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Topic: Ecosystem valuation

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	Economic valuation of ecosystem services for water resources management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ecosystems have an economic value in relation to water, but this value is poorly understood and rarely articulated.
		Ecosystem values can also be defined by asking people directly what they are willing to pay for ecosystem goods and services or their willingness to accept compensation for their loss.
		Valuation of ecosystem goods and services articulates costs and benefits that traditionally were ignored in or excluded from water decision-making.
	iucn.org /themes/wani/value/keymessages.html (1318 words)

	Learn more about Ecosystem in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In ecology, an ecosystem is a community of organisms (plant, animal and other living organisms - also referred as biocenose) together with their environment (or biotope), functioning as a unit.
		Ecosystem and ecoregion terms are often confused (large ecosystems being called ecoregions), but there is a large consensus to define ecoregions as being geographical defined units, relatively large, land or water, with distinctive features.
		Ecosystem valuation (of which the most extreme is the attempt to assign the value of Earth) and environmental health measures are usually thought to be part of economics rather than being within the science of ecology.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /e/ec/ecosystem.html (520 words)

	Ecosystem valuation -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ecosystem valuation is the (The evaluation of something in terms of its price) pricing or assessment of (Click link for more info and facts about economic capital asset value) economic capital asset value to a living (A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment) ecosystem.
		More complex arguments in ecosystem valuation regard (Click link for more info and facts about nature's services) nature's services and the assignment of values in a (Click link for more info and facts about service economy) service economy to all that nature does "for humans".
		This is at least a relative notion of value and (Click link for more info and facts about value at risk) value at risk applied to ecosystem.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/ec/ecosystem_valuation.htm (463 words)

	Putting the Right Value on All Aspects of an Ecosystem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The use of economic valuation techniques for natural resources puts facts on the table that allow users, developers and protectors of natural resources to assess the impacts of their decisions and reach common agreements that all can live with.
		The valuation argument has been hijacked for political gain in some countries by people who say that it is used as a basis to impose taxes on the use of natural resources, or that it attaches value only to profit making activities in an ecosystem, pushing social aspects to the side as non-profitable activities.
		Through several research projects, IWMI researchers are working to create and test ecosystem valuation techniques that help IWMI achieve the underlying goal of its work with developing countries to ensure access to water for the poorest members of rural communities.
	www.iwmi.cgiar.org /home/valuation.htm (1207 words)

	EarthTrends: Feature - Valuing Ecosystem Services
		But until we fully understand ecosystem values, we are handicapped in deciding what to use and what to save.
		Although the average value of wetland services may not be the same per hectare in Brazil, Indonesia, or Uganda, the very existence of the global estimates calculated in the study should broaden the context of local decision making (Pimm 1997:232).
		Although ecological valuations like these are still rare, further development of the concept promises to provide a powerful tool for protection and sustainable use of natural ecosystems and the vital services they provide.
	earthtrends.wri.org /features/view_feature.php?theme=5&fid=15 (1072 words)

	The Environmental Literacy Council - Ecosystem Valuation
		Ecosystem valuation is the process by which policymakers assign a value — monetary or otherwise — to environmental resources or to the outputs and/or services provided by those resources.
		All valuation techniques encompass a great deal of uncertainty: flaws can exist in the methods of assigning value accurately due to a wide number of variables and it is difficult to compartmentalize and measure environmental and natural resources and/or services withing an ecosystem that functions as an interconnected web.
		In summary, ecosystem valuation is a complex process by which economists attempt to assign a value to natural resources or to the ecological outputs and/or services provided by those resources.
	www.enviroliteracy.org /article.php/1320.html (1057 words)

	Quantifying the Wealth of Nature
		Ecosystem valuation provides a framework for bringing these potential changes to light and quantifying their impact on humans.
		From a societal point of view, using ecosystem valuation to consider the impacts on downstream groundwater led to a better decision.
		Ecosystem valuation has arrived as a policy analysis tool, as the recent flurry of activity demonstrates.
	www.perc.org /perc.php?id=585 (1100 words)

	Answers to Ecology
		Ecosystem valuation is preformed and assessed by assigning an economic value to an ecosystem or its ecosystem services.
		The indirect use of value, is the value recognized to the indirect operation of the ecosystem services.
		In software ecosystem where a component becomes weak, unreliable, or unable to adapt to changing circumstances quickly because of a lack of flexibility will often quickly be replace by a more suitable replacement.
	www.deep-ecology.org /various_ecosystem.html (1138 words)

