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Topic: Economy of Turkmenistan

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	Turkmenistan - ECONOMY
		Turkmenistan has substantial reserves of oil and gas, and geologists have estimated that 99.5 percent of its territory is conducive to prospecting.
		Turkmenistan possesses a formidable resource base for industry, although that base was not utilized to build diversified industry in the Soviet period.
		Turkmenistan's gas reserves are estimated at 8.1-8.7 trillion cubic meters and its prospecting potential at 10.5.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/turkmenistan/ECONOMY.html (5415 words)

	Turkmenistan ECONOMY
		Turkmenistan, though one of the poorest and least developed of the former members of the Soviet Union, boasts rich deposits of oil, gas, potassium, sulfur, and salts.
		Turkmenistan's transition from a command economy to a free market economy was initially cushioned by its relatively low level of development, as well as by the central government's plans for a gradual reform over a 10 year period with the state continuing to play strong directive and protective roles in the economy.
		On 14 May 2001 Turkmenistan and the Ukraine reached an agreement for the supply of natural gas between 2002 and 2006 in exchange for 60% payment in cash and the rest in participation in 20 construction and industrial projects in Turkmenistan worth $412 million.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Asia-and-Oceania/Turkmenistan-ECONOMY.html (1556 words)

	Economy - Turkmenistan - Asia
		Turkmenistan’s economy is predominately agricultural, with cotton as its primary crop.
		Turkmenistan is the second largest producer of natural gas among the former Soviet republics (after Russia).
		Turkmenistan's gas and oil is currently exported through Russian-controlled pipelines, and Russia refuses to allow exports to countries outside the former Soviet Union.
	www.countriesquest.com /asia/turkmenistan/economy.htm (736 words)

	Turkmenistan (11/06)
		The October Revolution of 1917 in Russia and subsequent political unrest led to the declaration of the Turkmen Republic as one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union in 1924.
		In January 2005 Turkmenistan claimed its current recoverable gas resources to be as much as 20.42 trillion cubic meters (tcm), but controversy surrounding the as yet unreleased certified audit results of Turkmenistan’s single largest field, Dovletabad, casts serious doubts on the verifiability of Turkmenistan’s claims for its total reserves.
		Turkmenistan’s 2005 output was an estimated 63 billion cubic meters (bcm); the bulk of which (45.2 bcm) went to Ukraine, Russia and Iran.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/35884.htm (3302 words)

	Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Turkmenistan has a single-party system which was ruled by President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov until December 21, 2006, when he died of cardiac arrest.
		The October Revolution of 1917 in Russia and subsequent political unrest led to the declaration of the area as one of the 12 republics of the Soviet Union in 1924.
		The politics of Turkmenistan take place in the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Turkmenistan is both head of state and head of government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkmenistan (2409 words)

	Welcome
		Turkmenistan has border in the north with Kazakhstan, in the east and north-east with Uzbekistan in the south with Iran and in the south-east with Afghanistan.
		Turkmenistan is a democratic, lawbased and secular state, which wields supreme and full authority on its territory and independently pursues domestic and foreign policies.
		Turkmenistan is an equal subject of the world community, adheres in foreign policy to the principles of peaceful coexistence, renunciation of the use of force and noninterference in the internal affairs of other states, mutually advantageous development of relations, good neighbourliness, the strengthening of friendship.
	www.turkmens.com /Turkmenistan.html (2958 words)

	2004 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan is an authoritarian, one-party state dominated by President-for-life Saparmurat Niyazov who exercised power by retaining his monopoly on political power and on the Democratic Party, the only legally recognized political party in the country.
		The Turkmenistan Helsinki Foundation, an opposition website, reported that of the 9,000 prisoners released in 2003, many had tuberculosis and were released untested and untreated into the general population.
		Also in March, Turkmenistan's respected former Chief Mufti was secretly tried and sentenced to 22 years in prison for his alleged role in the November 2002 attack and his failure to promote the Rukhnama.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41714.htm (9568 words)

	REPUBLIC OF TURKMENISTAN
		Turkmenistan's economy is forecast to grow an additional 13% in 2002.
		Nevertheless, Turkmenistan's real GDP in 2001 was still only 70% of its 1990 level, and economic and political reform have been stifled under the autocratic leadership of President Saparmurat Niyazov, a former communist who has ruled Turkmenistan since independence and was named president for life in 1999.
		Turkmenistan has 546 million barrels in proven oil reserves, with possible reserves (mainly in the western part of the country and in undeveloped offshore areas in the Caspian Sea) of up to 1.7 billion barrels.
	unece.org /operact/opera/sppled/tur.htm (1593 words)

