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Topic: Ecological impact of transgenic plants

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	Asao, H
		Ecological risk assessment for plant-incorporated insecticidal proteins necessitates consideration of risks to nontarget insects when species-specific hazard information may be lacking, Screening-level risk assessment methods afford a means by which risks to species of concern may be evaluated conservatively using exposure estimates, host-range information, and a probabilistic estimate of toxicity to sensitive species.
		Transgenic plants were morphologically indistinguishable from untransformed plants and the introduced trait was inherited stably in the subsequent generation.
		Hilbeck, A. Implications of transgenic, insecticidal plants for insect and plant biodiversity.
	www.isb.vt.edu /eeito_bibs/plant_Unintended_Effects.cfm (18961 words)

	Transgenic Plants
		Transgenic plants are only those with genes from other species, whereas genetically modified plants can have both new genes and a re-arrangement of the genes already found in the plant.
		Transgenic crops are grown world wide, although the greatest concentration of transgenic crops is in the United States, at 63% of the world total in 2003.
		While a simple release of transgenic crop plants or their hybrids is not wise, a better experiment might be of the common –garden type, where the transgenic plant would be introduced into a standing ecosystem which is open to the elements and yet is still contained.
	www.edinformatics.com /biotechnology/transgenic_plants.htm (2434 words)

	Position Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Transgenic plants that produce insecticidal substances are and should continue to be subject to careful testing to ensure safety and minimize environmental risks.
		Transgenic crops are subjected to regulatory scrutiny that is similar to that of pesticides, including tests for detrimental health effects.
		The large-scale release of insect-resistant transgenic crops must be preceded by studies that determine the potential for weediness or for outcrossing to weedy relatives.
	www.entsoc.org /resources/position_papers/transgenic.htm (1213 words)

	Transgenic Crops: An Introduction and Resource Guide
		Transgenic plants (with an appendix on intellectual properties and commercialization of transgenic plants by John Barton).
		Survival of free DNA encoding antibiotic resistance from transgenic maize and the transformation activity of DNA in ovine saliva, ovine rumen fluid and silage effluent.
		Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly populations.
	cls.casa.colostate.edu /TransgenicCrops/references_top.html (3030 words)

	The Ecological Impacts of Transgenic Crops on Agroecosystem Health
		Although there is some concern that transgenic crops themselves might become weeds, a major ecological risk is that large scale releases of transgenic crops may promote transfer of transgenes from crops to other plants, which may then become weeds (Darmency 1994).
		Transfer of genes from transgenic crops to organically grown crops poses specific problems to organic farmers as organic certification depends on the growers being able to guarantee that their crops have no inserted genes.
		Industry however, claims that transgenic plants expressing high levels of endotoxin represent a different type of selective pressure, that is a chronic high-dose exposure.
	www.cnr.berkeley.edu /~agroeco3/the_ecological_impacts.html (4517 words)

	Ecology of Transgenic Crops Genetically engineered plants might generate weed problems and affect nontarget ...
		Her diverse research interests include the ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops, the demography of endangered salmonids and the ecological interactions of parasitic plants.
		Nonetheless, transgenic crops are currently being planted on a commercial scale, and the area devoted to transgenic crops increased from 4.3 million acres in 1996 to 69.5 million acres in 1998.
		To speculate on the future impacts of transgenic crops, an investigator must summarize a large collection of such studies across many species and situations, which can be done with a statistical approach called meta-analysis.
	www.mindfully.org /GE/Ecology-Of-Transgenic-Crops.htm (4122 words)

	Transgenic plant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Transgenic plants are plants that possess a gene or genes that have been transferred from a different species.
		Transgenic recombinant plants are identified as a class of genetically modified organism(GMO); usually only transgenic plants created by direct DNA manipulation are given much attention in public discussions.
		The ecological effects of transgenes are not known, but it is generally accepted that only genes which improve fitness in relation to abiotic factors would give hybrid plants sufficient advantages to become weedy or invasive. ; Abiotic factors are parts of the ecosystem which are not alive, such as climate, salt and mineral content, and temperature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transgenic_plants (2461 words)

	Risk assessment dialogue
		Companies wanting their transgenic crops removed from regulatory oversight by the USDA APHIS (United States Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) have to prove amongst other things that the transgenic crop is no more likely to generate a weed problem than its untransformed counterpart.
		Those may influence the plant's phenotype in a complex and interrelated manner but, to my knowledge, purposeful investigations into the interactions and synergisms between different transgenes in a plant have not been done.
		Escaped transgenic organisms and recombinant genes are supposed not to represent reversible interventions in ecosystems and further evolution.
	www.ifgene.org /weberwp.htm (5316 words)

