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Topic: Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation

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	J. Presper Eckert - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		John Presper Eckert, a computer pioneer, was born April 9, 1919 in Philadelphia and died June 3, 1995 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.
		Mauchly and Eckert among others who also devised the stored-program concept when they understood the limitations of ENIAC.
		In 1950, Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation ran into financial troubles and was acquired by Remington Rand Corporation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/J._Presper_Eckert (341 words)

	ENIAC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The computer was commissioned on May 17, 1943 as Project PX, constructed at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering from mid-1944, and formally operational from February 1946 having cost almost $500,000.
		The idea of the stored-program computer came during the development of the ENIAC, but it was not implemented because (1) the machine was to be completed quickly so that it could aid in the war effort, and (2) it was realized that 20 storage locations for memory and programs would be much too small.
		Eckert and Mauchly took the experience they gained and founded the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, producing their first computer, BINAC, in 1949 before being acquired by Remington Rand in 1950 and renamed as their UNIVAC division.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ENIAC (1643 words)

	John P. Eckert
		At the university of Pennsylvenia Eckert and the late John.
		Eckert was awarded a National Science Medal in 1968.
		Presper Eckert was a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania.
	www.thocp.net /biographies/eckert_john.html (361 words)

	Inventor of the Week: Archive
		Mauchly, who was responsible for much of the overall design, is said to have been influenced by the work of Iowa State College professor John V. Atanasoff, who had designed and built an electronic computing device between 1937 and 1942 with a graduate student, Clifford Berry.
		Mauchly and Eckert resigned from the Moore School shortly after the public announcement of the ENIAC and formed the Electronic Controls Company.
		Eckert and Mauchly were recognized with numerous honors and awards for their work, having both received the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1969 and the IEEE Computer Society Pioneer Award in 1980.
	web.mit.edu /invent/iow/mauchly-eckert.html (702 words)

	Eckert_John (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Eckert taught a defence course at the Moore School and one of his students on the course was John Mauchly.
		Mauchly was already an established academic teaching physics but he became involved in defence training as part of his contribution to the war effort.
		Eckert and Mauchly were better at computer design than they were at the economics of running a company.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Eckert_John.html (1000 words)

	Eckert Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Eckert's instructorship was in the Moore School's defense training program which attempted to train scientist in how best to direct their research towards the war effort.
		Mauchly in the interim wrote and received approval for the construction of his computer.
		Eckert stayed on and was eventually appointed vice president for the Remington Rand Division, a post he held from 1955 to 1962.
	www.csulb.edu /~cwallis/wallis/computability/Eckert.html (378 words)

	Mauchly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Mauchly wrote a report on the design of an electronic computer which would, in his opinion, be far easier to use and allow results to be obtained much more quickly than the Bush analyser.
		John Eckert and Mauchly were better at computer design than they were at the economics of running a company.
		Mauchly left the company and formed Mauchly Associates of which he was president from 1959 to 1965 when he became chairman of the board.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Mauchly.html (1345 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Univac began as the "business" computer division of Remington Rand formed by the purchase of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation in 1950.
		In 1978 Sperry Rand decided to concentrate on its computing interests and unrelated divisions were sold.
		In 1986 Sperry Corporation was purchased by Burroughs Corporation to become Unisys.
	www.online-encyclopedia.info /encyclopedia/u/un/univac_1.html (144 words)

	UNIVAC -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The (A native or inhabitant of the United States) American company UNIVAC began as the "business" computer division of (Click link for more info and facts about Remington Rand) Remington Rand formed by the purchase of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC) in 1950.
		In 1978 Sperry Rand, an old fashioned conglomerate of disharmonious divisions (computers, typewriters, office furniture, hay balers, manure spreaders, gyroscopes, avionics, radar, electric razors), decided to concentrate on its computing interests and unrelated divisions were sold.
		In 1986, Sperry Corporation merged with (some may opine "was subjected to a hostile takeover by") (Click link for more info and facts about Burroughs Corporation) Burroughs Corporation to become (Click link for more info and facts about Unisys) Unisys.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/u/un/univac5.htm (429 words)

	NCERD IT : Biographies : Mauchly & Eckert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Eckert and Mauchley's Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) was completed in 1950 and was the first to use magnetic disks for storage.
		Their company, the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation soon hit financial difficulties, the main problem being that this was such a new area that costs of production were extremely hard to estimate.
		Mauchly left Remington Rand and formed Mauchly Associates of which he was president from 1959 to 1965 when he became chairman of the board.
	www.sdnp.org.gy /ncerd/resources/it/history/mauchly.html (384 words)

	ENIAC
		ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, was the first all-electronic computer designed to be Turing-complete, capable of being reprogrammed by rewiring to solve a full range of computing problems.
		It was preceded in 1941 by the fully tape-programmable but still mechanical Z3 designed by Konrad Zuse and by the all-electronic rewire to reprogram but not fully general purpose British Colossus computer.
		The freeze on design in 1943 meant that the computer had a number of short-comings which were not solved, notably the inability to store a program.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/eniac (948 words)

