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Topic: Economy of Yugoslavia

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	Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Democratic Federative Yugoslavia was reconstituted at the AVNOJ or the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia conference in Jajce (November 29 - December 4, 1943) while negotiations with the royal government in exile continued.
		Like the Kingdom of Yugoslavia that preceded it, the SFRY bordered Italy and Austria to the northwest, Hungary and Romania to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Greece and Albania to the south, and the Adriatic Sea to the west.
		Yugoslavia, unlike other Eastern and Central European communist countries, chose a course independent of the Soviet Union (see Informbiro), and was not a member of the Warsaw pact nor NATO, but rather than that initiated a Non-Aligned Movement in 1956.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia (1407 words)

	Economy of SFRY - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The economy was organised as a mixed planned socialist and market socialist economy: factories were nationalized, but they were not owned by the state — they were rather socially owned, which roughly corresponds to public ownership in other economic systems.
		In 1950s socialist self-management was introduced, which reduced the state control of the economy.
		For later developments, see: Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Economy of Croatia, Economy of the Republic of Macedonia, Economy of Serbia and Montenegro, Economy of Slovenia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Economy_of_SFRY (1643 words)

	Economy - Yugoslavia - Europe
		From 1918 to 1941 Yugoslavia’s economy was dominated by peasant farmers who worked small landholdings.
		Under Tito, Yugoslavia was transformed into a medium-developed society with an economy based on both agriculture and industry.
		Yugoslavia lifted its restrictions on emigration, and in each year after 1965 up to a million Yugoslavs lived in Western Europe as guest workers.
	www.countriesquest.com /europe/yugoslavia/economy.htm (877 words)

	Economy of SFRY -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Despite common origins, the economy of socialist Yugoslavia was much different from economies of the Soviet Union and other Eastern European socialist countries, especially after the (additional info and facts about Yugoslav-Soviet break-up) Yugoslav-Soviet break-up of 1948.
		In (The decade from 1950 to 1959) 1950s socialist self-management was introduced, which reduced the state control of the economy.
		In (The decade from 1970 to 1979) 1970s, the economy was reorganized according to (additional info and facts about Edvard Kardelj) Edvard Kardelj's theory of associated labour, in which the right to decision making and a share in profits of socially owned companies is based on the investment of labour.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/ec/economy_of_sfry3.htm (1541 words)

	Economic system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Please note that there is often a strong correlation between certain ideologies, political systems and certain economic systems (for example, consider the meanings of the term "communism").
		Many economic systems overlap each other in various areas (for example, the term "mixed economy" can be argued to include elements from various systems).
		Typically, "left-wing" economic systems involve a greater role for society and/or the government to determine what gets produced, how it gets produced, and who gets the produced goods and services, with the aim of ensuring social justice and a more equitable distribution of wealth (see welfare state).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Economic_system (560 words)

	Economy - Macedonia - Europe
		Of the six republics of the former Yugoslavia, Macedonia was one of the least developed economically.
		An underground gray economy, which comprises businesses that operate outside the tax and social security systems and that disregard government regulations, grew in the FYROM during that period.
		It was estimated that in 1998 the gray economy accounted for fully one-half of the republic’s GDP.
	www.countriesquest.com /europe/macedonia/economy.htm (906 words)

	Yugoslavia
		Yugoslavia has 6.2 million hectares of agricultural land of which 60 % is arable land, 4.3 % are orchards, 1.4 % vineyards and 33 % are natural grassland.
		Yugoslavia has about 0.4 hectares of agricultural land and 0.18 hectares of grassland land per citizen, which is almost double the value compared to Europe (0.25 hectares) and the world (0.27 hectares).
		The first experimental Bio-Station in Yugoslavia was established in April 1990, in the Subotica-Horgos desert, the most northern region of Vojvodina.
	www.organic-europe.net /country_reports/yugoslavia (3951 words)

