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	Edward Fredkin's theory is one not just of physics but of metaphysics: it leads to speculation about supreme beings ...
		Fredkin's focus was intense but undisciplined, and it tended to stray from a problem as soon as he was confident that he understood the solution in principle.
		Fredkin had taught for barely a year before he became a full professor, and not much later, in 1971, he was appointed the head of Project MAC—a position that was also short-lived, for in the fall of 1974 he began a sabbatical at the California Institute of Technology as a Fairchild Distinguished Scholar.
		Fredkin was never oblivious of the complaints that his work wasn't "worthy of MIT," nor of the movements, periodically afoot, to sever, or at least weaken, his ties to the university.
	psoup.math.wisc.edu /491/Fredkin.htm (11414 words)

	1996 New Paradigms for Using Computers: Ed Fredkin Transcript
		Ed Fredkin is responsible for the idea of swapping in operating systems and many other inventions in computer science.
		Ed Fredkin: O.K. The other thing that was brought up a minute ago had to do with sensors and it turns out that understanding a sensor is a major problem.
		Ed Fredkin: Well, first of all there are some plants where that is an insuperable problem, but there are lots where it's not.
	www.almaden.ibm.com /almaden/npuc97/1996/tfredkin.htm (4697 words)

	In the beginning was the Rule
		Fredkin, who is a physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has already produced cellular automata in which clusters of bits move and behave in a way that resembles electrons and photons.
		Fredkin defines mass to be a form of information in his model, so swapping two bits constitutes motion, or a change in momentum.
		Fredkin believes the underlying digital structure of space-time will reveal itself through an unexpected lack of symmetry when particles interact, with respect to at least some frame of reference.
	i.1asphost.com /ec3khrl/beginningwastherule.htm (2468 words)

	Edward Fredkin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Edward Fredkin (born 1934) is an early pioneer of digital physics (in recent work he uses the term digital philosophy (DP)).
		Edward Fredkin dropped out of Caltech after one year and, at age 19, joined the USAF and became a jet fighter pilot.
		Fredkin also works at the intersection of theoretical issues in the physics of computation and computational models of physics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ed_Fredkin (394 words)

	Church-Turing Thesis is Almost Equivalent to Zuse-Fredkin Thesis
		Fredkin's conjecture remained unpublished until the appearance of Conway's "Game of Life" (GOL) in 1969, and subsequent popular publications by Martin Gardner's [Gar70, Gar71] devoted to the GOL and to cellular automata in general.
		And only in 1990 Fredkin himself wrote a paper [Fre90] devoted to the subject that appears to be the first publication of the idea in a respected scientific journal.
		Fredkin and Zuse, actually, went much further: they advanced the hypothesis that the solution of the problem what kind of computer the Universe is should be sought in a relatively narrow class of abstract mathematical models for parallel computation known as "cellular automata".
	digitalphysics.org /Publications/Petrov/Pet02a1/Pet02a1.htm (2043 words)

	Wired 10.12: God Is the Machine
		Fredkin insisted, flouting moderation, that the universe is a large field of cellular automata, not merely like one, and that everything we see and feel is information.
		If, as Fredkin and Wolfram suggest, all movement, all actions, all nouns, all functions, all states, all we see, hear, measure, and feel are various elaborate cathedrals built out of this single ubiquitous process, then the foundations of our knowledge are in for a galactic-scale revisioning in the coming decades.
		Fredkin says that all this work happens on the "Other." The Other, he says, could be another universe, another dimension, another something.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/10.12/holytech_pr.html (3620 words)

	Fredkin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Fredkin was always the "smartest kid in class." He spent hours alone, reading, thinking, conducting experiments.
		Fredkin was extremely bright, and the Air Force decided to do what they could with him, figuring that some day there'd be a payback.
		Adams and Fredkin are both thinking about a world in which the atom and its particles dictate the life of humankind and the nature of the universe.
	www.pcs.cnu.edu /~gwebb/fredkin.htm (1798 words)