	SESRTCIC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Turkmenistan is located in Central Asia, to the North of the Kopet Dag mountain range between the Caspian Sea and Amu Derya River.
		Turkmenistan’s economy is based upon its rich natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas.
		The cultivation of fine-staple cotton and the raising of Karakul sheep, horses and camels contribute to the economy.
	www.sesrtcic.org /members/tmn/tmnhome.shtml (298 words)

	GlobaLex - A Research Guide to the Turkmenistan Legal System
		Turkmenistan is unitary state in the southwest of Central Asia and the Caspian Sea in the west, Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the east, and Iran and Afghanistan in the south bound it.
		Turkmenistan affirms the right to own private property such as the means of production, land, and other material and intellectual items of value.
		Turkmenistan is divided into administrative units, which have been given authority of self-government, these are the velayats (large administrative regions encompassing etraps, and specific cities), etraps (districts), shakhers (cities), obas (villages) and gengeshys (main administrative units).
	www.nyulawglobal.org /globalex/Turkmenistan.htm (4170 words)

	Turkmenistan Economy, Turkmenistan (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Turkmenistan is a one-party state dominated by its president, who continued to exercise power in a Soviet-era authoritarian style despite Constitutional provisions nominally establishing a democratic system.
		Turkmenistan is largely a desert with cattle and sheep raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated areas, and huge oil and gas reserves.
		Its economy remains dependent on central planning mechanisms and state control, although the Government has taken a number of small steps to make the transition to a market economy.
	www.creekin.net.cob-web.org:8888 /k18404-n188-turkmenistan-economy-turkmenistan.html (985 words)

	Turkmenistan - Economy
		Turkmenistan is largely desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and large gas and oil resources.
		However, Turkmenistan's cooperation with the international community in transporting humanitarian aid to Afghanistan may foreshadow a change in the atmosphere for foreign investment, aid, and technological support.
		Turkmenistan's economic statistics are state secrets, and GDP and other figures are subject to wide margins of error.
	www.aneki.com /economy/Turkmenistan_economy.html (368 words)

	Turkmenistan - Gurupedia
		In 1994, Russia's refusal to export Turkmen gas to hard currency markets and mounting debts of its major customers in the former USSR for gas deliveries contributed to a sharp fall in industrial production and caused the budget to shift from a surplus to a slight deficit.
		Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy.
		Between 1998 and 2002, Turkmenistan has suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt.
	www.gurupedia.com /t/tu/turkmenistan.htm (457 words)

	NCSJ - Turkmenistan page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		U.S. Turkmenistan is slightly larger than California and occupies the fourth-largest landmass in the former Soviet Union, although 90 percent of the land is the uninhabited Kara Kum Desert.
		Turkmenistan maintains a policy of “positive neutrality” that eschews alliances with other nations, a position simultaneously driven by a reliance on surrounding countries as export markets and an isolationist doctrine.
		Turkmenistan allowed its territory to be used for humanitarian aid shipments during the war in Afghanistan, while it maintained its official neutrality by refusing to participate militarily.
	www.ncsj.org /Turkmenistan.shtml (1380 words)

	Turkmenistan Economy - GDP, Budget, Industry and Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Turkmenistan was an important supplier of raw materials, especially cotton, oil, and natural gas, during the Soviet era.
		Turkmenistan possesses the world's fifth-largest reserves of natural gas as well as substantial oil resources.
		Until 1993, Turkmenistan experienced less severe economic decline in comparison with other former Soviet states because it was able to sell its natural gas and oil at world prices.
	www.factrover.com /economy/Turkmenistan_economy.html (488 words)

	Turkmenistan
		Economy overview: Turkmenistan is largely desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and large gas and oil resources.
		With an authoritarian ex-Communist regime in power and a tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy.
		In 1998-2003, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt.
	www.paulnoll.com /Locations/visiting-Turkmenistan.html (351 words)

	Turkmenistan Economy 2000 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Economy - overview: Turkmenistan is largely desert country with nomadic cattle raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, and huge gas and oil resources.
		Turkmenistan is working hard to open new gas export channels through Iran and Turkey to Europe, but these will take many years to realize.
		Turkmenistan's 1999 deal to ship 20 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas through Russia's Gazprom will help alleviate the 2000 fiscal shortfall, but will not make up for the absence of meaningful progress in economic reform.
	www.photius.com /wfb2000/countries/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_economy.html (465 words)

	Economy Of Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		If you would like to use this flag of Turkmenistan or any other on your website you are welcome to do so, all we ask is that you include a link back to our site on the same page.
		If you would like to use this map of Turkmenistan or any other on your website you are welcome to do so, all we ask is that you include a link back to our site on the same page.
		If you would like to use this information for Turkmenistan or any other on your website you are welcome to do so, all we ask is that you include a link back to our site on the same page.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /country_guides/turkmenistan_country_economy.shtml (507 words)