	Country Analyses: Yugoslavia
		On the contrary, the people in Yugoslavia, and especially in the capital Belgrade, are facing a winter in which there are no guarantees that the electricity and heating systems, heavily bombed in the NATO-attacks, won’t collapse, and there is a genuine fear of another wave of inflation.
		(Yugoslavia has also become the home to hundreds of thousands of war refugees who have come from Croatia, Bosnia and presently from the Kosovo; according to official figures there were some 500,000 to 700,000 refugees in Yugoslavia in 1998, in the last two months an additional 150,000 to 200,000 have come from Kosovo).
		The regime’s increasingly oppressive policies, the war in Kosovo, the bombing of Yugoslavia by NATO, the further decline of the economy, and the international isolation of the FRY form the devastating background for the development of education in Serbia—outside Kosovo—and Montenegro.
	www-gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at /csbsc/guide/Yugoslavia.htm (3833 words)

	Traveljournals.net - Economy of Yugoslavia
		Government mismanagement of the economy is largely to blame, but the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry by the NATO bombing during the war in Kosovo have added to problems.
		Yugoslavia is in the first stage of economic reform.
		Severe electricity shortages are chronic, the result of lack of investment by former regimes, depleted hydropower reservoirs due to extended drought, and lack of funds.
	www.traveljournals.net /explore/yugoslavia/economy.html (448 words)

	Black Market Economy Keeps Yugoslavia Afloat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Output in Yugoslavia, most recently defined as the federation of two autonomous republics: Serbia and Montenegro, dropped by half during 1992 and 1993 as important regional trade flows were destroyed by the conflict among the country’s six republics and international trade was halted by a U.N.-imposed embargo (“The CIA”).
		It was this market that helped keep the country’s economy afloat by providing jobs, income and economic growth, despite the devastating effects the Balkan war, the U.N. trade blockade and socialist policies had on Yugoslavia’s agro-industrial infrastructure in the 1990s.
		When the dinar was devalued in early 1994 to fight the country’s staggering inflation, which raced as high as 302 million percent a month (“World Wire” A12), the “super dinar” was pegged to the German mark, encouraging people to begin exchanging their marks and dollars, hidden in mattresses, for the new currency.
	www.pages.drexel.edu /~baw22/siraki.htm (1308 words)

	CNN.com - Milosevic allies spark power struggle - October 11, 2000
		Meanwhile, the first steps are being taken in rebuilding the shattered economy of Yugoslavia, left in turmoil by the 13-year regime of former Milosevic.
		Yugoslavia owes Russia some $400 million for fuel imports and the recent high price of oil has hit the economy hard.
		The first U.S. diplomat to visit Yugoslavia since last year's NATO bombing campaign led to a break in diplomatic relations was also due in Belgrade on Wednesday, a U.S. official said.
	edition.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/europe/10/11/yugoslavia.aid.02 (959 words)

	Serbian economy - Yugoslav business directory - About Yugoslavia - Serbia and Montenegro
		As a direct consequence of the assassination, and the imposition of the state of emergency, it is now generally accepted that it will be virtually impossible for Serbia to sustain the anticipated 4% rate of economic growth that had been forecasted for 2003.
		Serbian Minister of Finance and Economy Bozidar Djelic said that the country's economy is not at risk; that budgetary inflow is normal, banks are functioning as usual and the market is stable.
		He reiterated that the country's economy is not in jeopardy at any level, and that economic reforms will go on in order to realise one of the late Prime Minister's objectives.
	www.economy.co.yu /english/archive/archive_serbian_business_news_march.html (3826 words)

	It was Yugoslavia’s Turn to be destabilized
		Yugoslavia was a special case that had prospered as the West provided them with money and technology in an attempt to wean it away from the Soviet bloc.
		Yugoslavia’s Serbian population, which had forgiven the Western Christians for the slaughter of possibly one-third of the Eastern Orthodox Serbian men during Hitler’s holocaust, was again facing second-class citizenship imposed by Western Christians.
		Yugoslavia was not threatening anyone outside its borders and was not threatening anyone within their borders until they were being destabilized as described above.
	www.ied.info /books/why/yugoslavia.html (9058 words)

