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Topic: Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia

	Why War? Keywords: Czechoslovakia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Czechoslovakia (Československo in Czech and in Slovak) was a country in Central Europe, in existence from 1918 until 1992 (except for the World War II period).
		Czechoslovakia arose in October 1918 as one of the succession states of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I.
		After World War II, the pre-war Czechoslovakia was reestablished, the Germans were expelled from the country and Ruthenia was given to the Soviet Union.
	www.why-war.com /encyclopedia/places/Czechoslovakia (1437 words)

	Czechoslovakia - MSN Encarta
		On January 1, 1993, Czechoslovakia ceased to exist and the Czech Republic and Slovakia emerged as independent nations.
		In terms of land, population, and economy, the Czech Republic absorbed two-thirds and Slovakia one-third of the former Czechoslovakia.
		A president, premier, and cabinet of ministers formed Czechoslovakia’s executive branch of government; a bicameral Federal Assembly performed all legislative functions; and a supreme court and a series of lower courts together functioned as the judicial authority.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761553727 (586 words)

	Czechoslovakia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Because Czechoslovakia inherited the greater part of the industries of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, it was economically the most favored of the Hapsburg successor states.
		In the elections of 1946 the Communists emerged as the strongest party (obtaining one third of the votes) and became the dominant party in the coalition headed by the Communist Klement Gottwald.
		Under Communist rule, Czechoslovakia had a Soviet-style planned economy in which its highly developed industry as well as trade, banking, and agriculture were under state control.
	www.bartleby.com /65/cz/Czechosl.html (1367 words)

	Political Economy
		Yet just exactly how crucial it is for communists to raise their co-workers awareness of the wage system didn't become apparent until the reactionary forces led by Kruschev restored capitalism in the former Soviet Union and began demolishing the gains of the communist led revolution for socialism.
		The world communist movement predicted as early as 1928 that the world was heading for another world war with the U.S. the rising imperialist and the U.K. the declining imperialist, and the conflict between these two would color the coming inter-imperialist war.
		The economies of the LDCs are generally re-organized by imperialism to produce agricultural goods for export to meet the raw material needs of the imperialists, destroying diversified and balanced agriculture and causing famine and starvation in the LDCs.
	www.plp.org /pamphlets/pe.html (21233 words)

	Czechoslovakia
		Czechoslovakia was created in 1918 from territory that had previously been part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
		Adolf Hitler wanted to march into Czechoslovakia but his generals warned him that with its strong army and good mountain defences Czechoslovakia would be a difficult country to overcome.
		When Eduard Benes, Czechoslovakia's head of state, protested at this decision, Neville Chamberlain told him that Britain would be unwilling to go to war over the issue of the Sudetenland.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWczech.htm (5060 words)

	Vaclav Havel hero file (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Political opponents are removed from positions of influence, education is socialised, private ownership of property is limited, all power is centred on the party, and domestic interests are subordinated to those of the Soviet Union.
		Later, the Communist Party is purged of all reformist elements, including Dubcek, and a "normalisation" program is introduced to return Czechoslovakia to prereformist conditions.
		Havel is elected interim president of Czechoslovakia on 29 December, promising to lead the nation to free and democratic elections.
	www.moreorless.au.com /heroes/havel.html (3622 words)

	Ygael Gluckstein (Tony Cliff): Stalin's Satellites (Part 1, Chap.2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Czechoslovakia was the only country in which foreign capital in banking and industry was of relatively small importance.
		Since even before Munich, 40 per cent of the industry of Czechoslovakia was owned by German citizens, it is clear that the proportion of German capital at the end of the war was not less tan 6o per cent of industry and almost 100 per cent of financial institutions (banks, insurance, etc.).
		The larger part of German property in Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia passed into the hands of the national states, while in the countries which were formerly allies of Germany as well as in the Soviet Zone of Germany and Austria it was mostly taken over by the Russian government.
	www.marxists.org /archive/cliff/works/1952/stalsats/pt1-ch02.htm (6135 words)

	Port Huron Statement of the Students for a Democratic Society, 1962
		But while the economy remains relatively static in its setting of priorities and allocation of resources, new conditions are emerging with enormous implications: the revolution of automation, and the replacement of scarcity by the potential of material abundance.
		The accumulation of nuclear arsenals, the threat of accidental war, the possibility of limited war becoming illimitable holocaust, the impossibility of achieving final arms superiority or invulnerability, the approaching nativity of a cluster of infant atomic powers; all of these events are tending to undermine traditional concepts of power relations among nations.
		Communist parties throughout the rest of the world are generally undemocratic in internal structure and mode of action.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~hst306/documents/huron.html (18697 words)

