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Topic: Edessa, Mesopotamia

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	Mesopotamia - LoveToKnow 1911
		Meanwhile Mesopotamia continued to be crossed and recrossed by the endless marches of the Assyrian kings (such as Adad-nirari, Shalmaneser I. and his son), building and rebuilding the Assyrian empire (see Babylonia g Y P (AND Assyria), and eventually pushing their conquests towards Asia Minor at the expense of the Hittite domain.
		Mesopotamia was a definite part of the Parthian empire, of which the Euphrates became the western boundary; but in 92 B.C. on that river his P: o h c r ambassador met Sulla, though the long duel did not begin immediately.
		In consequence of the revolt of Zenobia Mesopotamia was lost to Rome, and the Euphrates became the frontier.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/ME/MESOPOTAMIA.htm (9744 words)

	Edessa - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Edessa or Urhai was an ancient city in northwest Mesopotamia, modern Sanli Urfa in Turkey.
		The origins of Edessa are not entirely clear, but its original name, Urhai, may suggest connections with the Hurrians, a nation (or linguistic community) in eastern Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia as early as the late third millennium BCE.
		Although Mitanni disappeared from the scene, and northern Mesopotamia was divided between the Hittites in the west and Assyria in the east, the Hurrian language was still alive in the seventh century BC, although it was slowly replaced by Aramaic.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/Edessa (883 words)

	Edessa (Sanliurfa)
		Edessa or Urhai: ancient city in northwest Mesopotamia, modern Sanli Urfa in Turkey.
		Although Mitanni disappeared from the scene, and northern Mesopotamia was divided between the Hittites in the west and Assyria in the east, the Hurrian language was still alive in the seventh century BCE, when it was slowly replaced by Aramaic.
		After the death of Alexander on 11 June 323, the city was contested by his successors: Perdiccas, Antigonus Monophthalmus, and Eumenes visited Edessa, but eventually, it became part of the realm of Seleucus I Nicator, the Seleucid empire, and capital of a province called Osrhoene (the Greek rendering of the old name Urhai).
	www.livius.org /ea-eh/edessa/edessa.html (1025 words)

	TARZI: Edessa in the Era of Patriarch Michael The Syrian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		As of the seventh century and until the beginning of the thirteenth century, Edessa was ruled predominantly by men of alien stock, professing a faith alien to that of most of its inhabitants.
		The Crusaders, who had managed to maintain their hold on the immediate neighborhood of Edessa, met with the Atabeg of Mosul, Imad ul-din Zangi, an exponent of skill, resourcefulness and determination at the time when the ruler of Edessa was the ineffective Jocelyn the younger.
		A census published in 1908 by Ottoman authorities puts the population of Edessa and surroundings (the County of Edessa consisting of Edessa, Birejik, Qal‘at Rrum and Harran) in the vicinity of 72,000.
	syrcom.cua.edu /Hugoye/Vol3No2/HV3N2Tarzi.html (6140 words)

	Mesopotamia, Edessa - Ancient Greek Coins - WildWinds.com
		Marcus Aurelius AR Drachm of Mesopotamia, Carrhae or Edessa.
		Septimius Severus & Abgar VIII Æ 23mm of Edessa, Mesopotamia.
		Severus Alexander Æ 27mm of Edessa in Mesopotamia.
	www.wildwinds.com /coins/greece/mesopotamia/edessa/i.html (673 words)

	Edessa
		The name under which Edessa figures in cuneiform inscriptions is unknown; the native name was Osroe, after some local satrap, this being the Armenian form for Chosroes; it became in Syriac Ourhoï, in Armenian Ourhaï in Arabic Er Roha, commonly Orfa or Urfa, its present name.
		Among the illustrious disciples of the School of Edessa special mention is due to Bardesanes (154-222), a schoolfellow of Abgar IX, the originator of Christian religious poetry, whose teaching was continued by his son Harmonius and his disciples.
		Suffice it to mention here among the later celebrities of Edessa Jacob Baradeus, the real chief of the Syrian Monophysites known after him as Jacobites; Stephen Bar Sudaïli, monk and pantheist, to whom was owing, in Palestine, the last crisis of Origenism in the sixth century; Jacob, Bishop of Edessa, a fertile writer (d.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/e/edessa.html (1253 words)

