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Topic: Echelon formation

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	Echelon formation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The echelon formation was also used by Frederick II of Prussia.
		Echelon formations are also commonly used by civic, or riot police to move crowds either to the left or right.
		In geology an echelon formation is a set of short linear features that overlap or are staggered in a line that runs obliquely to the strike of the individual features.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Echelon_formation (357 words)

	FM3-21.91 Chapter 3 Movement
		Formations are not rigid, and the distances between vehicles, shape, and speed of the formation are determined by the factors of METT-TC.
		The echelon formation (Figure 3-3) is used when the unit wants to maintain security or observation of one flank and enemy contact is unlikely.
		In the company echelon formation (left or right), the lead platoon positions farthest from the echeloned flank, with each subsequent platoon located to the rear of and outside the platoon in front of it.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/policy/army/fm/3-21-91/c03.htm (1808 words)

	[No title]
		In a echelon formation the wingman's job is strictly to follow his leader, look for enemy aircraft, and make sure his leaders 6 is cleared in combat.
		A wingman in an echelon formation should never break from his leader without orders from the leader or unless he is attacked at which time he should communicate this to his leader with a breaking command of some type to let the leader know what is going on.
		The echelon formation is a good formation for the novice pilot to fly as it gives him insightful information on what to do in combat situation.
	www.fortunecity.com /underworld/straif/85/id101_m.htm (2728 words)

	NSA Watch \| Echelon FAQ
		ECHELON is the term popularly used for an automated global interception and relay system operated by the intelligence agencies in five nations: the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand (it is believed that ECHELON is the code name for the portion of the system that intercepts satellite-based communications).
		The government believes not only the governments associated with Echelon are able to intercept communication systems, but that it is an activity of the investigative authorities and intelligence services of many countries with governments of different political signature." (24)These revelations worried Dutch legislators, who had convened a special hearing on the subject.
		ECHELON is a highly classified operation, which is conducted with little or no oversight by national parliaments or courts.
	www.nsawatch.org /echelonfaq.html (3155 words)

	Fm 101-5-1 Operational Terms and Graphics, Chapter 1, E
		As compared to a regiment, a division is a higher echelon; a battalion is a lower echelon.
		echelon formation - A unit formation with subordinate elements arranged on an angle to the left of the direction of attack or to the right (echelon left; echelon right).
		Echelons are often divided into elements such as advance parties, initial combat forces, follow-on forces, and closure forces.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/army/docs/fm101-5-1/f545-e.htm (3437 words)

	Echelon IT Solutions
		With over 20 years of experience delivering complex, mission-critical applications, Echelon brings a wealth of technical business knowledge to each project engagement it undertakes.
		At Echelon, a key component of our approach is for our staff to work together with client staff in order to maximize the capabilities of each team member.
		A troop, fleet, or airplane formation resembling a series of steps, in which each rank, ship, or airplane extends behind and slightly to the right or left of the preceding one.
	www.echelonits.ca (125 words)

	MOTOR TORPEDO BOATS-PART 2
		the quarter on which the echelon is to be formed changes course slightly away from leader to fall back on distance to take position as number three in the echelon formation.
		For example, while the squadron is in an echelon of vees, the divisions may be formed in division echelon, thereby placing all boats in one long line of bearing.
		If it becomes necessary to deploy from squadron formation, as might be the case when conducting a massed attack by several squadrons on an enemy formation, or when attacking under cover of a smoke screen, deployment is effected in the same manner as by individual divisions.
	www.hnsa.org /doc/pt/doctrine/part2.htm (3270 words)

	How To Fly In Formation
		The leader in a formation takeoff lines up in the middle of either the left or right side of the runway, depending upon the direction of the departure turn.
		Since most formation flying, at least in the military, is done in identical airplanes, the leader must create this "edge" for the wingman by operating at a slightly reduced power setting.
		The echelon turn is made on the same plane as the leader, which means that you forget about the wingtip and star for the moment and concentrate on keeping the lead airplane in a constant position relative to the horizon, and maintaining the same bank angle as lead.
	www.flightsim.com /cgi/kds?$=main/howto/form.htm (2236 words)

	Please title this page. (formations.html in documentation)
		They can break formation and attack any enemy fighters within ID range (where plane type and distance are identified.) Group A should, however, never wonder out of the bombers' radar range.
		If the formation is kept tight and straight, rear bombers should be able to cover the tails of forward bombers.
		The unescorted formation should be able to defend from 1-2 enemy rear attacking aircraft.
	members.aol.com /awriker/documentation/formations.html (440 words)

	The Team - San Diego Echelon Paintball (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		a formation of troops in which each unit is positioned successively to the left or the right of the rear unit to form an oblique or step-like line
		Echelon had originally intended to compete in local tournaments, but due to a lack of funds, the team slowly fell apart.
		Echelon is a completely new team now, consisting of young fresh talent.
	www.angelfire.com /vt2/techelon/theteam.html (288 words)