	Yugoslavia : FRY
		Until February 4, 2003 the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia existed as a country in southeastern Europe.
		This situation is now resolved, with the admission of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to the United Nations in 2000.
		On February 4, 2003 the federal parliament of Yugoslavia dissolved the country and agreed to create a loose commonwealth of the remaining two states within a union.
	www.freearchive.info /fr/fry.html (451 words)

	Yugoslavia (former) THE REFORMS OF 1990 - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		The Economy of Yugoslavia by Fred Singleton and Bernard Carter, though dated, provides a comprehensive historical and structural view of the Yugoslav economy.
		Harold Lydall's Yugoslavia in Crisis fully analyzes the economic situation of Yugoslavia at the end of the 1980s and the systemic problems that created that situation.
		Several chapters of Yugoslavia in the 1980s, edited by Pedro Ramet, analyze the economic crisis of the early 1980s, forecast future developments, and provide abundant statistics.
	www.photius.com /countries/yugoslavia_former/economy/yugoslavia_former_economy_the_reforms_of_1990.html (858 words)

	The Hindu : E.U. plan to rebuild Yugoslavia's economy
		With Yugoslavia's democratic institutions reformed and liberalised, Belgrade's membership of the E.U. and NATO is considered a probability.
		To start with, the Serbian prosecutors are preparing their case on the premise that the former President, his family and allies who ruthlessly ruled Yugoslavia for 13 years, could be charged with corruption, abuse of power, inciting violence and resisting arrest.
		Yugoslavia's public debt to GDP ratio is currently 175 per cent and it needs to have large chunks of debt written off if it is to regain economic health.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2001/04/04/stories/0304000i.htm (652 words)

	Yugoslavia (former) Economy - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		In the 1960s, Yugoslavia's market-economy reforms positioned the country as an economic leader of the Nonaligned Movement.
		Beginning in 1979, the Yugoslav economy entered an extended downturn because of increases in oil prices in 1973 and 1979, the world recession that began in 1979, and careless investment and borrowing policies pursued in Yugoslavia's rapid postwar industrialization.
		The new program was a significant break with the decade of economic policy stagnation that had crippled Yugoslavia's growth since 1979.
	www.photius.com /countries/yugoslavia_former/economy/yugoslavia_former_economy_economy.html (464 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Business \| Yugoslavia's shattered economy
		Around $800m will actually reach Yugoslavia, where it will be used to rebuild roads and bridges damaged in the bombing and pay the salaries of teachers, doctors and other state workers laid off because of the restructuring of the economy.
		The Yugoslav economy declined by 40% as a result of the war, and unemployed soared to nearly 30%.
		The revival of the Yugoslav economy is the key to the economic recovery in the Balkans, which the EU has been promoting through its the Balkans Stability Pact.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/low/business/1410623.stm (892 words)

	Economic & Social History
		Part 1 examines the experience of the British economy during the twentieth century and considers Britain's loss of industrial and commercial pre-eminence in the world against a background of increasing prosperity and government involvement in the economy.
		Here, many of the themes discussed in Part 1 are placed in longer historical perspective, by examining the complex pattern of economic change and continuity which culminated in Britain becoming the leading industrial nation in the world by the middle decades of the nineteenth century.
		Economy and Society in Britain, 1750-1995, which may be recommended to students lacking a knowledge of economics.
	www.esh.ed.ac.uk /courses.htm (5969 words)

	CER \| Yugoslavia: Perceptions and Politics of Poverty
		First, as in most of the Southeastern Europe region, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) is traditionally less developed, and as a matter of history, a poor European area that has witnessed the spread of poverty in all sectors of social, economic and cultural life.
		The last decade in Yugoslavia's history was not only decade of retrograde political thinking and behavior, it was also a decade of a new kind of economic practice.
		Between 1988 and 1996, the rate of growth of Thailand's economy was seven percent and the population poverty level dropped from 22 percent to 11 percent.
	www.ce-review.org /01/20/cetinic20.html (2011 words)

