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Topic: Ecofeminism

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	Ecofeminism - Charlene Spretnak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The central insight of ecofeminism is that a historical, symbolic, and political relationship exists between the denigration of nature and the female in Western cultures.
		In summary, ecofeminism is a movement that focuses attention on the historical linkage between denigration of nature and the female.
		Ecofeminism continues the progression within traditional feminism from attention to sexism to attention to all systems of human oppression (such as racism, classism, ageism, and heterosexism) to recognition that "naturism" (the exploitation of nature) is also a result of the logic of domination.
	www2.pfeiffer.edu /~lridener/courses/ECOFEM.HTML (2949 words)

	Ecofeminism and Globalism
		This is because ecofeminism insists on the primacy of gender as the determinant of social organisation, attempts to separate women from ‘culture’, and identifies patriarchy as the defining characteristic of capitalism.
		Ecofeminism developed as a theory and an activist position in response to the feminist, ecological and peace movements and as recognition of the strength of female participation in grassroots activism.
		Ecofeminism has strengths in its ability to highlight the impacts of globalisation and their significance, particularly with respect to its impacts on women and children and on cultural and biological diversity.
	homepage.mac.com /herinst/sbeder/ecofeminism.html (8572 words)

	Ecofeminism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ecofeminism, or ecological feminism is a term coined in 1974 by Françoise d'Eaubonne.
		It is a philosophy and movement born from the union of feminist and ecological thinking, and the belief that the social mentality that leads to the domination and oppression of women is directly connected to the social mentality that leads to the abuse of the environment.
		Some scientists generally dismiss ecofeminism as neither feminism nor ecology; most feminists are not part of the radical fringe, and have heavily criticised the radical and anti-science turn that eco-feminism has taken.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ecofeminism (885 words)

	Ecofeminism and Globalism
		This is because ecofeminism insists on the primacy of gender as the determinant of social organisation, attempts to separate women from ‘culture’, and identifies patriarchy as the defining characteristic of capitalism.
		Ecofeminism developed as a theory and an activist position in response to the feminist, ecological and peace movements and as recognition of the strength of female participation in grassroots activism.
		Ecofeminism has strengths in its ability to highlight the impacts of globalisation and their significance, particularly with respect to its impacts on women and children and on cultural and biological diversity.
	www.uow.edu.au /arts/sts/sbeder/ecofeminism.html (8551 words)

	Introduction to Ecofeminism - Karen J. Warren (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		If ecofeminism is a position that recognizes that nature has value in addition to its use value to humans, or if ecofeminism asserts that more than gender-sensitive class analyses are needed to explain the interwoven dominations of women and nature, then traditional Marxist feminism will be inadequate from an ecofeminist perspective.
		One project of ecofeminism is to expose and dismantle the conceptual structures of domination which have kept various "isms of domination," particularly the dominations of women and nature, in place.
		Ecofeminism raises significant issues about the philosophical conceptions of the self, knowledge and the knower, reason and rationality, objectivity, and a host of favored dualisms that form the backbone of philosophical theorizing, even the conception of philosophy itself.
	www2.pfeiffer.edu /~lridener/courses/ecowarrn.html (4841 words)

	Ecofeminism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It is a philosophy and movement born from the union of feminist and ecological thinking, and the belief that the social mentality that leads to the domination and oppression of women is directly connected to the social mentality that leads to the abuse of the environment.
		A central tenet in ecofeminism states that male ownership of land has led to a dominator culture (patriarchy), manifesting itself in food export, over-grazing, the tragedy of the commons, exploitation of people, and an abusive land ethic, in which animals and land are valued only as economic resources.
		Ecofeminism argues that there is a connection between women and nature that comes from their shared history of oppression by a patriarchal western society; this connection also comes from the positive identification of women with nature.
	vb.game-host.org /en/Eco-feminism.htm (1604 words)

	::: Ecofeminist.Net ::: 김윤희의 에코페미니즘
		Liberal ecofeminism is consistent with the objectives of reform environmentalism to alter human relations with nature through the passage of new laws and regulations.
		Radical form of ecofeminism is a response to the perception that women and nature have been mutually associated and devalued in western culture and that both can be elevated and liberated through direct political action.
		Although there is diversity among liberal, radical, and socialist ecofeminism, their critiques commonly showed that the exploitation of nature is linked to the exploitation of women, and their common goal is the restoring the natural environment and quality of life of human beings, especially women.
	www.ecofeminist.net /ecofeminism.htm (392 words)