	CHAOSOPHY '93: AN INFORMATION THEORY OF THE UNIVERSE
		Ed Fredkin goes one step further, with his notion of "digital physics." In this, and other systems, information is more fundamental than matter and energy.
		Fredkin suggests that the universe may be a vast computer which creates reality through ceaseless repetition--taking information it has just transformed and transforming it further to generate pervasive complexity.
		Fredkin believes that the automata will more faithfully mirror reality as they are used to model the motion of molecules, atoms, electrons, and quarks.
	asklepia.tripod.com /Chaosophy/chaosophy21.html (5359 words)

	Finite Nature - Fredkin essay
		Fredkin describes the rules of the automaton here.
		Fredkin describes the application of a rule at differing timesteps as "chiral time".
		You should be able to see that there is a preponderance of blue cells around the majority of the external surfaces - suggesting that this was the colour of the cells in the domain of the last rule applied.
	finitenature.com /fredkin_essay/index.html (770 words)

	Cosmic computer -- new philosophy to explain the universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Fredkin said that he's open to the possibility that our reality is an illusion on some alien creature's computer, in an alternate universe unseen by us.
		Laughing, Fredkin recalls how his students informed him that a distinguished MIT physicist had told them: "Ed Fredkin is a computer person, so naturally he thinks the world is made up out of computer bits.
		Fredkin says that about 20 years ago, at a scientific conference in the Caribbean, he proposed to Wolfram that the physics of the universe works the same as cellular automata.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2002/07/01/MN108224.DTL (1355 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| If the Universe Is a Program \| September 3, 2002
		Fredkin reports that revered MIT physicist Phillip Morrison once said of him, "Ed Fredkin is a computer person, therefore he believes that the universe is actually a computer.
		Fredkin's answer is that his views are not in conflict with the data of quantum and relativistic physics; only with the accepted interpretations of those data.
		Fredkin apparently believes that the universal computation had a beginning and that it is reversible.
	www.ddj.com /184405191 (2508 words)

	Universal Cellular Automata Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ed Fredkin, a Physicist from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has proposed that the worlds we experience directly through intuition and indirectly through science, are programs running on a Universal Cellular Automata Machine.
		For Fredkin, the smallest lengths and smallest timesteps in physics constitute the "grid spacing" and "frames" on which successive states of the world are computed.
		According to Fredkin, this grain size is the Planck length and this time interval is the Planck time.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /geog/gessler/topics/universal-ca.htm (178 words)

	USNews.com: The Cosmic Code
		Another iconoclastic scientist, Ed Fredkin, a former director of the computer science laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and now a visiting scientist at the Media Lab there, has boosted cellular automatons as the secret of the universe for more than 30 years.
		He promotes what he calls "digital philosophy" on a conviction, born from his experience helping design some of the first powerful digital computers, that our universe is governed by pure whole numbers, or integers, and even space and time are broken up into tiny digital increments.
		Fredkin welcomes Wolfram to the digital-universe club but grouses that his colleague is stingy with credit.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/culture/articles/020819/archive_022326_2.htm (496 words)

