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Topic: Echo satellite

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	AMSAT - The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation
		Earlier this year the Directors of AMSAT-DL were informed by the University of Marburg in Germany that it had been decided that funding for the ZEL by the University would cease at the end of 2007.
		The P3E satellite is still under construction in the ZEL, and its completion is anticipated for sometime in 2008.
		It is note worthy that some of the personnel employed by the University to work in the ZEL have undertaken to continue working on P3E as volunteers.
	www.amsat.org (672 words)

	NASA Experimental Communications Satellites
		The Echo spacecraft was a 100 ft. diameter balloon made of aluminized polyester that was inflated after it was put in a 800-900 nmi.
		Echo I not only proved that microwave transmission to and from satellites in space was understood and there would be no surprised but it dramatically demonstrated the promise of communications satellites.
		Echo II investigations were concerned less with communications and more with the dynamics of large spacecraft.
	roland.lerc.nasa.gov /~dglover/sat/echo.html (443 words)

	Echo
		Following the failure of the launch vehicle carrying Echo 1, Echo 1A (commonly referred to as Echo 1) was successfully orbited, and was used to redirect transcontinental and intercontinental telephone, radio, and television signals.
		Echo 2 continued the passive communications experiments, and also investigated the dynamics of large spacecraft and was used for global geometric geodesy.
		Echo 1's surface was used to reflect 960 and 2390 Mhz signals.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/echo.htm (660 words)

	Echo satellite - Definition, explanation
		Following the failure of the Delta rocket carrying Echo 1 on May 13, 1960, Echo 1A (commonly referred to as just 'Echo 1) was successfully put in a 1519 x 1687 km orbit on August 12, 1960.
		The 30.5 meter (100 foot) diameter balloon was made of 0.127 mm (0.005 inch) thick Mylar polyester film and was successfully used to redirect transcontinental and intercontinental telephone, radio, and television signals.
		Echo 2, a 41.1 m diameter mylar balloon with an improved inflation system to improve the balloon's smoothness and sphericity, was launched January 25, 1964 on a Thor Agena rocket.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/e/ec/echo_satellite.php (400 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Following the failure of the Delta rocket carrying Echo 1 on May 13, 1960, Echo 1A (commonly referred to as just Echo 1) was successfully put in a 1519 x 1687 km orbit on August 12, 1960.
		The 30.5 meter (100 foot) diameter balloon was made of 0.127 mm (0.005 inch) thick metallized Mylar polyester film and was successfully used to redirect transcontinental and intercontinental telephone, radio, and television signals.
		Echo 2, a 41.1 m diameter metallized PET film balloon with an improved inflation system to improve the balloon's smoothness and sphericity, was launched January 25, 1964 on a Thor Agena rocket.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Echo_satellite (364 words)

	Echo satellite pneumonia symptoms Echo satellite (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Test inflation of an Echo satellite in a blimp hangar at Weeksville, North Carolina.
		The satellite also aided the calculation of atmospheric density and solar pressure due to its large area-to-mass ratio.
		Echo 2, a 41.1 m diameter mylar balloon with an improved inflation system to improve the balloon's smoothness and sphericity, was launched January 25, 1964 on a Thor Agena rocket.
	www.find-ask.com /E/Encyclopedia/Echo_satellite/Echo_satellite.html (478 words)

	Æ Aeragon - Echo II Satellite
		There were two satellites in the Echo series and the only communication capabilities that they had was to reflect radio waves from the aluminum surface back to earth.
		The Echo series were experimental satellites and their purpose was for testing the feasibility of using satellites to relay telephone, data and other communication signals.
		Echo Two was the first instance where cooperation between the United States and the USSR in a space mission occurred and it relayed a signal from an observatory in Manchester, England to Zimenki Observatory near Gorky, Russia.
	www.aeragon.com /air/bal/B-16.html (227 words)

	NASA - NASA's Gleaming Satellite Adapted As Economic Giant
		Developed at the NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, the world's first passive communications satellite was simply a very large balloon, its diameter close to the height of a 10-story building.
		Echo requirements triggered extensive research and development (RandD) of metallization techniques by NASA that led to further space applications, mostly for thermal radiation insulation.
		Echo fan clubs sprang up in schools; newspapers and radio stations reported daily predictions where it would pass.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/langley/news/factsheets/Echo.html (1228 words)

	Echo satellite (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Each spacecraft was designed as a metallized balloon satellite acting as a passive reflector of microwave signals.
		Echo 1A reentered Earth's atmosphere and burned up on May 24, 1968.
		Gray (1992) reports that the Echo satellite program also provided the astronomical reference points required to accurately locate the Russian city of Moscow geographically.
	www.toolhost.com /Echo_satellite.html (390 words)