	Invent Now \| Hall of Fame \| Search \| Inventor Profile
		Mauchly and Presper Eckert led a team to construct the computer, with Mauchly developing the mathematical theory.
		Born in Cincinnati, Mauchly attended Johns Hopkins University, receiving a Ph.D. in physics in 1932.
		In 1946, Mauchly and Eckert left the Moore School to begin the Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation.
	www.invent.org /hall_of_fame/182.html (198 words)

	Eckert, John Presper Jr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Eckert, John Presper Jr Eckert, John Presper Jr US electronics engineer and mathematician who collaborated with John Mauchly on the development of the early ENIAC (1946) and UNIVAC 1 (1951) computers.
		Eckert was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and studied at the University of Pennsylvania.
		The Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, formed 1947, was incorporated in Remington Rand 1950 and subsequently came under the control of the Sperry Rand Corporation.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/E/Eckert/1.html (173 words)

	Sperry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Despite the UNIVAC is said to be the first computer (completed as late as 1946), there have been attempts to built such a machine already 10 years before.
		In a subsequent corporate reorganization, it became the Sperry Corporation.
		Sperry Rand Corporation was an early entry in the computer industry through its acquisitions of Engineering Research Associates and Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation.
	pxarchive.tripod.com /companies/sperry.html (673 words)

	Penn Special Collections-Mauchly Exhibition 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Eckert assumed the task of designing a new computer system, more or less along the lines laid out in von Neumann's report.
		Mauchly, meanwhile, took on the more general task of identifying the uses of electronic computers.
		Mauchly recognized that the decennial census was but four years away and reasoned that he could sell a computer to the Census Bureau as a way of reducing its costs for tabulating its immense volume of data.
	www.library.upenn.edu /exhibits/rbm/mauchly/jwm10.html (460 words)

	Sperry-Univac Company Records1935-1985
		Eckert and Mauchly gambled that they would be able to bridge this gap by securing advance orders from corporate customers.
		Eckert and Mauchly built the BINAC according to Northrop's specifications, but, at the same time, they conceived of it as a UNIVAC prototype.
		At first, Eckert and Mauchly tried to float a series of loans, but when this proved impossible, it became clear that the company would have to be sold to the highest bidder.
	www.hagley.lib.de.us /1825sp.htm (3288 words)

	Penn Special Collections-Mauchly Exhibition 11
		Although Mauchly and Eckert could produce an experimental machine in the confines of a laboratory, a standard commercial system run by trained operators rather than research engineers required further improvements in design and reliability.
		Ultimately it was the cost of developing a commercial computer that led Eckert and Mauchly sold their company to Remington Rand in February of 1950.
		In this connection, EMCC had developed a digital magnetic tape recording unit that could deliver data to the UNIVAC at a rate of 40,000 binary digits (bits) per second.
	www.library.upenn.edu /exhibits/rbm/mauchly/jwm11.html (484 words)

	[No title]
		Eckert then set me to work to design the crystal transducer system for the acoustic memories of the UNIVAC and then all of the electronics for the memory system.
		Eckert, who had been my mentor, said to me when I left: "You may never build another computer again, but it is probably true that everything you build in the future will in one way or another resemble a computer." He was right.
		Bear in mind that with Eckert's $100,000 engineering goal (even if that translates to $500,000 today) he intended to design from scratch the world's first commercial computer, the world's first card-to-tape converter, the world's first commercial acoustic memories, etc. Keep in mind that there was typically a half to one engineer working on each subsystem.
	ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/TheCompMusRep/TCMR-V09.html (11693 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		This picture of the 16 month old J. Presper Eckert was taken on the beach in Atlantic City, New Jersey sometime in August of 1920.
		Twenty five and a half years later, on February 14, 1946 the world would change forever when he and his partner, John Mauchly unveiled ENIAC at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia and demonstrated for the first time the power and the promise of the electronic computer.
		Presper Eckert, ENIAC and the early years of the computer industry were auctioned by Skinner, Inc.
	www.luckbealady.com /eckertproject (185 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper
		After USNR Midshipman's School-W, she was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at Harvard University, where she worked at Harvard's Cruft Laboratories on the Mark series of computers.
		The key to opening up new worlds to computing, she knew, was the development and refinement of programming languages - languages that could be understood and used by people who were neither mathematicians nor computer experts.
		Pursuing her belief that computer programs could be written in English, Admiral hopper moved forward with the development for Univac of the B-O compiler, later known as FLOW-MATIC.
	www.cs.yale.edu /homes/tap/Files/hopper-story.html (1433 words)