	Fredkin gate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Fredkin gate is computational circuit suitable for reversible computing, invented by Ed Fredkin.
		A generalized n x n Fredkin gate passes its first n-2 inputs to the corresponding outputs, and swaps its last two outputs if and only if the ﬁrst n-2 inputs are all 1.
		The Fredkin gate is the reversible 3-bit gate that swaps the last two bits if the first bit is 1.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fredkin_Gate (306 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Although he is happy to see a worthwhile and interesting com- mercial application of computer technology, Ed Fredkin does not care for the business side of his ideas.
		But Fredkin says he is learning, too, and any man who flies a glider and has his own war surplus Graumann Goose can't be all.
		Fredkin: man of the Renaissance Task Force to continue function of Commission NAS selects 3 fom MIT CENTRAL 2 UN4-04 26 Thtrt Tuas.r Bergman's PASSION OF: ANNA 6:50-10:00 Wknd.
	www-tech.mit.edu /archives/VOL_091/TECH_V091_S0163_P006.txt (1904 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: News :: In the Country of the Blind...
		Fredkin has stirred a debate in physics by proposing that the universe is fundamentally made up not of matter and energy, as commonly supposed, but of information, assembled into different forms by what he calls "programming rules." Basically, Ed Fredkin thinks the universe is a computer.
		Fredkin and his theory of "digital physics" provide the basis for an investigation of information in the physical sciences.
		For Fredkin, the lifelong rationalist, the universe itself is the vast expression of many iterations of simple but powerful ordering rules.
	www.thecrimson.com /printerfriendly.aspx?ref=131658 (997 words)

	Drake's Anchorage Spring 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Our hosts Joyce and Ed Fredkin have invited us to spent a week with them at their private resort called Drake's Anchorage.
		Some pumps started overheating and Ed traced the problem to the fact that the generator was running at the wrong speed.
		Ed hit on the idea of creating a precise 60 cycle hum on his computer and then tuning the generator by ear to match it!
	www.dragonnorth.com /pictures/drakes2001/springvisit.html (833 words)

	Fredkin - Webled.com
		Edward Fredkin was an early pioneer of digital physics ]...
		Edward Fredkin's Paradox quotes, Famous quotations from Edward Fredkin's Paradox...
		[ Fredkin is recognized as an authority in the field of artificial ]...
	www.webled.com /Fredkin.htm (441 words)

	Kathleen Ann Goonan reviews MOVING MARS
		Ed Fredkin, an intellectual eccentric who once held a professorship at MIT despite the fact that he never earned a Ph.D., believes that the universe most basically stores information in a binary fashion.
		In THREE SCIENTISTS AND THEIR GODS, Richard Wright, a science writer, interviews Fredkin and tries to pin him down on various physical and metaphysical extrapolations which might be true if this were the case.
		Fredkin's embryo paradigm, presently the mutterings of those regarded as fringy by fellow scientists--except for a few people like Marvin Minsky and Richard Feynman--fully and powerfully blossoms in the year 2184, MOVING MARS time.
	www.goonan.com /mars.html (2141 words)

	ryskamp.org \| brain \| Notes from Three Scientists and Their Gods
		Ed Fredkin is the most outspoken on the information paradigm, stating that he believes the universe is a giant computer, created to solve some immense problem (such as, “What would a universe look like?”).
		Ed Fredkin’s theory of digital physics clashes with our tendency to believe in the continuity of space and time.
		Kevin Kelley mentioned the “universe as a computer” idea in a WIRED article in 2002, where he includes Fredkin, Marvin Minsky, and Stephen Wolfram.
	ryskamp.org /brain/books/notes-from-three-scientists-and-their-gods (1317 words)

	Abstract/Bio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Edward Fredkin Fredkin dropped out of Caltech after one year and, at age 19, joined the USAF and became a jet fighter pilot.
		Fredkin’s computer career started in 1956 when the Air Force assigned him to work at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratories.
		Fredkin and his students did pioneering work on cellular automata and reversible computing.
	www.stanford.edu /class/ee380/Abstracts/050126.html (363 words)

	ESSAYS ON THE WAVE WORLD
		Ed Fredkin believed that it was impossible to know that the entire universe was no more than a computer simulation.
		Bill Gosper when hacking Life in the 1970's realizing that Fredkin may be right but that all computer programs have bugs or are affected by Chaos.
		Gosper believed that if we (the species) are merely a computer simulation and that when the program glitched we would have the opportunity (as a species) to find God or truth because the program is no longer in control of our every moment.
	www.bright.net /~dapoets/perfinprog/waveworld.htm (636 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| It Brings on Many Changes \| November 6, 2002
		It would be churlish to characterize the work of Stephen Wolfram and Ed Fredkin as elaborations on the Game of Life.
		Fredkin tries to challenge the assumption of continuity in the fundamental physical quantities.
		In my opinion, Wolfram's proposals are also more tangible: despite obliterating time, space, and matter he is able to reproduce special and general relativity, with the ideas coming up again in his discussion on how quantum mechanics has the potential to work in the deterministic setup.
	www.ddj.com /184405240 (1976 words)

