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Topic: Echolocation

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	Echolocation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The term echolocation was first coined by Donald Griffin, who, in 1938, discovered that bats navigate with the aid of high frequency sounds bouncing off obstacles in their environment (Uy, 1994).
		Echolocators are making people notice their blindness even more, which makes their lives harder.
		This assumption is arrived at due to the fact that the echolocators, consciously or unconsciously, will change their echolocating sounds slightly to fit their environment and will be able to gather more information from their surrounding than those who use the artificial devices.
	hubel.sfasu.edu /courseinfo/SL02/jb2echolocation.htm (1939 words)

	Echolocation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This ability to localize objects with echoes was termed echolocation by Donald Griffin, who, in 1938, pioneered a breakthrough in the science of auditory perception with his discovery of the ba ts' amazing ability to utilize high-frequency sounds to avoid obstacles (3).
		Echolocation makes it possible for species to decrease their dependence on the visual system; such independence confers advantages to the echolocator for navigation and huntin g under poor lighting conditions.
		Echolocation may in fact be a tool for the blind to perceive, not just the presence of objects, but such dimensions of the objects as size and distance.
	hcs.harvard.edu /~husn/BRAIN/vol1/echo.html (2557 words)

	echolocation -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Echolocation is used for orientation, obstacle avoidance, food procurement, and social interactions.
		As was mentioned earlier, echolocation is a process in which an animal produces sounds and listens for the echoes reflected from...
		For the purposes of orientation, obstacle avoidance, food procurement, and social interactions, certain animals use echolocation, in which a high-frequency pulse of sound emitted by an animal is reflected from objects and surfaces in the environment and then analyzed by the animal.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9031903?tocId=9031903 (822 words)

	Perception.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The first recorded instance of a blind human using echolocation was in 1749 by Diderot, who observed the ability of a blind person to determine the presence and even the distance of some objects (Uy, 1994).
		Echolocation is used by the blind to help them navigate through their homes, along city streets, and even to help locate objects in their environment.
		Echolocation provides at least a rough way for the blind to "reach out" into their environment and somewhat help make up for their loss or absence of sight.
	hubel.sfasu.edu /courseinfo/SL02/echolocation.htm (1703 words)

	Gander Academy's Echolocation in Bats
		Echolocation is a method of sensory perception by which certain animals orient themselves to their surroundings, detect obstacles, communicate with others, and find food.
		Echolocation is the use of ultra-high frequency sounds for navigation.
		Echolocation is the use of the echoes of sounds produced by certain animals to detect obstacles in their paths and perhaps to locate food.
	www.cdli.ca /CITE/batsecho.htm (367 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Animal echolocation [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Animal echolocation is the ability of some animals to locate objects by emitting sound waves and listening for the echo.
		The ultrasound echolocation used by bats was first described by zoologist Donald Griffin in 1938 when working as an undergraduate at Harvard.
		These things combined make it possible for animals with echolocation to detect and react to conditions that human observers simply cannot detect, because the situation is out of the observers' range, can't be resolved by the human eye, or it might even be around a corner.
	encyclozine.com /Animal_echolocation (516 words)

	Whitlow Au's Publications
		Schotten, M., Au, W. L., Lammers M. O., and Aubauer R. "Echolocation recordings and localizations of wild spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) and pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) using a four hydrophone array," in Echolocation in bats and dolphins, edited by J. Thomas, C. Moss, and M. Vater (University of Chicago press, Chicago).
		Au, W. (2002) "A comparison of the sonar capabilities of bats and dolphins," in Echolocation in bats and dolphins, edited by J. Thomas, C. Moss, and M. Vater (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).
		Echolocation in bats and dolphins, edited by J. Thomas, C. Moss, and M. Vater (University of Chicago press, Chicago).
	www.hawaii.edu /HIMB/Faculty/au2.html (1019 words)

	Bat Echolocation
		Echolocation sounds are not the same pitch for all bat species.
		To partially compensate for this energy loss and to increase their range, most bats produce high intensity sounds of up to 120 decibels, which is as loud as a smoke detector held four inches from your ear.
		For example, sonar is a primitive form of echolocation (from a bat's perspective!) that is widely used for navigation, tracking aircraft, ships, submarines and missiles, and for forecasting weather.
	research.amnh.org /users/nyneve/bats.html (792 words)

	EvC Forum: Evolution of Echolocation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Echolocation has long been one thing that creationists show incredulity as to the ability for it to evolve.
		He had maintained that echolocation is unevolvable, and he maintained that creationism could be considered refuted only by presentation of a "compelling" naturalistic alternative.
		He'd present details like how echolocating bats have middle-ear muscles that muffle their ears as they chirp (it's rather difficult for a bat to cover its ears with its wings, let alone stick its fingers in its ears, as it flies).
	www.evcforum.net /cgi-bin/dm.cgi?action=msg&f=5&t=355&m=1 (1171 words)