	ECOFEMINISM, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
		In 1974, the term "ecofeminism" was conceived by d'Eaubonne as a connection of the ecology and women (Morgan, 1992, p.
		One of the areas where ecofeminism is found lacking in the traditional paradigm of social movements is the area of action.
		Ecofeminism serves as a term of identity that may unite these groups at conferences, in books, and in the popular press, but does not create uniform commitment to a uniform mission.
	homepages.gac.edu /~lbrammer/Ecofeminism.html (7164 words)

	EVE ONLINE \| What is Ecofeminism Anyway?
		Ecofeminism sprouted in the early 1970s as Western women became disillusioned with the ideologies of the day.
		Although there is no one "correct" ecofeminism, most ecofeminists would agree with the core precept that the domination of women and the domination of nature are fundamentally connected.
		Although ecofeminism is not a movement in the traditional sense, patterns exist among those who think and act with an ecofeminist consciousness.
	eve.enviroweb.org /what_is/main.html (2773 words)

	Winter school of ecofeminism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Ecofeminism is a convergence of three major contemporary movements: cultural feminism, environmentalism and women's spirituality.
		The fundamental thesis of ecofeminism is that the domination of nature and the oppression of women come from the same root cause.
		Ecofeminism challenges the model of industrial development and consumption, a model that marginalises women and desecrates the environment.
	www.findhorn.org /events/ecofeminism (414 words)

	Ecofeminism on the green fuse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Ecofeminism believes that Patriarchal society is built on four interlocking pillars; sexism, racism, class exploitation and environmental destruction.
		Ecofeminism demands a radical critique of the categories of 'nature' and 'culture' together with an affirmation of the degraded partner in all the patriarchal dualities.
		Ecofeminism emphasies the interdependence of all life, humanity's role as part of the earth's ecosystem, and the non-hierarchical nature of a system in which all parts affect each other are emphasized to counteract relationships dominated by values of control and oppression.
	www.thegreenfuse.org /ecofem.htm (1600 words)

	Catriona Sandilands. The Good-Natured Feminist: Ecofeminism and the Quest for Democracy.
		The political and philosophical project of ecofeminism is then to 'reconcile what has hitherto been torn asunder, to show the actual integration of what historically has been polarized and hierarchically valued' (p.195).
		Instead, the task of ecofeminism is to overcome alienated nature by revealing its specificity as something that cannot be captured and 'tamed' in language and thereby in democracy, which is seen in poststructuralist terms as a 'conversation'.
		She sees ecofeminism as providing the basis for an openness in the democratic conversation, not through the cosy metaphors of nature as 'female' or 'home', but by revealing nature's inability to be captured.
	www.ualberta.ca /~cjscopy/reviews/ecofeminism.html (935 words)

	[No title]
		Ecofeminism acts in both and neither of these broad movements, simultaneously serving as an environmental critique of feminism and a feminist critique of environmentalism.
		Ecofeminism asserts that all forms of oppression are connected and that structures of oppression must be addressed in their totality.
		Ecofeminism posits that as long as any of the dualisms exist as an integral component of societal structuring and justification, they will all continue to serve as starting points to justify patriarchy.
	www.epwijnants-lectures.com /ecofeminism.html (3984 words)

	Culture3- Ecofeminism: A Fine Line Between Metaphor and Reality
		Though ecofeminism approaches ecological concerns with varying degrees of radicalism and conservatism, there is a unanimous awareness of our planet's deteriorating health and the failure of current scientific and social methods to repair it.
		Ecofeminism is poised, as a movement, between the camps of science and feminism, one which emphasizes a metaphorical understanding of the world and the other which emphasizes knowledge based on fact.
		Ecofeminism, however, is not without its own opposing forces; within the general movement are the two distinct entities of liberal ecofeminism and cultural ecofeminism.
	www.wesleyan.edu /synthesis/culture-cubed/johnson/abj.htm (2618 words)