	Evolution of the Computer
		Each tape drive was six feet high and three feet wide, used 1/2-inch metal tape of nickel-plated bronze 1200 feet long, recorded data on eight channels at 100 inches per second with a transfer rate of 7,200 characters per second.
		The UNIVAC I was used in November to calculate the presidential election returns and successfully predict the winner, although it was not trusted by the TV networks who refused to use the prediction.
		The 275-ton computers known as "Clyde" were based on Jay Forrester's Whirlwind I and had magnetic core memory, magentic drum and magnetic tape storage.
	history.sandiego.edu /gen/recording/computer1.html (1868 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Grace was considered overage and underweight and was told that she could not enroll in the Navy.
		However, Grace obtained a waiver and was soon commissioned a Lieutenant (JG) and assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at Harvard University.
		One of her most important accomplishments there was popularizing the term “bug” when she pulled a moth out of Mark II that caused the system not to function properly.
	www.rit.edu /~agw4756/imm/midtermproject/work.html (450 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The award recognizes her as a computer pioneer, who spent a half century helping keep America on the leading edge of high technology.
		In 1946, she was returned to inactive duty, but she continued to serve in the Naval Reserve and rose through the ranks retiring in December 1966 with the rank of Commander.
		She also worked as a senior mathematician at Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation in Philadelphia and helped program the UNIVAC I, the first commercial large-scale electronic computer.
	cs-www.cs.yale.edu /homes/tap/Files/hopper-medal.html (697 words)

	Punch Card Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		These cards were sold at the main office of the Andrew R. Jennings Computing Center of the Case Institute of Technology, and a generation punched their first programs onto them, usually written in Algol for the Case UNIVAC 1107.
		In 1967, Case Institute of Technology shut down the 1107 and spun off its main computing facility as a private "computing utility" (a buzz word of the time bearing the same cachet "Internet Commerce Server" has at this writing) which provided the university computing services as its "base load customer".
		If you ever drove on the New Jersey Turnpike in the eastern United States in the 1960's or early 70's, you may recall the ticket you were handed when you entered, which had to be presented at the toll booth when you left: it was a 90 column UNIVAC card.
	www.fourmilab.ch /documents/univac/cards.html (479 words)

	AIP International Catalog of Sources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Hopper (1906-1992) had obtained her Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale University in 1934, and been an associate professor of Mathematics at Vassar College when she joined the WAVES in 1944 and was assigned to the computing project at Harvard University.
		In that year she joined the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation as senior mathematician.
		This collection includes technical notes, operating instructions and descriptions of projects which Hopper participated in at Harvard during and after World War II and later in the private sector.
	www.aip.org /history/catalog/963.html (318 words)

	Early Devices display
		The Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation was formed in 1946, it became the Electronic Control Co. to design a Universal Automatic Computer (Univac).
		Presper Eckert compared the concept of regeneration to a boy repeating a shopping list over and over on the way to the store, using his short-term memory to create a long-term memory.
		The Bendix Computer divison was sold to CDC in 1963.
	www-db.stanford.edu /pub/voy/museum/pictures/display/2-1.htm (793 words)

	CHRONO-2
		His computer was called the "Z1." Work on the Z1 began in the early 1930's.
		CDC acquires the computer division of Bendix Corporation.
		The first light pen as an input device to a computer was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by Sutherland as part of the Sketchpad graphics system.
	www.computermuseum.li /Testpage/01HISTORYCD-Chrono1.htm (14577 words)

	The Computing Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		UNIVAC was the brainchild of two men from the University of Pennsylvania, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr.
		During World War II, they had designed and built ENIAC, the first electronic computer in the U.S. Their experience with ENIAC led them to believe that computers could become an important tool not just for scientists, but for businesses.
		They started their first computer company before the computer industry even existed.
	museumofscience.org /exhibits/ComputingRevolution/univac/5.html (78 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper: “The mother of the compiler, COBOL, and program bugs.”
		Grace helped program the BINAC (Binary Automated Computer) using C-10 code, which required the usage of octal arithmetic ("Women and Mathematics").
		It was during her time at the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation that Grace formulated an idea that would change computer programming forever.
		Grace then applied her ideas of compiling to the UNIVAC computer and created the B-0 compiler, which could recognize English commands.
	www.rit.edu /~agw4756/imm/finalproject/accomplishments.html (348 words)

	Grace Hopper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		From the earliest days of computer development, Hopper envisioned writing programs that would enable not only scientists, but ordinary people as well to use computers.
		Her colleagues scoffed at the idea, in their opinion only scientists would be able to use something as complicated as a computer.
		In 1947, Aiken said, "Only six electronic digital computers would be required to satisfy the computing needs of the entire United States." Undeterred, Hopper was determined to make computers accessible for everyone.
	www.chips.navy.mil /archives/02_fall/index2_files/grace_hopper.htm (319 words)

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