	Resources for the Ecosystem Health Program at UWO
		Rapport,DJ, Hilden,M, Weppling,K. (2000) Restoring the health of the earth's ecosystems: A new challenge for the earth sciences.
		Costanza, R. (2000) Social goals and the valuation of ecosystem services.
		Ecosystem Health (Official Journal of the International Society for Ecosystem Health).
	www.med.uwo.ca /ecosystemhealth/resources.htm (443 words)

	ipedia.com: Natural capital Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is one approach to ecosystem valuation, an alternative to the traditional view of all non-human life as passive natural resources, and to the idea of ecological health.
		In a traditional classical economic analysis of the factors of production, natural capital would usually be classified as "Land" distinct from "Capital" in its original sense The distinction between "Land" and "Capital" was that land is naturally occurring, whereas capital as originally defined referred only to man-made goods.
		It does not appear that the basic principle is controversial, although there is much controversy on ecological health indicators, value of nature's services and Earth itself, consistent methods of ecosystem valuation, biodiversity metrics and methods of audit that might apply to these services, systems and biomes.
	www.ipedia.com /natural_capital.html (529 words)

	Valuation of Ecosystem Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Often a qualitative comparison of relative values is sufficient- that is, which is greater, the economic benefits of a particular development project or the benefits supplied by the ecosystem that would be destroyed, measured over a time period of interest to people concerned about the well-being of their grandchildren?
		Yet the pace of destruction of natural ecosystems, and the irreversibility of most such destruction on a time scale of interest to humanity, warrants substantial caution.
		Valuing a natural ecosystem, like valuing a human life, is fraught with difficulties.
	essp.csumb.edu /esse/ecoservintro/ecoservvaluation.html (407 words)

	Economic Valuation of Coral Reefs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This presentation provides the basis for the development of an economic valuation methodology for coral reefs that is to be implemented in the pilot study areas of Tobago and St. Lucia.
		This presentation outlines the proposed economic valuation methodology that will be instituted in the pilot study areas of St. Lucia and Tobago with emphasis on tourism, fisheries, and shoreline protection.
		The presentation provides a general overview of the major uses of coral reefs and the various economic valuation methods that are utilized to measure the value of goods and services in nature.
	www.wri.org /biodiv/project_multimedia.cfm?pid=222 (367 words)

	Economic valuation of wetlands on the river basin scale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In economic valuation exercises, the scale of work is very important in that the attempt to value ecosystems separately, despite the fact that they are highly interdependent, may result in paradoxical results of unwise substitutions of "lesser valued wetland ecosystems" with "higher valued artificial (human made) wetlands".
		This rather common attitude introduces another element of complication: because the value of a product is often determined by its rarity, the producers want to give a specific image of uniqueness and rareness to their ecosystem and therefore tend to limit the scale of work to a very limited area.
		Market failures related to ecosystems include the fact that many wetlands (1) provide services that are public goods, (2) many wetlands services are affected by externalities and (3) property rights related to ecosystems and their services are often not clearly defined.
	www.ramsar.org /features/features_econ_val1.htm (3588 words)

	[No title]
		The choice of the valuation tool or valuation tools in any given instance will be informed by the characteristics of the case, including the scale of the problem and the types of value deemed to be most relevant, and by data availability.
		Undertaking valuation studies as pilot projects on key domestic ecosystems can be another effective means to raise awareness of the value of biodiversity resources and functions and associated ecosystem services, and to advance the application of biodiversity valuation in domestic decision-making procedures.
		Regional workshops on ecosystem valuation are an important means to exchange national experience on best practices in the valuation of biodiversity resources and functions and associated ecosystem services, and in the development of national guidelines and protocols, and to extend training.
	www.biodiv.org /recommendations/default.asp?rec=XI/5 (2582 words)

	Biodiversity and Human Health: Benefits of Ecosystem Services
		Ecosystem services operate on such a grand scale and in such intricate and little-explored ways that most could not be replaced by technology.
		The second reason to focus on natural ecosystems is that many human-initiated disruptions of these systems -- such as introductions of exotic species, extinctions of native species, and alteration of the gaseous composition of the atmosphere through fossil fuel burning -- are difficult or impossible to reverse on any time scale relevant to society.
		Yet quantifying the value of ecosystem services in specific localities, and measuring their worth against that of competing land uses is no simple task.
	www.ecology.org /biod/value/EcosystemServices.html (8460 words)

	WorldChanging: Tools, Models and Ideas for Building a Bright Green Future: What's a Forest Worth? More Than You Might ...
		December 3, 2005 11:19 AM Ecosystem valuation is gaining momentum as a strategy to protect the environment while speaking the language of costs and benefits that governments and taxpayers understand.
		The estimated market value of boreal natural capital extraction, in 2002 dollars (the point the study began), is C$48.9 billion, minus an estimated C$11.1 billion in direct air pollution from the work and government subsidies, for a total of C$37.8 billion.
		Ecosystem valuation basically comes down to preventing private enterprises to "cash in", by keeping the value of the ecosystem as a 'virtual' public good.
	www.worldchanging.com /archives/003814.html (704 words)

	Environmental Valuation & Cost-Benefit News - Category: Ecosystem Valuation
		They consider ecosystem change in response to changing patterns of land use, pollution, and drought; the increasing risk of wildfire to wildlife and to human life and property; and the implications of global climate change on the CCE.
		The purpose is to integrate information across the various ecosystem components and to support further assessments and modelling of these components and their interactions with economic and social developments.
		The construction of land and ecosystem accounts is now feasible due to continuous improvements in monitoring, collecting and processing data and progress with the development of statistical methods that facilitate data assimilation and integration.
	envirovaluation.org /index.php?cat=190 (10634 words)