	Part 2 of Satellite Communications - A Short Course
		Radio and TV signals transmitted to the satellite would be reflected back to earth and could be received by any station within view of the satellite.
		One of the biggest sponsors of satellite development was Intelsat, an internationally-owned corporation which has launched 8 different series of satellites (4 or 5 of each series) over a period of more than 30 years.
		Spreading their satellites around the globe and making provision to relay from one satellite to another, they made it possible to transmit 1000s of phone calls between almost any two points on the earth.
	sulu.lerc.nasa.gov /rleonard/regs1ii.html (1184 words)

	Determining Orbits
		The Echo I satellite was launched into a circular orbit inclined at an angle to the place of the earth's equator.
		At any instant, the satellite may be located in its orbit by the angle θ, which is measured between the line OM and the line OQ, where the point Q is the satellite's location.
		However, in the Echo project we were not merely concerned with planning our experiments from hour to hour; we also needed to know how the satellite would move for weeks and perhaps months in advance.
	www.decodesystems.com /btl-orbit.html (2762 words)

	John Pierce / ECHO
		I made calculations for large balloon-type satellites that would merely scatter the radio waves they intercepted so that about a billionth of a billionth of the microwave signal transmitted would be picked up by an antenna on earth.
		Echo was to be NASA’s project, and NASA would supply the balloon and would launch it.
		It had been one thing to propose satellite communication, to make calculations concerning the feasibility of microwave communication by means of satellites, to locate O’Sullivan’s balloon, to stir up the enthusiasm of people at Bell Laboratories, JPL and NASA.
	www.smecc.org /john_pierce___echoredo.htm (3807 words)

	AMSAT OSCAR E
		OSCAR E ("Echo") is a new microsat-class satellite under construction by AMSAT-NA.
		Donations are urgently needed to defray the costs of the launch, currently scheduled for June 29, 2004.
		ECHO 1 99999U 99999B 04015.44385708.00000000 00000-0 00000-0 0 00013 2 99999 098.2700 042.0000 0072000 180.0000 226.0000 14.40910000000006
	www.amsat.org /amsat/sats/echo/index.html (159 words)

	Intellicast.com - Radar Summary - United States
		These images consist of echo top heights, cell movement indicators, tornado and severe thunderstorm watch boxes, and the NEXRAD Storm Table information overlaid onto the mosaic radar imagery.
		The radar summary graphics display cell movement and direction by arrows, with speed in knots, and the echo top heights in hundreds of feet.
		The radar observation (ROBs) is detecting a hook echo, which is an indicator for potential tornadoes.
	www.intellicast.com /National/Radar/Summary.aspx (268 words)

	Kids and the Park
		Coordinated by artists/instructors Katherine T. Andrle and Cathie Nelsen, the center's goal is to serve the community by providing art instruction to children, and to broaden their appreciation of the world by giving them an outlet for creative expression.
		Students at the College's new CE satellite location at Glen Echo Park will enjoy all the resources available to the other students at the Downtown and Georgetown Campuses including access to the College's library and opportunities to visit the Corcoran Gallery of Art's outstanding collection.
		Environment, history, and the arts are brought to life in a variety of innovative educational programs and exhibitions designed for children up to age 12.
	www.glenechopark.org /kids.htm (750 words)

	Echo satellite - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		Test inflation of an Echo satellite in a blimp hangar at Weeksville, North Carolina.
		Communication signals were bounced off of it from one point on Earth to another.
		The 30.5 meter (100 foot) diameter balloon was made of 0.0127 mm (0.005 inch) thick Mylar polyester film and was successfully used to redirect transcontinental and intercontinental telephone, radio, and television signals.
	www.music.us /education/E/Echo-satellite.htm (518 words)

	Mobile/HT Digital Comms via ECHO
		To help ECHO format it's STATUS packets for visibility on these mobile radios, here is a (draft APRS spec for ECHO).
		It does this by transmitting the satellites as APRS moving objects on the terrestrial APRS network (144.39) and by sending the schedule as a DX spot to the DX-LIST in the radios.
		Even though commercial dual-band antennas put all the gain on the horizon and have minimum high elevation gain, the higher power of ECHO and the fact that it is closer when it is higher will assure good coverage horizon to horizon.
	www.ew.usna.edu /~bruninga/echoaprs.html (2962 words)

	The Ghost of Fireballs Past
		The strongest echoes are reflections from Leonid meteor trails; the weaker and briefer "blips" are satellite echoes.
		Satellites race through the NAVSPASUR radar beam at velocities between 1 and 10 km/s, depending on the details of their orbit.
		The echo describes a slanted line in the frequency-time domain that is characteristic of the doppler shifted echoes from satellites and spacecraft, but not from meteor trails.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/ast22dec98_1.htm (1532 words)

	Echo Satellite - Picture - MSN Encarta
		Echo and Echo II were early communications satellites launched by the United States in the early 1960s.
		The large, mylar-coated balloons bounced radio signals back to Earth.
		The Echo satellites paved the way for later, more sophisticated communications satellites.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461547508/Echo_Satellite.html (39 words)