	Seeing In The Dark & Tuning in Bat Detectors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Echolocation, the sonar "sight" of bats, is analogous to the sonar* used by the military.
		To echolocate, a bat must produce a particular type of sound and be able to hear and use the echoes that rebound from objects in its path.
		Echolocation is clearly one of the most fascinating aspects of the biology and behavior of bats.
	www.batcon.org /seedark.html (3570 words)

	SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY: ON ECHOLOCATION
		Echolocating animals can determine how for away objects are -- their range -- by measuring the time delays between call production and reception.
		3) Echolocation has evolved to its greatest sophistication in bats and toothed whales (dolphins and their relatives), though simple forms of echolocation are also used by cave swiflets and oilbirds, and by small nocturnal mammals such as shrews and rats.
		Because bat echolocation is a complex system involving specialization of the respiratory system, ear, and brain [2], it has generally been assumed that echolocation evolved only once in bats.
	scienceweek.com /2005/sw050909-4.htm (1736 words)

	The Dolphin Institute - Dolphin Research
		Echolocation is the process of detecting and identifying objects by emitting sounds, such as the broadband clicks used by dolphins, and listening to the
		Prior to this finding, it had been generally assumed that dolphins learned to identify and recognize objects through echolocation by a process of associative learning-by comparing the echoes returning from targets with the visual appearance of those targets.
		In either case, echolocation to vision or vision to echolocation, the dolphin's matching performance for objects of a variety of shapes was almost perfect.
	www.dolphin-institute.org /our_research/dolphin_research/seeingthroughsound.htm (403 words)

	Animal Communication, Echolocation, Defense and Offense
		Echolocation is a particularly interesting field of bioacoustics and this paper examines the role echolocation plays for dolphins and bats.
		Echolocation, high-pitched sounds are emitted by certain animals to locate their prey or to avoid obstacles.
		Echolocation is one field of bioacoustics and this paper examines the role echolocation plays for dolphins and bats.
	www.unc.edu /~jdale/Comm141.htm (2817 words)

	Bottlenose Dolphins: Communication and Echolocation
		The term echolocation refers to an ability that odontocetes (and some other marine mammals and most bats) possess that enables them essentially to "see" with their ears by listening for echoes.
		Echolocation is most effective at close to intermediate range, about 5 to 200 m (1 6-656 ft.) for targets 5 to 15 cm (2-6 in.) in length (Au, 1993).
		Despite the effectiveness of echolocation, studies show that a visually-deprived dolphin takes more time to echolocate on an object than a dolphin using vision in tandem with echolocation (Akamatsu, et al., 1995).
	www.seaworld.org /infobooks/Bottlenose/echodol.html (720 words)

	What is dolphin echolocation?
		Echolocation is a valuable tool that dolphins can use as a form of communication and in hunting techniques.
		Not only can echolocation be used in the detection and tracking of prey, researchers speculate that the echolocation sound beam can stun a fish.
		It is perhaps thought that once they echolocate and learn their way around, they navigate based on past echolocation.
	nv.essortment.com /whatisdolphins_rjms.htm (589 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Bats Work"
		To understand how echolocation works, imagine an "echo canyon." If you stand on the edge of a canyon and shout "hello," you'll hear your own voice coming back to you an instant later.
		In the case of most bats, the echolocation sound has an extremely high pitch -- so high that it is beyond the human hearing range.
		A bat forms an echolocation image in its head that is something like the image you form in your head based on visual information.
	science.howstuffworks.com /bat2.htm (1042 words)

	Cetacea Echolation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Echolocation involves the emission of sound and reception of its echo.
		Echolocation provides whales a way to gather information about objects and prey around them including their range and configuration.
		Echolocation is so sensitive that some cetaceans, like river-dolphins, may use echolocation in place of sight.
	nmml.afsc.noaa.gov /education/cetaceans/cetaceaechol.htm (303 words)

	Anemaw [Animal Electromagnetism and Waves] : Sonar, Echolocation, & Ultrasonics . © Elizabeth Gerrow 2002 .
		Species to use echolocation include bats and dolphins, primarily, but not exclusively, as birds, rodents, insectivores, Megachiroptera, fish, seals, cetaceans, large aquatic mammals, the platypus, and blind humans have been found to use echolocation (I).
		However, to overcome the issue, echolocation may be used by emitting an ultrasonic pulse and receiving the reflected pulse from an object, whose distance, density, and speed may be derived.
		One of the primary species to use echolocation is the dolphin, whose large sensory cells allow for perception of high frequency, each with their own nerve fiber, specially equipped to perceive vibrations in water, similar to other species who depend on hearing as their main sense (Cousteau 168).
	members.fortunecity.com /anemaw/ultrasonic.htm (843 words)

