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Topic: Economy of Lebanon

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	Lebanon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lebanon (Arabic: لبنان Lubnān), officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a small, largely mountainous country in the Middle East, located at the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea.
		Lebanon's history from independence has been marked by alternating periods of political stability and turmoil (including a civil conflict in 1958) interspersed with prosperity built on Beirut's position as a regional center for finance and trade.
		The population of Lebanon is comprised of three predominant ethnic groups and religions: Muslims (Shi'ites, Sunnis, Alawites), Druze, and Christians (Maronite Catholics, Greek Orthodox, Melkite Greek Catholics, Armenians, Assyrians, Copts).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lebanon (4368 words)

	Lebanon (country) - MSN Encarta
		Lebanon is a small country of only 10,452 sq km (4,036 sq mi); from north to south it extends 217 km (135 mi) and from east to west it spans 80 km (50 mi) at its widest point.
		Lebanon’s highest peaks are Qurnat as Sawdā’ (3,088 m/10,131 ft) in the country’s north, and volcanic Mount Hermon (2,814 m/9,232 ft) at the southern end of the Anti-Lebanons.
		Although Lebanon has no navigable rivers or major natural lakes, springs in the Bekáa feed two small noteworthy rivers: the Līţānī flows south, where it is used for irrigation and hydroelectric-power generation, and then west through a gorge into the Mediterranean; the Orontes flows north and across Syria into Turkey.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761564963 (546 words)

	Economy of Lebanon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lebanon's economy has made impressive gains since the launch of "Horizon 2000," the government's $20 billion reconstruction program in 1993.
		Lebanon has a competitive and free market regime and a strong laissez-faire commercial tradition.
		Lebanon was unable to attract significant foreign aid to help it rebuild from both the long civil war (1975-89) and the Israeli occupation of the south (1978-2000).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Economy_of_Lebanon (1378 words)

	Lebanon - ECONOMY
		Lebanon, torn by its sectarian and political disputes, was further cursed by invasion and a seemingly endless intermingling of internally and externally inspired conflict from 1982 onward.
		Lebanon's internal refugees strove assiduously to maintain title to their lands, many of which came to be controlled by rival sectarian or political groups.
		Lebanon's principal cement works in 1982 were situated in the north, away from the fighting around Beirut, so the industry could continue exporting by sea from Tripoli and overland by truck.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/lebanon/ECONOMY.html (5881 words)

	Profile of Lebanon: Economy
		Lebanon's economy and markets are best described at the dawn of the new millennium by a private and liberal economic activity and an openness to abroad with perfect capital and labor mobility.
		Lebanon, the further liberalization of the Lebanese economy through the alleviation of trade and non-trade barriers, the potential launch of privatization of public utilities and the arising signs of economic openness in Syria, all constitute promising developments in this respect.
		Lebanon’s outlook is finally encouraged by a significant regional role potential driven by its historical comparative edges at large.
	www.lebanonembassyus.org /country_lebanon/economy.html (1941 words)

	Economy of Lebanon: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The lebanese republic or lebanon is a country in the middle east, along the mediterranean sea, bordered by syria and israel....
		The syrian arab republic or syria is a country in the middle east, bordering (from south to north) on lebanon, israel, jordan, iraq and turke...
		(lebanon) was a phoenician city on the mediterranean coast between sidon and tyre....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/ec/economy_of_lebanon.htm (2515 words)

	89118: Lebanon
		Lebanon appeared to be returning to orderly government after General Awn left the Presidential palace on October 13, 1990, after a Syrian army attack, to seek asylum at the French embassy.
		Lebanon's government is based on a 1943 agreement that Lebanon would have a Maronite Christian President, a Sunni Muslim Prime Minister, and a Shia Muslim Speaker of the National Assembly, and that National Assembly seats and civil service jobs would be distributed according to a ratio of 6 Christians to 5 Muslims.
		On August 21, 1990, the Lebanon National Assembly adopted some of the Taif reforms; the parliament was increased to 108 (later raised to 128), to be divided evenly between Christians and Muslim-Druze, Presidential authority was decreased, and the Speaker's and the Prime Minister's authority was increased.
	www.fas.org /man/crs/89-118.htm (7391 words)

	Lebanon (08/05)
		Lebanon is a parliamentary democracy in which the people constitutionally have the right to change their government.
		Lebanon embarked on a massive reconstruction program in 1992 to rebuild the country’s physical and social infrastructure devastated by both the long civil war (1975-90) and the Israeli occupation of the south (1978-2000).
		Lebanon concluded negotiations on an association agreement with the European Union in late 2001, and both sides initialed the accord in January 2002.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/35833.htm (6226 words)