	Universe Today - Are Galaxy Clusters Corrupting Our View of the Big Bang?
		The signature for dark energy and dark matter lies in the detailed structure of the ripples detected in the microwave background, tiny temperature variations that were created at a time when the radius of the Universe was a thousand times smaller than it is today.
		The WMAP team has already reported that their measurements of the Big Bang's microwave echo may have been compromised by the process of galaxy formation at an intermediate stage in the Universe's history.
		Thus both the WMAP and Durham results suggest that the microwave echo of the Big Bang may have had to come through many more obstacles on its journey to the Earth than had previously been thought, with consequent possible distortion of the primordial signal.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/galaxy_clusters_corrupting_view.html?222004 (1003 words)

	chapter 4
		That satellite, christened Echo, was in fact a mylar sphere coated with vaporized aluminum, and it could reflect only signals directed at it.
		For that reason, active repeater satellites were impractical for private industry as an alternative to existing methods of long-distance communications relays.
		Echo, then, represents the proverbial single step in a journey in which the world is still participating today.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4217/ch4.htm (3261 words)

	Echo 1A
		Echo 1A was visible to the naked eye, probably the most seen man-made object in space
		Echo 1A was a passive satellite, meaning that it did not have the capability to amplify and resend signals.
		Echo 1A was a success in that it achieved its purpose of reflecting radio waves.
	historyday.crf-usa.org /2709/background_echo1.htm (218 words)

	Mobile Telephony:Testing a High Sensitivity GPS Receiver in Weak Signal Environments - GPS World
		The amplitude noise on the echo channel, determined for each iteration period as defined by the user, is randomly calculated by a Rayleigh distribution (after Ma et al) given by:
		We also assume that satellites at a lower elevation angle are more likely to generate echoes in practice, while overhead satellites cause negligible delay.
		Longer delays are associated with lower elevation satellite signals in general, while the buildings increase the level of multipath associated with a particular direction.
	www.gpsworld.com /gpsworld/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=49421&sk=&date=&&pageID=2 (1253 words)

	Echo satellite . 1960 . August 12 . 1968 . January 25 . Project SCORE . 1958 . 1962 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Echo 2, a 41.1 m diameter mylar balloon with an improved inflation system to improve the balloon s smoothness and sphericity, was launched January 25, 1964 on a Thor Agena rocket.
		It was used for more passive communications experiments, and also to investigate the dynamics of large spacecraft and for global geometric geodesy.
		Project SCORE Signal Communications Orbit Relay Equipment was the world s first communications satellite.
	www.uk.fraquisanto.net /Echo_satellite (490 words)

	HobbySpace - Satellite Building
		Gradually the satellites orbit will decay and the rate of the decay will be proportional to how much the upper atmosphere is heated by solar activity.
		The new satellite had a similar radio beacon as the original and was in heard on the ground until Dec. 29, 1997.
		The satellites last communication with the satellite occurred were in January of 2001 but it had achieved all its goals.
	www.hobbyspace.com /SatBuilding (5188 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A satellite survey shows that between 1992 and 2003, the East Antarctic ice sheet gained about 45 billion tonnes of ice - enough to reduce the oceans' rise by 0.12 millimetres per year.
		Although the results of the satellite survey are in line with the predictions of global-warming models, the thickening of the ice sheet could still be explained by natural weather variability, warns Curt Davis of the University of Missouri, Columbia, a member of the research team.
		However, the European Space Agency satellite CryoSat, due to be launched later this year, should be able to make very accurate altitude measurements around the coast, providing evidence of exactly how much ice is being lost there.
	www.nature.com /news/2005/050516/full/050516-10.html (776 words)

	AMSAT-OSCAR Echo Satellite Launched :: Space Weekly :: Your source for space news! (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The AMSAT-OSCAR Echo Amateur Radio satellite and several other payloads launched on schedule June 29 at 0630 UTC from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
		Ground controllers made their first contact with Echo at 1452 UTC and collected some telemetry to analyze before shutting down the 435.150 MHz digital downlink transmitter.
		Earth stations should not attempt to transmit on the satellite's uplink until checkout and commissioning are complete and AO-Echo has been made available for general use.
	www.spaceweekly.com /index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1051 (464 words)

	[aprssig] AO-Echo satellite
		The uplink to ECHO is 9600 baud AX.25 and the downlink is usually 9600 baud AX.25 packet.
		Thank goodness there are good honest people working ECHO and doing a good job.
		Bob, Wb4APR >>> kf4otn at ericsatcom.net 06/04/05 9:05 AM >>> >From what I understand, AO-51 (Echo) does not have any APRS-capable gear onboard so it isn't available to be a digipeater.
	www.tapr.org /pipermail/aprssig/2005-June/006935.html (344 words)

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