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Topic: Ecological land classification

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	A NATIONAL ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR CANADA - OVERVIEW
		The fundamental basis for delineation of ecological units is to capture the major ecological composition and the linkages between the various components (e.g., landforms, soils, water, and vegetation) rather than treating each component as a separate characteristic of the landscape.
		It is equally important to recognize that while ecological land classification is science-based, it is also an art in the sense that ecological cycles, characteristics and interactions are not always readily apparent or measured and therefore need to be interpreted from the development of vegetation, soil, and landform characteristics or other factors.
		Since land classification is based on multiple factors, the key to placing boundaries on an ecological map is an understanding of genetic processes (how it originated) and an understanding of the causes of the differences between classified units as opposed to the effects.
	sis.agr.gc.ca /cansis/nsdb/ecostrat/intro.html (2463 words)

	2003 WFC - Ecological Land Classification in Québec (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It was devised in response to the need to understand the spatial organization of ecological factors in forest areas and their effects on the nature and dynamics of vegetation, and to structure knowledge about these interactions according to various levels of generalization.
		The hierarchical system of ecological land classification is based on the large quantity of ecological and physiographical data gathered by the Department to date.
		Ecological land classification makes it possible to carry out planning activities using an integrated resource management approach with a view to enhancing our ecoforestry heritage, which should be a priority for managers and users of public and private forests alike.
	www.mrn.gouv.qc.ca /forets/congres-forestier-2003/english/research/land.jsp (598 words)

	carter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Carter, R.E. Ecological land classification of Montane Longleaf Pine Forest in the Talladega Mountains of Alabama.
		Ecological land classification of montane longleaf pine ecosystems of the Dugger Mountain Wilderness and Nances Creek of the Talladega Mountains, Alabama and creation of a virtual herbarium.
		Ecological land classification of Longleaf pine ecosystems in the Southern Loam Hills Region of south Alabama.
	www.jsu.edu /depart/biology/carter.html (1028 words)

	Land Classification
		Ecological processes are spatially heterogeneous across anthropogenic landscapes like farms and villages.
		We use a hierarchical landscape classification system to stratify this variability into components for measurement and analysis of ecosystem properties like biodiversity, nutrient flux and nutrient storage.
		The basic ecosystem factors we use for classification are soil class, slope, sedimentary process, hydrology (periodicity and management), disturbance (type, intensity and frequency), vegetation cover, and human and animal residence.
	www.agroecology.org /people/erle/research/china/methods/landclass.htm (167 words)

	A Cognitively-based Approach for Hydrogeomorphic Land Classification using Digital Terrain Models
		Hydrogeomorphic land classification divides the continuous surface of the landscape into discrete landscape elements (land types) such as ridges, sideslopes, coves, or flats, which are associated a priori with specific ranges of average annual water table depth.
		Land type mapping was accomplished by applying the classification procedures for each province to the 27 digital terrain models, with repeated visualization of the resulting classifications and adjustment of differentiating values.
		While this classification was designed to reflect the influence of topography on ground water depth, and was not meant to be all inclusive with respect to other fields of interest, it does provide a level of geomorphic description previously unavailable at the state level.
	www.ncgia.ucsb.edu /conf/SANTA_FE_CD-ROM/sf_papers/fels_john/fels_and_matson.html (2843 words)

	:::... Restoring the North American Ecological Landscape - Exercises: Land Cover Classification..::: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Land conversion brought about by the expansion of agriculture and cattle grazing are the most direct threats to the ecological integrity of the reserve.
		Land cover inventory is one tool used by IMECBIO in their efforts to monitor changes in these ecosystems, and to assist reserve managers and land users alike in making management decisions.
		Digital image classification of a given region using verified ground observations for verification can be an effective approach to detecting current land uses and their direction of change.
	www.ies.wisc.edu /international/landscape/exercise_land_cover_class.htm (8262 words)

	Saskatchewan's Prairie Plant Assemblages: A Hierarchical Approach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Ecological land classification is a process that develops units based on these similarities as well as other criteria such as human activity.
		In this proposed classification system, plant assemblages are arranged hierarchically with the major vegetation type identified first, followed by important plant assemblages of that type (figure 4).
		The present classification system differs from Coupland (1961) in that the grassland assemblage is not considered continuous across its range, but is broken up by other plant assemblages outlined here (i.e., wetland, aquatic, sparsely vegetated, brushland/meadow, cultivated, aspen grove, and urban).
	www.cprc.ca /pecos/pforum/prairieassoc.html (7564 words)