	Untitled Document
		As one of the republics of the USSR, the economy of Turkmenistan had served mainly as a source of raw materials for processing in industries located in other republics.
		The economy was based on the extensive exploitation of abundant, relatively inexpensive natural resources, but not on the use of technologies.
		Turkmenistan has chosen the strategy of phased, gradual economic reform, hinging on the readiness of the economy and the people to adopt new economic mechanisms.
	www.icsw.org /copenhagen_implementation/copenhagen_papers/paper9/turkmenistan.htm (400 words)

	Turkmenistan: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		Turkmenistan (formerly Turkmenia) is bounded by the Caspian Sea in the west, Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the east, and Iran and Afghanistan in the south.
		Turkmenistan was limited to exporting gas to its impoverished central Asian neighbors, who were unable to pay their bills.
		Turkmenistan: Economy - Economy The republic's numerous mineral resources include rich deposits of oil and natural gas on...
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0108058.html (870 words)

	Turkmenistan 2003 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Economy - overview: Turkmenistan is largely desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and huge gas (fifth-largest reserves in the world) and oil resources.
		Until the end of 1993, Turkmenistan had experienced less economic disruption than other former Soviet states because its economy received a boost from higher prices for oil and gas and a sharp increase in hard currency earnings.
		In 1998-2002, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt.
	www.theodora.com /wfb2003/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_economy.html (551 words)

	Turkmenistan, a new emerging economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Turkmenistan is without question a remote country, but it is impacting on areas of the world much in the news at the present time, namely Europe and Iran.
		But now the suspicion that Turkmenistan may not be able to produce enough product to supply existing contracts, is reason enough for this project to be pigeon-holed.
		Turkmenistan might play an important role in improving energy security in Europe, US Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Matthew Bryza, said in Ashgabat on January 13th after meeting with Turkmen President, Saparmurat Niyazov, to discuss US-Turkmen cooperation, Turkmenistan.ru reported, citing state news service (TDH).
	www.newnations.com /archive/2006/March/tm.html (1599 words)

	Turkmenistan Economy 1995 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Overview: Turkmenistan is a largely desert country with nomadic cattle raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, and huge gas and oil resources.
		With an authoritarian ex-Communist regime in power and a tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to questions of economic reform, using the profits from its gas and cotton exports to sustain a generally inefficient economy.
		At the same time, Turkmenistan faces serious constraints on its gas and oil earnings because of the inability of its traditional regional customers to pay for the current level of purchases and the lack of pipeline access to hard currency markets.
	www.theodora.com /wfb/1995/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_economy.html (491 words)

	Economy of Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		$16 million from the US Turkmenistan is largely desert country with nomadic cattle raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, and huge gas and oil resources.
		Currently, Turkmenistan is dependent on Russian pipelines to reach markets in Europe; because oil and gas account for one-third of Turkmenistan's budget revenues
		The most prominent trade partners of Turkmenistan are the United States, Turkey, Switzerland, Hong Kong, Germany, the United Kingdom, Cyprus, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Economy_of_Turkmenistan (793 words)

	Turkmenistan News.Net
		Turkmenistan News.Net is part of an international network of news sites, dedicated to the major regions, countries and cities of the world.
		This particular portal features all the latest breaking Turkmenistan news, collating headlines and stories from a variety of sources, including global TV networks, major newspapers, news wires, and our own dedicated journalists.
		Links to Turkmenistan sports sites, and a regional map are also features of our site, and we regularly provide polls of general interest.
	turkmenistannews.net (940 words)

	IAUNRC - Turkmenistan
		Its closest relatives are the languages of the Turks in northeastern Iran and the Khorazm Province of south central Uzbekistan (Khorasani), Azerbaijan (Azeri), and Turkey (Turkish), all of which belong to the Oghuz group of this language family.
		The Embassy of Turkmenistan, in Washington, DC provides a brief description of the political, social and cultural situations in Turkmenistan.
		Turkmenistan: A Country Study, from the Library of Congress Area Handbook Series, presents an overview of and statistical data about Turkmenistan.
	www.indiana.edu /~iaunrc/regions/turkmenistan.html (725 words)

	Turkmenistan: Areas of Concern
		Like Ambassador Badescu, we appreciate the role of Turkmenistan in the global fight against terrorism over the past year, particularly as it concerns facilitating humanitarian aid to Afghanistan.
		For example, we are concerned about the Government of Turkmenistan's decision to suspend the import of and subscriptions for foreign press materials.
		We hope that the Government of Turkmenistan will work with the OSCE to develop these and other programs to address areas of concern that we sketched out today, including the media, education and minorities.
	www.state.gov /p/eur/rls/rm/2002/15258.htm (688 words)

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