa, grouping arthropods and nematodes in a single clade was unequivocally accepted in data sets where traces of
	www.up.univ-mrs.fr /evol-cgr/home_page/meeting2004/03.html (252 words)

	Resolution of a deep animal divergence by the pattern of intron conservation -- Roy and Gilbert 102 (12): 4403 -- ...
		Ecdysozoa is much more strongly supported than coelomata,
		ecdysozoa predicts "=" and the ratios are close to equal.
		to the exclusion of deuterostomes, consistent with the ecdysozoa
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/102/12/4403 (3295 words)

	First comparative genomics analyses supporting the Ecdysozoa (Arthropods-Nematodes) monophyly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		There are many reasons to consider the coelomata-ecdysozoa problem the most astonishing issue in animal systematics and one of the major open ended subjects in evolutionary biology.
		The reliability of the ecdysozoa, grouping arthropods and nematodes in a single clade was unequivocally accepted in data sets where traces of long branch attraction effect were removed.
		We demonstrate that only using a genome wide approach, the new animal phylogeny can be statistically supported.
	www.iscb.org /ismb2004/posters/hdopazoATcnio.es_279.html (272 words)

	Lab 3 – Ecdysozoa (7 phyla)
		The Ecdysozoa contains the insects, crustaceans, and spiders (Arthropoda), so it contains the greatest richness of species of any invertebrate grade.
		In addition to the Arthropoda, the Ecdysozoa contains 7 other phyla the largest being the Nematoda (roundworms).
		Write a one page paper on the taxon to be assigned via email using the same criteria as Lab 1.
	online.sfsu.edu /~jrblair/biol170/lab/Laboratory-3.htm (968 words)

	Evaluation of the Ecdysozoa versus Articulata hypotheses using complete mitochondrial genome data
		The envisaged goal of the planned project within the first two years period is the evaluation of the Ecdysozoa versus the Articulata hypotheses and thus to determine the most likely position of the Arthropoda within the Protostomia.
		On the other hand, molecular data place the arthropods rather as the sister taxon to part of the Nemathelmithes (Cycloneuralia) (supporting the taxon Ecdysozoa) and unify annelids together with the molluscs and tentaculates, part of the Plathelminthes and some minor groups to the Lophotrochozoa.
		Within the planned project total mitochondrial genome sequences especially of Nemathelminthes- will be determined and phylogenetically compared to mitochondrial genome sequences of Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelida and Tentaculata either already available in the database or still to be determined by us or cooperating researchers.
	www.hu-berlin.de /forschung/fdb/english/PJ/PJ7150.html (218 words)

	ScienceWeek
		According to this school, the arthropods and introvertans are linked in a group called the Ecdysozoa by the shared characteristic of periodic moulting of their cuticle, or ecdysis.
		Phylogenetic comparisons of Hox genes [4], large subunit rRNA (LSU) [5] and myosin gene sequences all corroborate the ecdysozoan clade, as does the more esoteric demonstration of the presence, peculiar to ecdysozoan nervous systems, of an epitope recognized by an anti-horseradish-peroxidase antibody.
		A multimeric form of the typically monomeric protein -thymosin, supposedly unique to nematodes and arthropods, has recently been found elsewhere, but this finding does not contradict what seems to be a widespread acceptance of the Ecdysozoa hypothesis.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sa040625-4.htm (1560 words)

	Panarthropoda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Panarthropoda is a taxon combining the phyla Arthropoda, Tardigrada and Onychophora.
		Originally, they were considered to be closely related to the annelids, grouped together as the Articulata, but newer studies place them among a group called the Ecdysozoa.
		This page was last modified 16:06, 27 August 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Panarthropoda (70 words)

	Integrative Approaches to Phylogenetic Relationships of Arthropods
		Euarthropoda, Onychophora and Tardigrada have traditionally been assumed to be related to annelids in a taxon Articulata.
		This view has been challenged by molecular systematical analyses that came to the conclusion that these three taxa are closely related to nemathelminth taxa such as nematodes, nematomorphs, priapulids and kinorhynchs in a taxon Ecdysozoa (Aguinaldo et al.
		Articulata are supported by the presence and ontogenetic development of segments with coelomic cavities, while Ecdysozoa are supported by the moulting process of the cuticle (for a more detailled discussion see Schmidt-Rhaesa et al.
	shum.cc.huji.ac.il /~por/icz_xviii/arthropods.html (273 words)

	IngentaConnect Phylogeny of Molting Protostomes (Ecdysozoa) as Inferred from 18S... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		IngentaConnect Phylogeny of Molting Protostomes (Ecdysozoa) as Inferred from 18S...
		By either criterion, the phylogenetic trees reconstructed on the basis of both 18 and 28S rRNA gene sequences were better than those based on the 18S or 28S sequences alone.
		The results of reconstruction are consistent with the phylogenetic hypothesis classifying protostomes into two major clades: molting Ecdysozoa (Priapulida + Kinorhyncha, Nematoda + Nematomorpha, Onychophora + Tardigrada, Myriapoda + Chelicerata, and Crustacea + Hexapoda) and nonmolting Lophotrochozoa (Plathelminthes, Nemertini, Annelida, Mollusca, Echiura, and Sipuncula).
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/maik/mbil/2005/00000039/00000004/00000067 (287 words)

	IngentaConnect Ecdysozoa: The Relationship between Cycloneuralia and Panarthropo... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		IngentaConnect Ecdysozoa: The Relationship between Cycloneuralia and Panarthropo...
		The hypothesis that molting protostomes such as nematodes and arthropods form a monophyletic group known as Ecdysozoa is directly opposed to Articulata, in which some segmented protostomes such as annelids and arthropods form a monophyletic taxon.
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	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/urban/351/2001/00000240/F0020003/art00039 (221 words)

	Lab 4 – Ecdysozoa - Arthropoda
		Fossil record The earliest fossils are mid-Cambrian (545 - 525 myr bp).
		Prepare a dichotomous key that differentiates the four subphyla of Arthropoda plus any four other Ecdysozoa phyla (previous lab).
		Field journal account: Start all field journal accounts with the following information: date, time, location (be specific at least to cross-streets or park name), weather (clear or cloudy, approximate temperature, wind conditions) and habitat (describe surroundings).
	online.sfsu.edu /~jrblair/biol170/lab/Laboratory4.htm (1458 words)

	The Opisthokonta and the Ecdysozoa May Not Be Clades: Stronger Support for the Grouping of Plant and Animal than for ...
		The Opisthokonta and the Ecdysozoa May Not Be Clades: Stronger Support for the Grouping of Plant and Animal than for Animal and Fungi and Stronger Support for the Coelomata than Ecdysozoa -- Philip et al.
		The Opisthokonta and the Ecdysozoa May Not Be Clades: Stronger Support for the Grouping of Plant and Animal than for Animal and Fungi and Stronger Support for the Coelomata than Ecdysozoa
		preference for either the Ecdysozoa or the Coelomata hypothesis.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/22/5/1175 (6209 words)

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