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Topic: Economy of Mongolia

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Mongolia

Economy of Tajikistan

Economy of Turkmenistan

Foreign relations of Mongolia

Treaty between Tibet and Mongolia (1913)

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Ulaanaatar (aimag)

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Demographics of Mongolia

Publicly funded medicine

Culture of Mongolia

Geography of Mongolia

Transportation in Mongolia

	Mongolia - The Economy
		Property in the form of livestock was owned primarily by aristocrats and monasteries; ownership of the remaining sectors of the economy was dominated by foreigners.
		Mongolia's new rulers thus were faced with a daunting task in building a modern, socialist economy.
		Mongolia's economic development under communist control can be divided into three periods: 1921-1939; 1940-1960; and 1961 to the present.
	countrystudies.us /mongolia/50.htm (487 words)

	Mongolia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mongolia (Mongolian: Монгол Улс) is a landlocked Central Asian country, bordered by Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south.
		The 18th largest country in the world by area, Mongolia has very little arable land: much of its area is grassland, with mountains in the north and west and the Gobi Desert in the south.
		The Manchu conquered Inner Mongolia in 1636 and Outer Mongolia in 1691.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mongolia (1497 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia- Mongolia - AOL Research & Learn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mongolia's main exports are copper, livestock, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, and nonferrous metals; most of its foreign trade is with China, Russia, the United States, and South Korea.
		Mongolia was proclaimed an independent state in July, 1921, and remained a monarchy until the Living Buddha died in 1924.
		Mongolia's position shifted during the 1980s, however, and it established diplomatic relations with China in 1986 and with the United States a year later.
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/mongolia/20051206221909990014 (1415 words)

	Mongolia - ECONOMY
		Mongolia's staple crops were wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, vegetables, hay, and silage crops.
		Mongolia faced the task of transforming the labor force into one capable of filling the variety of occupations required by a modern socialist economy.
		Mongolia also had a Chamber of Commerce, the functions of which included establishing contacts between Mongolian and foreign trade and industrial organizations as well as organizing and participating in international trade exhibitions in Mongolia and abroad.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/mongolia/ECONOMY.html (11983 words)

	Economy of Mongolia Summary
		Mongolia's traditional economy is based on animal husbandry, with the mixture of animals herded varying from one part of Mongolia to another.
		Mongolia's traditional economy also suffers from its vulnerability to natural disasters such as winter storms when the ground freezes solid and the livestock cannot eat plants under the snow, which can reduce herds to minimal levels almost overnight, and the continued problem of disease epidemics.
		Mongolia's GDP growth fell from 3.2% in 1999 to 1.3% in 2000.
	www.bookrags.com /Economy_of_Mongolia (2277 words)

	Mongolia ECONOMY
		After 70 years as a centrally planned economy, Mongolia has undergone a difficult transition towards a free market system since 1990.
		Despite these changes, animal husbandry has remained a dominant sector of the economy, with live animals and animal products accounting for a major share of current exports, and livestock providing much of the raw material processed in the country's industrial sector.
		Although the economy has grown steadily since 1994, the economic wellbeing of most people is still in decline.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Asia-and-Oceania/Mongolia-ECONOMY.html (364 words)

	Economy of Mongolia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Economic activity traditionally in Mongolia has been based on agriculture and breeding of livestock.
		Mongolia's best hope for accelerated growth is to attract more foreign investment.
		Many believe this number could be dramatically increased if the vague 1993 foreign investment law were rewritten to provide investors with more confidence that their investments would be adequately protected.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia (1021 words)

	Mongolia Economy Profile 2006
		Mongolia's economy continues to be heavily influenced by its neighbors.
		The World Bank and other international financial institutions estimate the grey economy to be at least equal to that of the official economy, but the former's actual size is difficult to calculate since the money does not pass through the hands of tax authorities or the banking sector.
		Mongolia settled its $11 billion debt with Russia at the end of 2003 on favorable terms.
	www.indexmundi.com /mongolia/economy_profile.html (421 words)