	MU researchers find fungi buildup in glyphosate-treated soybean fields
		Fusarium fungi are almost always found in soybean fields, but at elevated levels some can become pathogenic on susceptible plants and lead to lost yields through such diseases as sudden death syndrome and other root rots, Donald said.
		Kremer said studies of ecological impact from transgenic plants should include an analysis of effects on the microbial makeup of the soil.
		However, "potential yield impacts in subsequent seasons due to high soil Fusarium populations, resulting from continued use of glyphosate, needs further investigation." Kremer said the study shows the fungi "build up over the growing season.
	www.biotech-info.net /fungi_buildup2.html (389 words)

	Research - Quality of Life - Genetically Modified Organisms - A Review of Results
		Virus-resistant transgenic plants: ecological impact of gene flow
		Virus resistance in transgenic crop plants; influence of transport protein genes on viral host range, symptom expression on resistance of transgenic plants
		Agronomic, environmental and genetic assessment of transgenic crop plants
	ec.europa.eu /research/quality-of-life/gmo/01-plants/01-index.html (263 words)

	Insect Resistance
		Gene flow in the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis: implications for the sustainability of transgenic insecticidal maize (Abstract), Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.
		Transgenic Crops: A Cautionary Tale, letter in response to Martínez-Soriano and Leal-Klevezas' correspondence, Science, 287(5460): 1927, March 17, 2000.
		Seeking the root of insect resistance to transgenic plants, Bruce E. Tabashnik, PNAS 1997 94: 3488-3490.
	www.biotech-info.net /bt-transgenics.html (3082 words)

	Chemically Speaking; August 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Although plants that are genetically modified to resist pests probably are safer for the environment than traditional synthetic pesticides, questions remain about how fast pests evolve resistance to them, how they affect nontarget species, and how their pest-resistant genes may be transferred to weedy relatives.
		Until more is known about the ecological impact of transgenic plants, a need will remain for chemical pesticides, especially in the effort to manage and slow pest resistance, the committee said.
		For example, if farmers knew ahead of time which plants would be vulnerable to which pests that season, they could rotate their crops accordingly without resorting to chemical pesticides.
	pest.ifas.ufl.edu /CMSP-2000/08cmsp00.htm (3112 words)

	News and Information - The Ohio State University
		Basic research in medicine, agriculture, the biotech industry and the environment is supported by 32 research laboratories and research support spaces.
		They study insect behavior and physiology; restoration ecology; metal-absorbing properties of plants; metabolic engineering; environmental impact of introduced species; and movement of toxins through aquatic food chains.
		They also examine effects of global climate change on forest ecosystems; plant development, structure and function; ecological impact of transgenic plants; habitat fragmentation; space biology; and social behavior in animals.
	www.osu.edu /news/lvl2_news_story.php?id=553 (483 words)

	The Ecological Dimension of the European Union Biotechnology Programmes
		A number of transgenic organisms including plants, fish and microorganisms have been developed that have commercial potential and EU research programmes in biotechnology have contributed to these developments.
		An ecological perspective is essential for the successful application of microbial-based processes such as biocontrol, biomonitoring and bioremediation.
		The European Union's research programmes have focused on these areas where a detailed knowledge of the ecological implications of releasing genetically-modified organisms is necessary for commercial exploitation.
	www.ucc.ie /impact/eubiof.html (621 words)

	National Research Council: Alternatives to Pesticides being sought
		Effective and affordable alternatives to chemical pesticides are not always available, the committee concluded.
		Although plants that are genetically modified to resist pests may be safer for the environment than traditional synthetic pesticides, the committee said questions remain about how fast pests evolve resistance to them, how they affect non-target species, and how their pest resistant genes may be transferred to their relatives.
		Until more is known about the ecological impact of transgenic plants, a need will remain for chemical pesticides, the committee said.
	www.safe2use.com /ca-ipm/00-07-22.htm (406 words)

	Virus-resistant transgenic plants: ecological impact of gene flow
		VRTP-IMPACT is a research project funded by the European Commission.
		The goal is to evaluate the impact of virus-resistant transgenic plants on the environment.
		F.A.Q. Answers to the main questions received on our mailbox.
	www.inra.fr /vrtp-impact (94 words)

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