	Lebanon
		Tourism, one of the mainstays of the pre-war economy, is being revived.
		A fertile plain east of the Mount Lebanon range between 800 and 1,250 meters in elevation, the Beqaa valley was known as the breadbasket of the Roman Empire in ancient times.
		Lebanon is one of the few winter sports centers in the Middle East and certainly the most extensive.
	www.middleeast.com /lebanon.htm (1344 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Near East and North Africa
		Economy Note: Due to drastic fluctuation in exchange rates over 1992, and flaws in the central government's economic database, figures throughout this report are not authoritative, but are estimates based on recent economic performance.
		Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and representatives of the Palestinians concluded round 11 of the negotiations in September 1993.
		Lebanon served historically as a haven for Arab capital and as a Middle East transit point and enjoyed a vibrant and largely unregulated private sector.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/nea/lebanon9401.html (5736 words)

	Economy Indicators
		Lebanon has a long tradition of domestic free trade and investment policies, with free market pricing for most goods and services, an unrestricted exchange and trade system and extensive links with the developed world in practically all economic activities.
		The shift in authority from the Government to non-official entities gave rise to a parallel economy that severely hampered the Government's ability to collect revenues as most trading was conducted through unofficial ports of entry.
		At the end of the conflict, all sectors of the Republic's economy were characterized by widespread damage to physical assets and an obsolescence of remaining facilities, given the reluctance during the years of conflict to invest in new capital or spend funds on maintenance.
	www.cargo.com.lb /economy.html (3821 words)

	Business Opportunities: Doing Business in Lebanon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In addition to a free-market economy based on a long tradition of government-supported liberalism, a sophisticated banking system, a developed legal framework, a superbly skilled workforce, and an exceptional lifestyle, Lebanon offers a large number of investment opportunities in all sectors of the Lebanese national economy.
		IDAL, the Investment Development Authority of Lebanon, is the sole public agency responsible for promoting investments in Lebanon, identifying and marketing opportunities, guiding international companies to establish prime business positions, and assisting investors in accessing a wealth of untapped economic potential.
		Free Market Economy: Based on a long tradition of liberal investment policies, free enterprise and private initiative are the drivers of the Lebanese economy.
	www.lebanonembassyus.org /bus_opportunities/business.html (1291 words)

	Lebanon Atlas - Lebanon Economy: Lebanon Trade, Lebanon Industry, Lebanon Money (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Because the country had a stable and open economy and strict laws regarding secrecy in banking, Beirut became the banking and investment center of the Middle East.
		As the war damaged Lebanon’s economy, most of the rest of the Middle East experienced an economic boom, and businesses moved from Beirut to other Middle East economic centers.
		Lebanon’s economy did not collapse completely during the war, however, largely because foreign aid to competing militias fueled the wartime economy.
	www.lebanonatlas.com /economy.htm (451 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Lebanon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Lebanon has made progress toward rebuilding its political institutions since 1991 and the end of the devastating 15-year civil war.
		Damascus justified its continued military presence in Lebanon by citing Beirut's requests and the failure of the Lebanese Government to implement all of the constitutional reforms in the Ta'if Accord.
		In May-June 2005, Lebanon held its first legislative elections since the end of the civil war free of foreign interference, handing a two-thirds majority to the bloc led by Saad HARIRI, the slain prime minister's son.
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/le.html (1507 words)

	MiddleEast > Lebanon > City Information > Economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Before the long years of civil war, Lebanon, because of its strategic location in the Middle East, and a fairly stable and pro-west government, had become a major trade and banking centre.
		Lebanon’s economy has been badly ravaged by 17 years of civil war.
		Lebanon’s major exports are fruits, cereals, olives and vegetables, though Lebanon is not self sufficient in food.
	www.journeymart.com /DExplorer/MiddleEast/Lebanon/ciEconomy.htm (209 words)

	Lebanon Economy
		Lebanon has a free-market economy and a strong laissez-faire commercial tradition.
		There are practically no restrictions on foreign investment; however, the investment climate suffers from red tape, corruption, arbitrary licensing decisions, high taxes and fees, archaic legislation, and a lack of adequate protection of intellectual property.
		After negative growth of -0.5% in 2000, the economy picked up slightly in 2001 and posted 2% growth, following measures taken by the government before the end of 2000 and during the first half of 2001 to boost economic activity, reform the administration, and move towards privatization.
	www.traveldocs.com /lb/economy.htm (853 words)

	LEBANON ECONOMY
		TEXT: A visitor arriving in Lebanon after a long absence is immediately struck by how quickly the country appears to have recovered from the devastating civil war of the 1970s and 1980s.
		It is also reflecting the current tension in the region that Lebanon is suffering from which discourages investors of all types.
		However, they also note that peace negotiations with Syria, Lebanon's influential neighbor, are stalled and until they resume, the fate of Lebanon will remain unsure.
	globalsecurity.org /military/library/news/2000/05/000501-lebanon1.htm (756 words)