	Mongolia - Socialist Framework of the Economy
		The economy was directed by a single state national economic plan, which, when confirmed by the legislature, the People's Great Hural, had the force of law.
		The national budget grew with the expansion of the economy: In 1940 revenues were 123.9 million tugriks and expenditures, 122.1 million tugriks; in 1985 revenues were 5,743 million tugriks and expenditures, 5,692.5 million tugriks.
		The region had 70 percent of Mongolia's population (including the cities of Baga Nuur, Darhan, Erdenet, and Ulaanbaatar); 55 percent of its territory; 75 percent of its arable land; 90 percent of surveyed coal deposits; and 100 percent of copper, molybdenum, iron ore, and phosphate deposits.
	countrystudies.us /mongolia/51.htm (2324 words)

	Embassy of Mongolia, Washington, D.C. - President's Visit
		Mongolia resolutely rebuked the terrorist attack occurred in the USA on September 11, 2001, and thus joined the Alliance against Terrorism''.
		N.Bagabandi marked that Mongolia considers the USA as the main strategical partner and underlined the significance of the joint statement of Mongolia and the USA to be made as a result of his visit.
		At the meeting, President Bagabandi mentioned that considerable number of works have been implemented in Mongolia through the channel of the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) and noted that Mongolia is working to select projects that met the MCA criteria and are needed to the economy of Mongolia.
	www.mongolianembassy.us /eng_presidents_visit/news001.php (1297 words)

	[No title]
		The collective system in Mongolia removed from herder families the need and motivation to increase their number of animals by restraining the number of private animals that each family could own and, therefore, by limiting the intergenerational transfer of herds.
		The pastoral economy will be strongly affected by two major economic changes that Mongolia experienced after the 1990 reform movement: the collapse of the industrial sector and the privatization of agricultural activities.
		In the particular case of Mongolia, in the past, limited population growth in rural areas, as a result of substantial cityward migration, was a major determinant of the limited expansion of the herds.
	www.un.org /Depts/escap/pop/journal/v11n4a2.htm (7494 words)

	economy
		In 1995, there were 28.5 million head of livestock in Mongolia, an increase of nearly two million from the previous year — but this is an increase of less than 2% since 1930, while the population more than trebled.
		Mongolia has no active oil fields, but recent explorations show that oil can be a potential export if regional transport improves.
		From 1990 to 1994, Mongolia was granted more than a total of US$765 million in aid from Western Europe, South Korea, Japan and the USA; plus soft loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and Asian Development Bank, among others; and technical assistance.
	danielroy.tripod.com /cgi-bin/alternate/mongolia/economy.html (1315 words)

	Mongolia Economy
		The rapid political changes of 1990-91 marked the beginning of Mongolia's efforts to develop a market economy, but these efforts have been complicated and disrupted by the dissolution and continuing deterioration of the economy of the former Soviet Union.
		Mongolia was heavily dependent upon the former Soviet Union for fuel, medicine, and spare parts for its factories and power plants.
		Mongolia's GDP growth fell from 3.2% in 1999 to 1.1% in 2000 and 1.0% in 2001.
	www.multied.com /nationbynation/Mongolia/Economy.html (501 words)

	ADB Opens Office in Mongolia - ADB.org
		ULAANBAATAR, MONGOLIA (27 August 2001) - Tadao Chino, President of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and Chultemiin Ulaan, Minister of Finance and Economy of Mongolia, officially opened the ADB's Resident Mission in Ulaanbaatar today.
		Mongolia was the first ADB member country to sign a poverty partnership agreement with ADB in March 2000.
		Mongolia joined ADB in 1991 at the beginning of its transition to a market economy.
	www.adb.org /Documents/News/2001/nr2001090.asp (267 words)