	Silent Hunter Tactics - Silent Hunter Escort Tactics Jeff Johnson
		In the echelon formation all the members are heading in the same direction but staggered.
		Generally, an echelon is good ASW practice because when they zig, all members will make a simultaneous turn changing the dynamics of the echelon (an echelon right will become an echelon left, etc.).
		This formation is used with high value ships and a large number of escorts for the parameter.
	www.subsowespac.org /tactics/escort_tactics.shtml (1208 words)

	Echelon > About Us (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		geese fly together in an echelon formation during migration; cyclists travel in an echelon format during road races; military troops align themselves in an echelon format during battle.
		In each case, the use of the echelon format enables the individuals within the group to "Advance as One", to work efficiently together in order to achieve superior results as a team.
		Echelon is a private Toronto-based corporation that excels at working together with our clients to "Advance As One".
	www.echelonits.ca.cob-web.org:8888 /pages/About_Us.html (209 words)

	Fence Online.com - Echelon Plus Ornamental Fence
		Echelon Plus™ fence was engineered to be one of the strongest aluminum residential fence systems on the market.
		Echelon Plus™ fence panels are attached to posts using brackets for added strength, security, and a finished professional look.
		Echelon Plus™ is an ornamental picket fencing designed for greater strength than other residential aluminum fencing.
	www.fenceonline.com /echelonplus.html (694 words)

	Soviet Organisation and Tactics
		The most common Soviet small unit formation is the line; for a battalion this means one echelon and a reserve.
		The main differences are, in a "V" formation the lead companies are 600-800m apart, and the rifle company of the second echelon is centred behind the lead companies.
		It is at this point that the attack formation is adopted, for example, if a company is to form the second echelon then it will take up the proper spacing at this point.
	www.balagan.org.uk /war/ai/soviet.htm (4143 words)

	GameSpot:Video Games PC Xbox 360 PS3 Wii PSP DS PS2 PlayStation 2 GameCube GBA PlayStation 3
		Tap the F key to cycle through the three-tank formations and note the active formation displayed on the right-hand side of the information bar.
		Echelon Left: This diagonal line to the left and rear is best used when most of the enemies are on your left, or if you anticipate a left-hand turn.
		Wedge: This is a good all-purpose formation that staggers your depth and places you in a good position to break off from the platoon.
	www.gamespot.com /features/panzer_sg/chp1_4.html (462 words)

	Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943
		The single-echelon formation brought maximum firepower to bear on the forward area, but it also denied the commander the ability to reinforce his defenses, shift laterally to meet threats, or launch counterattacks.
		Rifle divisions defended in one or two echelons of regiments, and rifle regiments in two echelons of battalions supported by artillery groups, antitank strongpoints and regions, artillery antitank reserves, and mobile obstacle detachments.
		The deeply echeloned infantry in well-constructed defenses that were laced with antitank weapons, supported by an improving array of armor and artillery, and backed up by operational and strategic reserves, exacted an awful toll on attacking German units.
	www-cgsc.army.mil /carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp (13301 words)

	Drag Reduction from Formation Flight
		The theoretical maximum possible range of a formation is the square root of the number of aircraft in formation times the range of a single aircraft, but this is dependent on altitude or speed.
		If the formation flies at the original altitude and speed, the range of a nine-aircraft formation is 1.8 times the range of the single aircraft.
		The beneficial upwash is predominant on the wing nearest to the formation leader, resulting in a tendency to roll the trail aircraft away from the leader.
	www.afrlhorizons.com /Briefs/Dec02/VA0202.html (1474 words)

	Chapter from a book published in 1943
		Attacking in pair should be performed in a pair formation, with the two planes having a distance of 100 to 300 meters long with 20 to 50 meters wide.
		Enemy fighters will be threatened by attack from the higher echelon, whereas our fighters from the lower altitudes will be covered by their higher squad mates.
		Large formations are not the answer to this; rather, well orchestrated small groups communicating with each other and the ground.
	luthier.stormloader.com /SFTacticsII.htm (2972 words)

	Chapter 1
		The development of OPFOR tactical combat formations and echelonment in the offense is greatly influenced by the depth and the level of preparation of BLUFOR defenses, and is intended to build combat power continuously on the line of contact.
		OPFOR commanders at division, brigade, and battalion levels organize their forces either in two echelons or in one echelon with a small combined arms reserve.
		A two-echelon formation is employed when attacking a prepared defense, or at least partially prepared in depth and on the higher commander’s main axis.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/army/docs/st100-7/chapter01/C1VIII.htm (588 words)