	A Political Economy of Lebanon, 1948-2002
		This book is about the laissez-faire strategy for economic development, a strategy inspired by neoclassical/mainstream economics, advocated by the “Washington Consensus”, and implemented by the Bretton Woods institutions.
		But this view has not been balanced by an examination of the performance of laissez-faire economies, the closest to the pure market model.
		The book assesses Lebanon’s development during 1948-2002, including its industrial and financial performance.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=11511 (225 words)

	Khaleej Times Online - Rafik Hariri's murder hits the booming economy of Lebanon
		Hariri, a billionaire who was killed by unknown assailants in central Beirut a month ago, was a symbol of the reconstruction of the state and its capital after the long civil war that ended in 1990.
		“Lebanon was seen as a country opening up to the world and focusing on its future,” Voorn says, adding that this could now change.
		In an attempt to prevent investor flight to the security of the dollar, the banks have at short notice doubled interest rates on investments in the domestic currency to 15 per cent.
	www.khaleejtimes.com /DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/business/2005/March/business_March385.xml§ion=business&col= (511 words)

	Lebanon's Economy in Peril Because of Instability (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Among the big losers in Lebanon's current political crisis is the economy.
		Lebanon's economy is suffering from a month of political turmoil following the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri.
		In the last six weeks the economy has lost 80 percent of its total growth rate in terms of gross domestic production for 2004.
	www.voanews.com /english/2005-03-28-voa48.cfm (605 words)

	Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ): Reconstructing the economy of Lebanon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is also argued that accounting for past successes and the processes that supported and sustained them is a necessary prelude for understanding the economic causes and consequences of the civil war and the difficulties encountered in reconstructing the post-civil war economy.
		It ends with a suggested economic framework for reconstruction and rehabilitation of the economy and society, one that is different from the framework used by the Hariri government.
		A central feature of the Lebanese economy that goes back to the early 1940s was the high ratio of investment to GDP (gross domestic product).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2501/is_1_21/ai_55541672 (305 words)

	Rediscover Lebanon
		Join us on a journey to Rediscover Lebanon by clicking on the streaming videos to see the beauty, diversity and rich culture that Lebanon has to offer.
		Ideally located at the center of the Eastern Mediterranean, Lebanon is uniquely positioned at the crossroads of Africa, Asia and Europe.
		Lebanon, the land of cultures, traditions, diversity, adventures and delicacies, welcomes you throughout the year.
	www.rediscoverlebanon.com (172 words)

	Lebanon, country, Asia: Economy
		Until the economy was almost completely destroyed by the civil strife that rent the country from 1975 to 1990, Lebanon was long the distribution center for the Middle East, and commerce was its major industry.
		Beirut, a free port, was the region's financial and commercial hub.
		Throughout the 1980s the commercial and industrial life of Lebanon was in severe disarray, but by the 1990s the economy had at least partially revived.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0859220.html (230 words)

	Traveljournals.net - Economy of Lebanon
		Real GDP grew 8% in 1994, 7% in 1995, 4% per year in 1996 and 1997 but slowed to 2% in 1998, -1% in 1999, and 1% in 2000.
		Lebanon has rebuilt much of its war-torn physical and financial infrastructure.
		Solidere, a $2-billion firm, has managed the reconstruction of Beirut's central business district; the stock market reopened in January 1996; and international banks and insurance companies are returning.
	www.traveljournals.net /explore/lebanon/economy.html (468 words)

	Economy - Lebanon - (Legal500.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		But the fact that the country has established a liberal economy is an indication of its determination to re-establish its economic infrastructure.
		Although admittedly the economy is quieter than it was, its potential should not be underestimated.
		Those who were once positive about the economy's upturn have been forced to think again, confronted by the blunt reality of the assassination of the late prime minister Hariri in 2005.
	www.icclaw.com /lfe/edit/le4.htm (390 words)

	Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ): Reconstructing the economy of Lebanon.@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Lebanon's economic and social condition can be improved by undertaking a serious macro-economic stabilization effort that would lessen the country's deficit.
		Such can be attained by lessening the country's interest rate by at least 200 to 300 basis points and generating more revenue from progressive taxes on income and wealth.
		The basic thesis of this essay is that Lebanon's current economic...
	highbeam.com /doc/1G1:55541672/Reconstructing+the+economy+of+... (212 words)

	C C I A B
		The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Beirut is pleased to place at the reach of the international business community this interactive presentation of its activities, services, and adherent enterprises.
		The Chamber of Commerce, Industry & Agriculture of Beirut and Mount Lebanon has the pleasure to announce that a new Board of Directors was elected on the 7th of January 2006.
		The process of election of the Board of Directors passes through three events The first calls for the formal election of 16 candidates by the General Assembly of the Chamber.
	www.ccib.org.lb (273 words)

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