	Saleha Erdmann :: Development Studies
		And ecofeminism is different from environmentalism because it connects environmentalism to the immediate issues facing other movement and addresses the gendered justifications for environmental destruction.
		Perhaps the most debated subtopic within ecofeminism is over essentialism and constructivism, although the die-hard ecofeminist essentialists seemed to have changed their minds or died, critiques of ecofeminism often make essentialism their main target.
		“A cross-cultural critique of ecofeminism.” In Gaard, Greta.
	www.stolaf.edu /depts/cis/wp/erdmanns/webpages/ecofeminism.htm (4717 words)

	Ecofeminism as a Social Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It makes sense to claim both of these actions as examples of ecofeminism in the sense that they were ecological actions organized by women and responding to the specificities of women's situation.
		The political program of constructionist ecofeminism is to strengthen the alliance between women and nature and to convert men to what has traditionally been a "feminine" view of the natural world.
		It confirms the constructionist analysis of constructionist ecofeminism - gender and its relationship to the environment is socially constructed, not innate.
	www.octapod.org /gifteconomy/content/zedgendtwo.html (20096 words)

	Bloomsbury.com - Research centre
		In ecofeminism concern for the environment and the welfare of the planet are combined with feminist analysis and reaction to the power of the patriarchy.
		Ecofeminism is world-affirming, with a 'green' approach to life.
		The radical critique of gender roles in the natural world requires a revision of medicine, ethics and theology, with, for example, women reclaiming control over their bodies instead of doing what (male) doctors tell them to do.
	www.bloomsburymagazine.com /ARC/detail.asp?entryid=101969&bid=2 (208 words)

	Ecofeminism
		Unlike traditional Western philosophy, ecofeminism denies ethical essentialism, the belief that concepts are defined by a set of necessary and sufficient conditions.
		Ecofeminism can only give necessary conditions (otherwise known as "boundary" conditions); the sufficient conditions are historically situated.
		Ecofeminism takes into account feminism; science, development, technology, and nature; and local or indigenous perspectives.
	www.geocities.com /jaymezgirl2000/Ecofeminism (320 words)

	Deep Ecology and Ecofeminism
		With respect to ecofeminism and deep ecology in particular, many observers agree that the two perspectives have much in common-notwithstanding their different theoretical h'stor'es.' However, some ecofeminist writers have begun to perceive a significant tension between their perspective and that of deep ecology.
		When we examine the disputes between deep ecology and ecofeminism, it is crucial to separate their critiques of anthropocentric and androcentric environmental frameworks from their positive alternatives, for disapproval of one or several (or even all?) of deep ecology's positive frameworks is not to dismiss that movement's analysis of the domination of nature.
		Ecofeminism's critique of predominant Western environmental attitudes is at least in part quite like that of deep ecology: the central fault is an attitude, logic, and practice of dominating nature.
	www.dhushara.com /book/renewal/voices2/deep.htm (14928 words)

	Vegetarian ecofeminism Frontiers - Find Articles
		Although the roots of ecofeminism can be located in the work of women gardeners, outdoor enthusiasts, environmental writers, botanists, scientists, animal welfare activists, and abolitionists over the past two centuries, ecofeminism's first articulation in the 1980s was shaped by the convergence of the peace, antinuclear, and feminist movements.
		For these reasons, I have chosen to trace the branch of ecofeminism that has been the subject of most disagreement by feminists, ecofeminists, and environmentalists and is the least understood.
		Outside of ecofeminism some feminists have been particularly vocal in their opposition to giving equal moral consideration to the interests or the rights of nonhuman animals.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3687/is_200201/ai_n9030211 (698 words)

	Toward Defining an Ecology of Ecofeminism
		Ecofeminism, for example, which draws its name and its body of theory from both ecology and feminism is a case in point.
		In a twenty-year effort to convince others of the importance of ecofeminism, ecofeminist analysts have offered a welter of disparate views of the nature of ecofeminism that can hardly be called an ecology.
		The class's modus operandi became an approach to ecofeminism that kept broadening the reaches of the movement by broadening the sense of what constitutes an environmental text.
	www.asle.umn.edu /conf/other_conf/mla/1994/gates.html (660 words)

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