	STADIUM 64 - Manuals Archive: Blue Angels - Formation Flight Simulation
		The formation begins to climb into a loop and all aircraft separate and perform individual 360 degree rolls, with No.5 and No.6 performing horizontal rolls and exiting to the right and the left.
		In this formation, the wingmen are stacked down and aft of the leading aircraft on a 45 degree bearing line.
		The diamond formation approaches from either the left or the right (depending on wind conditions) to set up their break for landing.
	s64.emuunlim.com /manuals/blueangels.htm (4569 words)

	Codename: Echelon
		The use of ECHELON against European citizens was a central topic in a European Parliament STOA report published this past January, “Technologies of Political Control,” which confirmed a decades worth of reports by several determined journalists about global spying by the NSA.
		ECHELON connects all these computers and allows the individual stations to function as distributed elements an integrated system.
		They se no reason to comment on Echelon since is designed to intercept civilian traffic, and thus it is not a military issue.
	www.cybercitycafe.com /explore/echelon.html (6464 words)

	CHAPTER 4 - MOVEMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A variation of the line formation is used when the platoon leader desires to protect a flank without changing the entire platoon formation.
		A specific use of the vee formation may be when the ridges of a valley are being traversed ahead of the main body of a larger force.
		No matter which formation is used or the organization of the dismount element, the carrier element, whenever possible, should be in position to support the dismount element.
	www.armedforces.net /Detailed/724.html (6886 words)

	381st BGMA Stories: Genesis of a US Postal Stamp
		Combat formations were normally flown at that time with three squadrons of six ships each: one lead, one low on the left, and one high on the right.
		But the photographer asked for a six-ship echelon formation, so that unusual stack up was flown for a while.
		Pilots and crew members who may have flown with the formation on August 5, 1944, are encouraged to contact Sunderland and report on their involvement in the mission..
	www.381st.org /stories_lloyd-stamp.html (2031 words)

	Echelon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Echelon formation, a formation in aerial combat, tank warfare, naval warfare and medieval warfare; also used to describe a migratory bird formation
		Echelon (geology), in geology, a set of short linear features that overlap or are staggered in a line that runs obliquely to the strike of the individual features
		Echelon (Thirty Seconds to Mars) is the street team of the band 30 Seconds to Mars
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Echelon (301 words)

	State Surveillance Schemes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The UKUSA interception system is called Echelon, (18) and had been rumoured to be in development since 1971, and to have been "greatly enlarged between 1975 and 1995".
		Echelon connects all these facilities, capacitating the interception of a vast part of the global communications.
		It is really peculiar that Echelon has been eavesdropping on European citizens for about twenty-five years and that the only complaints about the issue were not raised until some conglomerates and companies started to lose some contracts.
	www.bernal.co.uk /capitulo3.htm (5793 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		That formation is called and "Echelon." The birds fly like that is because they are drafting, which means the first bird creates an updraft for the birds behind it and those birds, in turn, create an updraft for the birds behind them and so on.
		Using this system, the old or sick or injured birds are able to fly in the back where the wind resistance is the least and the entire flock can travel 70 times further when they work in community.
		As the body of Christ, we are similar to those birds in the echelon.
	www.echelonministries.com /Bios/meaningrev.htm (363 words)

	Military Aviation Photographs \| Photo Gallery \| Close Formation Flying
		Close formation flying is the normal routine for aerobatic teams such as the Black Knights of the Republic of Singapore Air Force.
		Unfortunately close formation flying is becoming more and more a thing of the past for the normal squadron pilot as the emphasis is now on tactical formation flying.
		But as these pictures show, many pilots around the world are still exceptional when it comes to the old skill of close formation flying in the perfect line abreast or echelon formation and all credit is due to these pilots who made the following images possible.
	www.skyline-apa.com.au /close.htm (237 words)

	Kenneth Arnold Sighting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		They were flying diagonally in an echelon formation with a larger gap in their echelon between the first four and the last five." 2: http://www.geocities.com/~pjctsign/LagIV.htm With the excerpt: "_They_ look something like a _pie plate_ that was cut in half with a sort of a _convex triangle_ in the rear.
		Further, Arnold describes their formation as follows: "I was fascinated by this formation of aircraft.
		In the first place, their echelon formation was backward from that practiced by our Air Force.
	www.virtuallystrange.net /ufo/updates/1999/jul/m17-009.shtml (1099 words)

	Armoured Fist Tactics
		Since the formation is easy to maintain, it is used for moving a platoon up to the battle front quickly.
		The line formation gives maximum firepower forward but the formation leaves the tanks exposed to ambush from the flanks, and it is difficult to maintain.
		The refused flank formation is used when a line formation is passing a potential danger spot, such as a woods, a building, or other cover that contain an enemy.
	www.inisfail.com /40k2/arm-tact.html (1027 words)

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