	Czechoslovakia - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		CZECHOSLOVAKIA [Czechoslovakia], Czech Československo, former federal republic, 49,370 sq mi (127,869 sq km), in central Europe.
		Appraisal methods in Czechoslovakia and their probable development.
		The federal state and the breakup of Czechoslovakia: an institutional analysis.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-czechosl.html (1466 words)

	Economy of the Soviet Union
		The Soviet Union was the first country to base its economy on communist principles, were the state owned all the means of production and farming was collectivized.
		Meanwhile, the state still maintained the nationalization of what Lenin deemed the "commanding heights" of the economy (heavy industry such as the coal, iron, and metallurgical sectors along with the banking and financial components of the economy), which employed the majority of the workers in the urban areas.
		Since the NEP economy was a mixed economy, he was also able to point to inflation and unemployment as the evils of the market.
	www.fastload.org /ec/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union.html (5388 words)

	Czech Republic Economy
		Of the former communist countries in central and eastern Europe, the Czech Republic has one of the most developed and industrialized economies.
		As a small, open economy in the heart of Europe, economic growth is strongly influenced by demand for Czech exports and flows of foreign direct investment.
		At the time of the 1948 communist takeover, Czechoslovakia had a balanced economy and one of the higher levels of industrialization on the continent.
	www.traveldocs.com /cz/economy.htm (1624 words)

	Separatism: Czechoslovakia
		When World War II ended, Czechoslovakia was reconstituted as a unitary state with some elements of asymmetric autonomy added as a concession to the Slovaks; for example, Slovakia had a Communist Party and so did Czechoslovakia, but Czechia did not.
		On becoming Czechoslovakia's Communist Party leader in that year, Alexander Dubček prepared a federal constitution establishing formal equality between Czech and Slovak National Councils (parliaments) as part of the Prague Spring,[2] a remarkable liberalization that would survive only briefly.
		When after the downfall of the communist regime it became permissible to discuss nationality questions, some Slovaks broached the subject of their "humiliation" -- a subjective, symbolic sense that one's community ought to be accorded a higher rank in the ethnic stratification hierarchy.
	metta.spencer.name /papers/separatism-ch8.html (8568 words)

	Czechoslovakia 1968
		The Czech economy was grinding to a halt, clogged with bureaucracy.
		The Russian bureaucracy were terrified that if censorship were to be abolished in Czechoslovakia, they would be left with little justification for resisting the clamour of Soviet intellectuals for the dead hand of bureaucracy to be lifted from literature and the arts.
		In Czechoslovakia their actions were eventually responsible for the criminal break up of the country.
	www.marxist.com /1968/czech.html (2158 words)

	Reason magazine -- Vaclav Klaus Interview
		Reason: Your colleague Valtr Komarek [Czechoslovakia's deputy prime minister] recently said that "If a market economy were imposed immediately on Czechoslovakia, economic agony would result." He claimed at least a third of the country's production would be destroyed.
		Privatization of the state-owned economy is not yet on the agenda.
		That is perhaps how the country started in l948 when the communists took over, but now we have giant, powerful state monopolies and very weak central planners.
	reason.com /klausint.shtml (2428 words)

	Communist Party of the United States
		In all, the Communist parties of 53 countries were represented in the International Brigades with a total fighting strength of approximately 18,000, the first of whom arrived in Spain during the latter part of 1936.
		Many Communists throughout the world who answered the Comintern's call to fight in Spain were repaid subsequently by Soviet assistance in their attempts to seize power in their respective countries.
		When I saw that the Communist Party was taking the lead in the struggle for the rights of minorities and of labor, exposing the role of imperialism in conquest and war, I found that my constant concern with the racist issue became an integral part of the broader struggle for human rights everywhere.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAcommunist.htm (7357 words)

	Workers World March 12, 1998: Communist rally remembers Czechoslovakia 1948
		Members of the Czechoslovak Communist Party (SCK) and other working-class groups rallied on Feb. 25 in Prague to commemorate the 1948 general strike that brought the Communists to power.
		The Communists won 38 percent of the vote in the 1946 election, becoming the biggest party in the parliament.
		As the Communist leader Stepan said at this February's rally, the 1948 event "launched a period of development in Czechoslovak society." It's a development a growing number of Czech workers are again longing for.
	www.workers.org /ww/1998/czech0312.php (785 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		CapitalistEconomy is the Attribute used to characterize a country whose economy is based on private ownership of the means of production and distribution, and on private accumulation of capital.
		CentrallyPlannedEconomy is a term used mainly to describe communist or formerly communist states, many of which are now evolving away from command economies towards market-oriented systems.
		GovernmentSubsidizedEconomy is an Attribute describing an economy in which the government provides subsidies to various industries, workers, or other groups as part of its economic policy.
	reliant.teknowledge.com /DAML/Economy.owl (4409 words)