	University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - Projects
		Based on information obtained for Objective #1, develop and implement an ecological land classification scheme (to include LULC state and summary of past changes) which specifically considers the needs of population-environment research.
		The hypothesized biophysical landscape trends (FIG 2) are assumed to represent key ecological conditions important to understanding human-environment interactions, and thus are to be tested,, refined and incorporated into the ecological classifications (as appropriate based on relationships established via empirical evidence and/or theoretical understanding).
		To be effective ecological land classification must integrate both spatial and temporal characteristics of the biophysical landscape for a given location.
	www.unc.edu /depts/geog/lcsal/thailand_pub5.html (194 words)

	GIS/EM4 - Automated landform classification using DEMs
		Since both ecological processes and management activities take place over a variety of scales, it is desirable to define a multi-level hierarchy of spatial entities, with explicit procedures for nesting and aggregating within the hierarchy.
		While drawing upon a foundation of existing classification and mapping efforts, the new systems must be much more dynamic, adaptive, and incremental; be able to infer nested ecosystem-landscape-watershed and regional level processes; be fully integrated, multi-scale, and mappable; and be of known accuracy for reliable interpretations and predictions.
		A separate classification of spatial entities is defined using a combination of measures of local surface morphology and relative landform position as per MacMillan et al., (2000).
	www.colorado.edu /research/cires/banff/pubpapers/198 (4759 words)

	GMNF: Ecological Land Classification
		Ecological land classification (ELC) is a cartographic approach to forest land delineation that defines units of land at different spatial scales that are hierarchical, nested, and homogeneous in their environmental and late-successional vegetational characteristics.
		The ecological land classification system in use on the Green Mountain National Forest (GMNF) in Vermont conforms to the guidelines defined by the National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units established by the USDA Forest Service.
		The ecological land classification system (ELC) in use by the USDA Forest Service is designed to assist land managers by classifying lands according to their inherent characteristics, potential uses, and productivity.
	www.uvm.edu /envnr/sal/charlesf/elt.html (475 words)

	Conservation Ecology: Modeling Forest Succession among Ecological Land Units in Northern Minnesota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Results were used to suggest refinements to current ecological land classification practices, as well as to address the use of simulation modeling tools in forest management.
		A fundamental tenet of ecological land classification is that the identified ecological units differ not only in state variables, but also in functional processes, such as nutrient cycling, forest succession, and response to management or disturbance.
		Because soils are an integral part of ecological classification, it follows that the model can be used not only for assessing successional pathways among ecosystems, but also for predicting their response to silvicultural treatment.
	sunsite.wits.ac.za /eco/vol2/iss2/art15/main.html (4604 words)

	Ecological Land Classification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The purpose of the classification is to distinguish land areas that differ from one another in ecological characteristics.
		Land areas identified and mapped in this manner are known as ecological units.
		Maps of ecological units can be developed at many spatial scales, depending on the needs of the user.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/land/forestry/Look/ecolandclass (195 words)

	Department of Natural Resources - Crown Lands Branch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Less well known is that New Brunswick’s landscape – its variety of rock types, its soils, the “lay of the land”, and its regional and local climates have at least an equally important effect on what species live where and why.
		An ecological land classification system, or ELC, is a way of recognizing and describing ecosystems using features of the physical environment, including temperature, precipitation, topography, soil type and other biophysical attributes.
		The purpose of ELC is to divide and categorize ecosystems at various scales.
	www.gnb.ca /0263/landclass-e.asp (404 words)

	NCRS - Landscape Ecology
		He has national and regional responsibilities for technology development and transfer in ecological land classification, landscape ecology, and ecosystem management.
		This research is developing new approaches to regional fire risk assessment that couple ecological and social factors into a fire risk and consequence model, with an emphasis on reducing the potential for loss of life and property.
		Variations in overstory biomass among glacial landforms and ecological land units in northwestern Lower Michigan.
	www.ncrs.fs.fed.us /4153/dave_cleland.asp (1296 words)

	Rideau Valley Conservation Authority
		Ecological Land Classification (ELC) specifically looks at the distribution and groupings of plant species and attempts to understand them according to ecosystem patterns and processes.
		Ecological Land Classification also helps to establish patterns among vegetation, soils, geology, landform and climate, at different scales.
		Eventually, as detailed information is collected at the ecosite/ecoelement classification unit (fine) scale of detail, ELC will be used to help facilitate planning/regulations, ecosystem management and conservation objectives at the RVCA.
	www.rideauvalley.on.ca /watershed/aquatic_habitat/eco_overview.html (224 words)