	Bats of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal - Echolocation Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Echolocation activity was measured using the Anabat II Bat Detector system coupled with a laptop computer.
		Echolocation calls where sampled from stands placed at the sites which were divided into categories based on habitat edge types: no tree or water edge, water edge only, tree edge only, tree-water interface.
		Echolocation data is used to estimate bat activity in the sampling area.
	www.nbii.gov /metadata/mdata/htmlfiles/usgs_brd_mesc_d_rmabatecholocation.html (478 words)

	The Dolphin Institute - Resource Guide
		Recent research suggests that these echoes may preserve the spatial structure or shape of the reflecting object and be interpreted by higher center of the dolphin’s brain as an image of the object.
		This echolocation sense seems to be closely integrated with the dolphin’s visual sense, allowing it to easily relate things heard to things seen.
		Because of their exceptional hearing capabilities, their echolocation sense, and the importance of sound in the underwater world, all dolphins were thought of as primarily “auditory animals.”; Vision was believed to be not particularly well developed, even in oceanic dolphins, and of secondary importance at best.
	www.dolphin-institute.org /resource_guide/dolphin_perception.htm (1589 words)

	Bat Echolocation - Bat Talk - Maryland Natural Heritage Program
		Bats produce echolocation by emitting high frequency sound pulses through their mouth or nose and listening to the echo.
		Bat echolocation is so sophisticated that these animals can detect an object the width of a human hair.
		Bat detectors are machines with ultrasonic microphones that can detect bat echolocation and output the incoming call within the range of human hearing, allowing bat enthusiasts to "hear" bats as well as see them searching and catching food.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /wildlife/bats/batelocu.asp (665 words)

	Echolocation - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Listening in the Dark: The Acoustic Orientation of Bats and Men
		High Frequency Components in Bottlenose Dolphin Echolocation Signals
		From Bat Sonar To Canes For The Blind (Imitating Nature)
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /echolocation.htm (64 words)

	How marine mammals use sound when feeding: Animals and Sound in the Sea
		At the present time only toothed whales, including beluga whales, sperm whales, dolphins, and porpoises, have been shown to use echolocation during feeding, but it is thought that other groups of marine mammals may have the potential to use echolocation during feeding too.
		Echolocation is typically used by toothed whales to capture single prey items such as fishes or squid.
		Echolocation used in feeding is different from sounds used in communication.
	www.dosits.org /animals/use/2a.htm (490 words)

	Beluga Whales
		The term echolocation refers to an ability that toothed whales (and some other marine mammals and most bats) possess that enables them to locate and discriminate objects by listening for echoes.
		In one echolocation study, a single beluga produced signals with peak frequencies of 40 to 60 kHz in San Diego Bay, California, and 100 to 120 kHz when moved to Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii.
		For belugas, echolocation is especially important for navigating under ice fields and locating breathing holes in the ice (Katona, Rough, and Richardson, 1983).
	www.seaworld.org /infobooks/Beluga/becommunication.html (621 words)

	index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Echolocation is a natural sonar system that animals such as bats, dolphins and whales use to perceive their environment.
		Dan Kish taught himself echolocation as a child, making tongue clicks and listening to the sounds or echoes as they bounced off objects.
		This is excellent in building self-esteem in children who grow up hearing "you can't" or "you shouldn't," and helps develop their skills and abilities far beyond what is traditionally expected.
	www.teambat.org /echolocation.html (225 words)

	Echolocation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Animal echolocation: animals emitting sound waves and listening to the echo in order to locate objects or navigate.
		Human echolocation: the use by blind people of sound to navigate.
		Sonar: (sound navigation and ranging) the use of sound to navigate or to locate other watercraft, usually by submarines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Echolocation (160 words)

	Anemaw [Animal Electromagnetism and Waves] : Sonar, Echolocation, & Ultrasonics: Dolphin . © Elizabeth Gerrow 2002 .
		It was found in studies that if the dolphin is placed in a tank of colourless water and they are familiar with the walls and the tank size, echolocation is not used excessively.
		From the waves they direct out from their body, dolphins can derive the location, distance, speed, direction, and size of the object, which are often fish who are unaware that they are made to be a target.
		The echolocation system employed by dolphins has been of interest for many years, where there was curiosity regarding the origin of the ultrasonic "clicks" and the ability for dolphins to perceive and process the waves and their information.
	members.fortunecity.com /anemaw/dolphin.htm (1431 words)

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