	Mongolia (01/07)
		Mongolia maintains an embassy in the United States at 2833 M Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20007; tel.
		Mongolia became a full participant in the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in July 1998 and a full member of the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council in April 2000.
		Mongolia has contributed small numbers of troops to coalition operations in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2003, gaining experience which enabled it to deploy armed peacekeepers to both UN and NATO peacekeeping missions in 2005.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2779.htm (4884 words)

	Mongolia Economy
		The gray economy is estimated to be at least one-third the size of the official economy.
		Mongolia settled its large debt to Russia at the end of 2003 on favorable terms.
		Mongolia, which joined the World Trade Organization in 1997, is the only member of that organization to not be a participant in a regional trade organization.
	www.traveldocs.com /mn/economy.htm (856 words)

	Embassy of Mongolia, Washington, D.C. - Education
		However, the strengthening of preschool education became an urgent objective in view of the drastic decline of the sector due to the economic and social crisis facing Mongolia at the wake of its transition to a market economy in the early 1990s.
		By the mid 20th century, literacy rates throughout Mongolia increased drastically and with the shift from traditional Mongolian script to Cyrillic, teachers were sent out into the countryside to ensure all the population could read and write.
		In Mongolia, elementary education is universal and mostly free, with the result that the country boasts one of the highest literacy rates (97.8 per cent) in the world.
	www.mongolianembassy.us /eng_about_mongolia/education.php (1417 words)

	Mongolia Street Connection
		Already Mongolia produces nearly 15% of the world’s fluorspar and is a significant exporter of copper, molybdenum and uranium.
		While Mongolia produces small quantities of grains, potatoes and vegetables, the main form of agriculture is animal husbandry.
		Mongolia’s 170,000 herding households care for a total of 30 million head of livestock and produce meat, wool, cashmere and hides for the local market and for export.
	mongolia.worldvision.org.nz /mongoliaeconomy.html (416 words)

	USAID: Mongolia
		Mongolia has been receptive to external advice and ideas and it has been willing to undertake the difficult steps necessary to ensure its rapid transformation to a market-oriented democratic society.
		In 1999 two large state-owned banks were closed and a third, which plays a vital role in the rural economy of Mongolia, is in the process of being restructured with USAID assistance.
		USAID's strategy for Mongolia is to help establish a market-oriented and democratic society by consolidating Mongolia's democratic transition and accelerating and broadening environmentally sound private sector growth, with a particular focus on bringing change to rural areas.
	www.usaid.gov /pubs/bj2001/ane/mn (1107 words)

	Mongolia Travel Guide - Economy of Mongolia
		Mongolia has made great progress toward its transition to a market-based system since the early 1990s.
		Until 1990, the Mongolian economy was strictly based on the centrally planned model that had been adopted almost six decades earlier.
		The successful undertaking of initial steps in the transition to the market economy enabled positive economic growth in the last 9 years and reduction of the inflation rate to single digit levels.
	www.ub-mongolia.mn /facts-for-the-visitors/economy-mongolia/economy-of-mongolia.html (551 words)

	Wrong Economic Strategy During Transition in Mongolia
		Mongolia embarked on a transition to a market-guided economy in July 1990, immediately after the first multi-party elections and the formation of a coalition government.
		This deprived the economy of external resources in the form of concessionary loans that had been used to finance virtually the entire investment program.
		Privatization in Mongolia was implemented by distributing vouchers to the entire population.
	www.bu.edu /econ/faculty/kyn/newweb/economic_systems/Economics/Transit/Strategy/mongolia_lg.htm (1053 words)

	Mongolia - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition - HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		MONGOLIA [Mongolia] mŏn-gō´lēe, mŏng-, Asian region (c.906,000 sq mi/2,346,540 sq km), bordered roughly by Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, on the west; the Manchurian provinces of China on the east; Siberia on the north; and the Great Wall of China on the south.
		Mongolia is chiefly a region of desert and of steppe plateau from c.3,000 to 5,000 ft (910-1,520 m) high.
		Mongolia has traditionally been a land of pastoral nomadism; livestock raising and the processing of animal products are the main industries.
	www.highbeam.com /doc/1E1:Mongolreg/Mongolia.html?refid=ip_hf (558 words)