	Federal Electoral Districts of Canada
		The Labrador Ecological Land Survey (ELS) was one of the earlier land surveys which employed the methods of ecological land classification developed in the 1950s.
		The ELS survey, whose results were mapped at a scale of 125,000, is based on a hierarchical system of ecological land regions, land districts and land sections.
		The finest division, or "ecosection", which forms the basic building blocks of the survey, is a unit of land characterized by a re-occurring pattern of landforms, soils and vegetation.
	geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca /contexts/EastCentralLabradorELSv100.xml (766 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Global to local: Ecological land classification : Thunderbay,[sic] Ontario, Canada, August 14-17, 1994 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The emerging science of ELC is in fact a very carefully integrated blend of vegetation and earth sciences, climatology, cartography and ecology with a range of new technologies and methodologies including computer-based geographic information systems, remote sensing and simulation modelling.
		It provides particular insight into the role of ELC in current and future forest resource planning and management, and emphasizes its application and usefulness at various spatial scales, for a variety of geographic locations, and under a range of management scenarios/constraints.
		The book is an invaluable and substantial reference source about the current trends in ELC and will be of particular value to ecologists, foresters, geographers, resource managers, wildlife biologists, GIS and remote sensing specialists, educators and students.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0792339665 (362 words)

	Ecological Land Classification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units (NHFEU) is a hierarchical ecological land classification system.
		Ecological units are identified and differentiated based on unique combinations of physical and biological characteristics, which may include climate, geology, geomorphology, soils, hydrology, or potential natural vegetation.
		Ecological units at each spatial scale are nested within the broader scales.
	www.dnr.wi.gov /org/land/forestry/Look/ecolandclass/elcstructure.htm (101 words)

	Ecological Classification Systems
		Classification and comparison of upland hardwood and conifer ecosystems of the Cyrus H. McCormick Experimental Forest, upper Michigan.
		Proceedings of the symposium on forest land classification.
		A multifactor ecological classification of the northern hardwood and conifer ecosystems of Sylvania Recreation Area, Upper Peninsula, Michigan.
	www.ncrs.fs.fed.us /gla/elc/purpose.htm (1739 words)

	Ecosystem Classification - Natural Resources
		Below is a table outlining criteria used for delineating the ecological land units.
		The ELC will provide a common language for all resource users when addressing the management and planning for the various elements of biodiversity such as individual species, habitats, ecosystem structures, age class of the forest, species associations and genetics.
		Further detail on the ELC is available in the report Ecological Land Classification for Nova Scotia, Volume 1.
	www.gov.ns.ca /NATR/FORESTRY/ecosystem/elcpg3.htm (275 words)

	Standardized National Vegetation Classification System: Literature Cited
		A digitized systematic classification for ecosystems with an illustrated summary of the natural vegetation of North America.
		Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States.
		A preliminary assessment of the status of major terrestrial and wetland ecosystems on federal and indian lands in the United States.
	biology.usgs.gov /npsveg/classification/sect10.html (1646 words)

	LAND TYPE PHASES
		Land Type Phases are subdivisions of Land Types and are the smallest level identified by Minnesota's ECS.
		The Land Type Phase h (Figure 30), unit for example, in the Fire Intolerant Maple-Basswood Forest LT unit, has characteristics that include fine sandy loam soil and a "perched water table" (i.e., a layer of soil that somewhat inhibits water infiltration and provides tree roots a reliable source of water).
		The Minnesota DNR is not currently developing Land Type Phases as defined by the National Hierarchy of Ecological Units and the Chippewa National Forest.
	iic.gis.umn.edu /finfo/ecs/ltypeph2.html (422 words)

	Forest Ecosystems of Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Ecological Land Classification, sometimes called ecological stratification, seeks to address all the dimensions of ecosystems and as such incorporates the interactions among landforms, soil, water, climate, fauna and human activities.
		In other words, this approach classifies natural environments based on a limited number of ecological factors, none of which is predominant.
		This classification uses four levels of generalization, ranging from general to more and more detailed, depending on the size of the territory being considered.It is herefore a hierarchical system.
	www.cfl.scf.rncan.gc.ca /ecosys/classif/intro_strat_e.asp (278 words)

	EcoZones, EcoRegions, and EcoDistricts
		In a few instances, Version 1 SLC polygons were split to accommodate the new framework and maintain the desired nesting of the hierarchy.
		Since the Ecological Land Classification is a cartographic hierarchy supported by more detailed data from the Soil Landscapes of Canada, they will provide a very powerful tool for environmental reporting, particularly since linkage via the soil development attributes can be used to access the NSDB soil name and soil layer file data.
		Ecological Land Classification Series, No. 23, Environment Canada, Ottawa 119p.
	sis.agr.gc.ca /cansis/nsdb/ecostrat/hierarchy.html (354 words)

	Ecological Land Classification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		To manage timber production without harming the health or the integrity of the forest ecosystem requires that ecosystems be delineated and described across the landscape.
		The Department of Natural Resources and Energy has developed an Ecological Land Classification System that divides the province into seven ecoregions.
		Under this ecological land classification system, the basic unit of forest management planning would become the ecodistrict at the landscape level and the ecosite at the stand level as opposed to the current ten licences and the innumerable cut blocks within each.
	www.elements.nb.ca /theme/forest/ccnb/page8.htm (209 words)

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