	The UVM ecoinformatics collaboratory: Valuation Coordination
		Yet, the full value of biodiversity and a healthy natural environment is still not fully reflected in economic accounting procedures and decision making, leading to continuing loss and degradation of natural and managed ecosystems.
		The proponents are seeking the creation of a worldwide coordination between individuals, institutions and countries to develop and distribute tools and knowledge for the informed use of economic valuations of ecosystem services in land use planning and policy-making.
		Coordination-endorsed ESV methods, used to produce values from raw data and perform benefits transfer studies, are specified in declarative form and stored, retrieved and updated by method providers, the same way as data.
	ecoinformatics.uvm.edu /projects/valuation-coordination.html (2990 words)

	Skagit Audubon Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Masterfully presented, the main features of the executive summary educate others to understand and value these habitats, so we can all recognize the need to protect them.Audubon Washington has produced two versions of the report, the executive summary /citizen's action guide, and the complete paper which is being submitted to policy and ornithological journals.
		Recently, thanks to contributions from the state Legislature and private donors, the Northwest Ecosystem Alliance and the Department of Natural Resources have been working together to oversee an economic study of the environmental, social and financial values of Blanchard Mountain.
		Extrapolating the value found among local citizens ($8.5 million) to the entire state’s population, the value would come to over $200 million to the overall public.
	www.fidalgo.net /~audubon/Conserve.htm (2956 words)

	Complementarity of Forests and Farms: A Spatial Econometric Approach to Ecosystem Valuation in Indonesia - Publication ...
		First, recent reviews show that (a) valuation studies have overlooked livelihood values of natural resources in developing countries, focusing largely on amenity values in developed countries, and (b) ecosystem valuation studies have framed the valuation question incorrectly and have applied inappropriate methods.
		Second, a detailed consideration of the spatial aspects of ecosystems and ecological processes, such as spatial interdependence, has been omitted from most valuation studies.
		Complementarity of Forests and Farms: A Spatial Econometric Approach to Ecosystem Valuation in Indonesia.
	www.rti.org /abstract.cfm?pubid=1493 (248 words)

	Ecosystem Valuation - Essentials
		Explains the basic economic theory and concepts of economic valuation.
		A brief overview of the dollar-based valuation methods that are described in detail in Dollar-Based Ecosystem Valuation Methods.
		Describes how ecosystem values are applied for decision-making using benefit-cost analysis.
	www.ecosystemvaluation.org /essentials.htm (109 words)

	[No title]
		A number of valuation tools are available that, when applied carefully and according to best practice, can provide useful and reliable information on the changes in the value of non-marketed ecosystem services that result (or would result) from management decisions or from other human activities (see the appendix below).
		Stated-preference techniques are, however the only techniques that are able to capture non-use (or passive‑use) values, which tend to be important in certain biodiversity contexts, and can provide useful and reliable information when used carefully and in accordance with authoritative best practice.
		Limitations of stated-preference techniques include: (i) the detail of information needed by respondents in order to value complex processes or unfamiliar species or ecosystem functions; (ii) difficult external validation of the results; and (iii) the need for extensive pre‑testing and survey work, implying that this technique can be expensive and time consuming.
	www.biodiv.org /decisions/default.aspx?m=COP-08&id=11039&lg=0 (2754 words)

	SSRN-Valuation of Ecosystem Services Provided by Biodiversity Conservation: An Integrated Hydrological and Economic ...
		The importance of ecosystem functions for humankind is well known.
		This discrepancy is because quantitative knowledge of changes in ecosystem functions is scarce.
		Bräuer, Ingo and Marggraf, Rainer, "Valuation of Ecosystem Services Provided by Biodiversity Conservation: An Integrated Hydrological and Economic Model to Value the Enhanced Nitrogen Retention in Renaturated Streams" (March 2004).
	papers.ssrn.com /soL3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=541106 (388 words)

	Environmental Valuation & Cost-Benefit News - Categories: General, Ecosystem Valuation, Natural Resource Damages
		The main added value of the paper is the analysis of the aforementioned hypothesis by exploiting a panel data set based on official NAMEA sectoral disaggregated accounting data, providing both cross section heterogeneity and a sufficient time span.
		Thus, one would expect the value of the monthly and annual capacity to be between the value of an option and an obligation.
		Moreover, it is shown that using average emissions values to calculate the environmental benefits of DER might provide misleading results.
	envirovaluation.org /index.php?cat=1 (14496 words)

	Coral Reefs
		The regional analyses also include an evaluation of the economic value of goods and services associated with healthy coral reefs and of economic losses likely to result from coral reef degradation.
		In 2005, WRI began working at the country-level to more accurately measure the value of coral reefs in the Caribbean and to identify incentives for decision-makers to move from identifying threats to taking action.
		The Economic Valuation project seeks to measure the value of reefs in three areas: tourism, fisheries, and shoreline protection.
	reefsatrisk.wri.org (363 words)

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