	SIM Country Profile: Mongolia
		Mongolia is a landlocked country in the heart of eastern Asia between Russia and China.
		Outer Mongolia was a Chinese province from 1691 to 1911, an autonomous state under Russian domination from 1912 to 1919, and again a Chinese province from 1919 to 1921.
		Mongolia is the world’s most sparsely populated country with 3 million people in a vast area of over 610 million square miles.
	www.sim.org /country.asp?CID=33&fun=1 (2587 words)

	Mongolia - Gurupedia
		Mongolia (Khalkha Mongolian: Монгол Улс) is a landlocked country in
		In the 13th century, Mongolia was part of the Mongol Empire.
		Mongolia's economy is centered on oil, coal, and copper, with smaller industries in
	www.gurupedia.com /m/mo/mongolia_(country).htm (441 words)

	USAID - Asia and the Near East - Countries - Mongolia
		Mongolia provides an important example to others in East and Central Asia as well as other parts of the region of how to manage an economic transition from a centrally planned to a free market economy within a democratic political framework.
		The United States values Mongolia’s contribution to stability in a potentially volatile part of the world, its positive example in promoting economic reform and democracy and its visible support for the war on terrorism.
		Approximately 75 percent of the Mongolian economy is in private hands, up from virtually nothing at the beginning of the 1990s.
	www.usaid.gov /locations/asia_near_east/countries/mongolia/mongolia.html (715 words)

	ADB To Set Up Office In Mongolia
		Chultemiin Ulaan, Minister of Finance and Economy of Mongolia have signed an agreement for the establishment of an ADB Resident Mission in Mongolia.
		Mongolia was the first member country to sign a Partnership Agreement with the ADB, which sets specific targets for poverty reduction and improvements in social indicators over the medium term.
		The ADB has extended development assistance to Mongolia since it became a member in 1991.
	www.adb.org /Documents/News/2000/nr2000130.asp (357 words)

	Economy Of Mongolia, Mongolia Economy, Mongolia Economy Overview, Statistics on Mongolia Economy, Mongolia Economic ...
		Economy Of Mongolia, Mongolia Economy, Mongolia Economy Overview, Statistics on Mongolia Economy, Mongolia Economic Profile, Mongolia In The World Economy
		Mongolia is a lower income country comes under East Asia and Pacific region,
		Agriculture, livestock and manufacturing are regarded as the important areas of concerns for the country's economy.
	www.economywatch.com /world_economy/mongolia/index.html (131 words)

	Mongolia - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Before the 13th century CE, the land of Mongolia was occupied by various nomadic tribes and short-lived Mongol confederacies.
		After the October Revolution in Russia, Chinese troops led by Hsü Shu-Cheng re-occupied Outer Mongolia in 1919, but were caught in the middle when White and Red Russian armies extended the Russian Civil War into (Outer) Mongolian territory, and were driven out in 1921.
		During the Soviet-Japanese Border War, the USSR defended Mongolia against Japan during the Battle of Halhin Gol.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Mongolia_(country) (1335 words)

	AllRefer.com - Mongolia - The Economy \| Mongolian Information Resource
		Although industrial development still was concentrated in Ulaanbaatar, economic decentralization began with the completion of the Ulaanbaatar Railroad and the establishment of food processing plants in aymag (see Glossary) centers.
		The third stage, which the government called the "completion of the construction of the material and technical basis of socialism," saw further industrialization and agricultural growth, aided largely by Mongolia's joining the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon--see Glossary) in 1962.
		In the late 1980s, Mongolia had developed into an agricultural-industrial economy, but the inefficiencies of a centrally planned and managed economy and the example of perestroika (see Glossary) in the Soviet Union led Mongolian leaders to undertake a reform program to develop the economy further.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/mongolia/mongolia84.html (613 words)

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