	1996 New Paradigms for Using Computers: Ed Fredkin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		MI can avoid many kinds of disasters and provide the opportunity to allow humans to focus on higher level issues.
		Fredkin founded Information International Inc. and has served as the CEO of a diverse set of companies, including Information International Inc., Three Rivers Computer Corporation, New England Television Corporation (then Boston’s Channel 7, a CBS affiliate) and others.
		Fredkin is also responsible for the notion of memory slopping in operating systems and other fundamental discoveries in computer science.
	www.almaden.ibm.com /almaden/npuc97/1996/fredkin.htm (204 words)

	A question of discrete space-time, part 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		I also know of Ed Fredkin, and that he used to be a frequent newsgroup
		For that, there is\nandgt;andgt; no substitute beside doing an extensive literature search.\n..\nandgt; I also know of Ed Fredkin, and that he used to be a frequent newsgroup\nandgt; contributor.
		The force applied to a unit mass in one unit of gravitational flux\ndensity shall be one unit of force and a single unit of\ngravitational flux density shall result from a unit mass\ndistributed over a unit area.\n4.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=79897 (6700 words)

	Seth Lloyd \| Programming the Universe
		The idea that the universe might be a classical digital computer was put forth in the 1960s by Konrad Zuse and Ed Fredkin.
		J.J. Halliwell, J. P«erez Mercader, W.H. Zurek, eds., Cambridge University Press (1996), is a collection of scientific articles on the subject.
		Charles Bennett's analysis of complexity and definition of logical depth can be found in 'Dissipation, Information, Computational Complexity and the Definition of Organization,' in Emerging Syntheses in Science, D. Pines, ed., Addison Wesley (1987); and 'Logical Depth and Physical Complexity,' in The Universal Turing Machine, A Half-Century Survey, R. Herken, ed., pp.
	www.randomhouse.com /kvpa/lloyd/links.html (781 words)

	Results for Ed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Honorable Ed Whitfield, 301 Cannon HOB House Office Building Washington, DC 20515 (202) 225-3115.
		Visit the website of The Honorable Ed Whitfield...
		ED ONLINE LESSON PLANS:, Mathematics, Financial Education, Science, Social Studies, Technology Education, Multi-Disciplinary, Language Arts/English...
	www.gogoglo.com /buscar/searchold/Ed/250 (182 words)

	Design on the Fly: Experiments with Complex Systems
		CAs and comparable complex systems evolve over any number of generations by the repeated application of some or other rule based on the state of a local neighbourhood which is used to determine the next local state, typically in parallel, for every location in some “universe”.
		The CA rule for Conway's Life readily produces quite a range of simple stable, oscillating or moving Life forms so the hunt was soon joined to invent a sufficiently complex multicoloured CA rule in which a self replicating pattern could be engineered.
		Fredkin's rule trumped that effort by showing that a very simple two colour rule could also achieve self replication.
	twistet.com /ticktock/paper.html (6493 words)

	CoCoBoard Mail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Subject: Final Reminder - CCS Seminar - Tonight @6:00 pm, Edward Fredkin - Photonics Room 203
		Like a quantum computer, it makes use of basic physical properties of matter, but those properties are only used to achieve extreme miniaturization, a symmetrical 3-D architecture and ultra low power dissipation.
		Final Reminder - CCS Seminar - Tonight @6:00 pm, Edward Fredkin - Photonics Room 203 / Cheryl Endicott
	scv.bu.edu /CoCo/SCFUG/00067/index.html (162 words)

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