	Europe-Asia Studies: Socialist Unemployment: The Political Economy of Yugoslavia 1945-1990. - book reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		But irrespective of the extent of genuine unemployment, the fact remained that the working class was largely protected from unemployment since the labour market was essentially of the 'insider-outsider' model: existing, largely working-class employees retained their jobs and privileges come what may, but new, and increasingly middle-class entrants and returners had to wait for employment.
		In short, unemployment in Yugoslavia was quantitatively and certainly qualitatively different to that typical in the Western economies which has caused a sometimes violent reaction.
		But in failing to make explicit that this fate was not specific to Yugoslavia, but is in fact a fairy typical outcome of market-based economic systems attempting to operate within a competitive world economy, Woodward's analysis ends up being unduly harsh in its assessment of the Yugoslav experiment as a whole.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3955/is_n5_v48/ai_18678028 (1090 words)

	Supporting The Reconstruction Of Yugoslavia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		I welcome the fact that the people of Yugoslavia will now have an opportunity to hear in full the crimes committed by ex-President Milosevic against the people of Serbia, how he made himself rich whilst he made the people poor.
		That is why I believe that the Donors´ Conference should proceed and that we should assist in that process of reconstruction, undoing the enormous damage that was done to this economy by the Milosevic years which has left half the population of Serbia unemployed.
		Yugoslavia now faces an impossible debt burden, it has doubled during the Milosevic years, it now stands in excess of the total GDP of Yugoslavia.
	www.balkanpeace.org /hed/archive/apr01/hed3002.shtml (1334 words)

	The Militant - 1/6/97 -- NATO Troops Out Of Yugoslavia! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		NATO's tanks, artillery, and ground troops occupying Bosnia are aimed at workers, farmers, and youth throughout Yugoslavia - tens of thousands of whom have taken to the streets for weeks to protest the antidemocratic policies of the regimes in Belgrade and Zagreb.
		The NATO intervention, led by Washington, is aimed at bringing Yugoslavia back into the imperialist system of exploitation, and set a powerful example for reestablishing capitalism through naked military force across Eastern Europe and the former USSR.
		Its goal is to return the domination of capital and do away with the nationalized property relations and the social expectations that grew out of the powerful Yugoslav revolution.
	www.themilitant.com /1997/611/611_9.html (251 words)

	Yugoslavia’s Shattered Economy
		Already crippled by eight years of international sanctions and decades of economic mismanagement, Yugoslavia’s economy is being dismantled piece by piece by the NATO airstrikes, writes the AP-Dow Jones news agency.
		Schools and universities were closed shortly after the first NATO attacks, and fuel rationing has forced municipal authorities to cut public transport by half.
		Yugoslavia’s economy was struggling long before the airstrikes began.
	www.worldbank.org /html/prddr/trans/marapr99/boxyugo.htm (414 words)

	Yugoslavia The Kingdom of Yugoslavia - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		Ethnic hatred, religious rivalry, language barriers, and cultural conflicts plagued the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) from its inception.
		The question of centralization versus federalism bitterly divided the Serbs and Croats; democratic solutions were blocked and dictatorship was made inevitable because political leaders had little vision, no experience in parliamentary government, and no tradition of compromise.
		The creation of Yugoslavia fulfilled the dreams of many South Slavic intellectuals who disregarded fundamental differences among twelve million people of the new country.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/yugoslavia/yugoslavia_history_the_kingdom_of_yugoslavia.html (394 words)

	todor kuljic \| yugoslavia's workers self-management
		In Yugoslavia there was a relatively strict cadre administration, a party cadre administration, on the one hand, but on the other, direct democracy, especially in factories: on the one hand, party control - on the other, work control.
		But compared with the state of present Yugoslavia, for example, where a type of wild capitalism reigns, it was a relatively well-functioning democracy.
		And the third, important, structural problem was the contrast in Yugoslavia between the rich and the poor areas, the rich and the poor republics, which later became the rich and poor nations.
	www.republicart.net /art/concept/alttranskuljic_en.htm (1509 words)

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