	Media Influencer: Banana past (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The best time of year for bananas and other 'exotic' fruit was before Christmas and as children we would get a bunch of them on St Nicolas day.
		A good starting point would be to make sure that no member of the Communist party can ever hold an office or benefit from the economic upheavals such as privatisation etc. Joining the party was a ticket to one's career and a slightly better life while knowing the nature of the beast.
		Communists ending up hanging from street lamps or dead in the gutters) was preferable to just letting them slink off into the night.
	www.mediainfluencer.net /media_influencer/2006/01/banana_past.html (3126 words)

	Czechoslovakia - ECONOMY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Economy centrally planned with command links controlled by communist party, similar to Soviet Union.
		Energy and Mining: Country energy short, relying on imported crude oil and natural gas from Soviet Union, domestic brown coal, and nuclear and hydroelectric energy.
		Imports at estimated US$17.9 billion in 1985, of which 41 percent fuels and materials, 33 percent machinery, 12 percent agricultural and forestry products, 6 percent manufactured consumer goods and 8 percent other.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-3624.html (290 words)

	GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Europe - Czech Republic - Economy
		Inflows of foreign direct investment in 2003 were $2.6 billion, less than in previous years because of significant repatriation of earnings on older investments and a lack of privatizations of large state-owned firms.
		The economy grew by 3.1% in 2003 and may post higher growth in 2004.
		The government still faces serious challenges in completing industrial restructuring, increasing transparency in capital market transactions, covering the losses piled up by formerly state-owned banks, transforming the housing sector, reforming the pension and health care systems, and solving serious environmental problems.
	www.geographyiq.com /countries/ez/Czech_Republic_economy_summary.htm (1302 words)

	Political Economy: A Communist Critique of the Wage System. A Progressive Labor Party Pamphlet
		In a communist system, on the other hand, all adults could contribute to the needs of the working class, including the limitless expansion of such social needs as schools, hospitals, and working-class culture.
		By far and away, however, the main weapon the capitalists use is the armed power of the government, what communists refer to as "the state." The state consists primarily of the armed forces, the police, the prisons, and the courts—the legal agencies of force and violence against the working class.
		Since the 1970s, the economy of the world as a whole has been mired in a deep economic crisis, a general crisis of capitalism, which continues to generate agonies for the international working class.
	www.plp.org /pamphlets/politecon.html (21142 words)

	Czechoslovakia - Chapter 3. The Economy
		IN THE MID-1980s, Czechoslovakia was one of Eastern Europe's most industrialized and prosperous countries.
		According to many Western analysts, other constraints were inherent in the communist system imposed in the late 1940s; yet the cautious Czechoslovak leadership of the 1980s appeared reluctant to make major changes.
		In recent years, some Western economists have been especially vexed by what they consider to be official Czechoslovak manipulation of economic statistics.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-3701.html (322 words)

	Czechoslovakia Economy 1990 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		Overview: Czechoslovakia is highly industrialized and has a well-educated and skilled labor force.
		The centrally planned economy has been tightly linked in trade (80%) to the USSR and Eastern Europe.
		Czechoslovakia is beginning the difficult transition from a command to a market economy.
	www.theodora.com /wfb1990/czechoslovakia/czechoslovakia_economy.html (407 words)

	European Economy : Economics and Development
		But Mr Alexander believes it is essential to try and keep the focus on the European economy.
		The European economy is the result of attempts to run a 21st century economy with a 19th century financial sector.
		It will help us to create a European economy that is knowledge-based and globally competitive.
	www.accountancy-age.com /105-European-Economy.html (320 words)

	►► Late Advantage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Late-Victorian political leaders, most of whom were stockholders, "shared a common culture with the financial class." This prompted imperial...
		show","hide") 1 Introduction 2 Functioning of the economy 2.1 Plans and their implementation 2.2 Performance evaluation 2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 3 History 4 Industry 5 Agriculture 6 Foreign trade 7 Financial System and Banking 7.4 Currency 7...
		Investments made in industry during the late 1970s and early 1980s had not yielded the results expected.
	www.pointingdogtimes.com /59 (724 words)

	Czechoslovakia (Former) : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
		Czechoslovakia (Former) : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
		Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment (Helen Fedor and Mark W. Gould)
		Chapter 3 - The Economy (Becky A. Gates)
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/cstoc.html (100 words)

	Czechoslovakia Economy 1991 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		As in the rest of Eastern Europe, the sweeping political changes of 1989-90 have been disrupting normal channels of supply and compounding the government's economic problems.
		Having eased restrictions on private enterprise in 1990 and having adjusted some key prices, Czechoslovakia is now implementing a broad two-year program to make the difficult transition from a command to a market economy.
		Inflation and unemployment are beginning to rise, albeit from comparatively low levels.
	www.theodora.com /wfb1991/czechoslovakia/czechoslovakia_economy.html (441 words)

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