	Mesopotamia - Crystalinks
		Mesopotamia was the alluvial plain lying between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, composing parts of Iraq and Syria.
		Writings from Mesopotamia (Uruk, modern Warka) are among the earliest known in the world, giving Mesopotamia a reputation of being the Cradle of Civilization, therefore it is regarded by some as the oldest known civilization.
		Mesopotamia was home to some of the oldest major ancient civilizations, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians.In 5000 BC, the Sumerians arrived in Mesopotamia.
	www.crystalinks.com /mesopotamia.html (4160 words)

	The Ecole Initiative: Edessa in the Parthian Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Edessa stands on the Silk Road, which begins on the Mediterranean coast at one of the Seleucid capitals, Antioch; passes across the Euphrates; and through Edessa reaches the Assyrian city of Nisibis.
		Edessa and the surrounding region of Osrhoene was one among several areas of the Seleucid kingdom that gained a considerable independence after the defeat of Antiochus VII Sidetes in
		Christianity in Edessa was closely connected with Judaism, thus Addai, (Thaddeus, one of the seventy, sent to Edessa by Judas Thomas) stays in the house of a Judaean merchant Tobias (Eusebius, Ecc.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/articles/pedessa.html (3447 words)

	Mesopotamia
		The Greek word Mesopotamia, "country between rivers" (Euphrates and Tigris), is used for the first time by the historian Arrian of Nicomedia, in his account of the campaigns of Alexander the Great.
		Mesopotamia proper: Arrian's meaning of the word is a translation from the Babylonian expression mât birît nârim, which was not only accepted in Greek, but in several other languages as wel (the Aramaic beyhn nahrîn; Hebrew Aram naharaim; Old Persian Miyanrudan).
		Mesopotamia proper has some forests, but in Babylonia, wood had to be imported.
	www.livius.org /men-mh/mesopotamia/mesopotamia.html (544 words)

	Edessa, Mesopotamia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Edessa was at first more or less under the protectorate of the Parthians, then of Tigranes of Armenia, then from the time of Pompey under the Romans.
		Traces of Hellenistic culture were soon overwhelmed in Edessa, whose dynasty employs Syriac legends on their coinage, with the exception of the Roman client king Abgar IX (179-214), and there is a corresponding lack of Greek public inscriptions (Bauer 1971, ch.
		Famous individuals connected with Edessa include: Jacob Baradaeus, the real chief of the Syrian Monophysites known after him as Jacobites; Stephen Bar Sudaïli, monk and pantheist, to whom was owing, in Palestine, the last crisis of Origenism in the sixth century; Jacob, Bishop of Edessa, a fertile writer (d.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia (1303 words)

	Edessa
		Edessa (Greek: Έδεσσα is a town, population 18253 (2001) inhabitants in northern Greece, the capital of the Pella prefecture, part of the Edessa municipality.
		The Ancient Macedonian name "Edessa" was commemorated by Seleucus I Nicator in refounding an ancient city in northern Mesopotamia: see Edessa, Mesopotamia.
		After the slavic settlements of the 6th-8th century, the name of "Edessa" disappears and what remains of the city (a fortress in the acropolis of the ancient city) is renamed "Vodena".
	www.mlahanas.de /Greece/Cities/Edessa.html (685 words)

	JOSEPH: Response to J.F. Coakley's Review of John Joseph's The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		To write that "Edessa is already in Mesopotamia," is literally half-true; it is "already" in Byzantine Mesopotamia but not in the Mesopotamian territories under Persian domination, as Coakley seems to assume.
		In Coakley's restructuring of my two sentences, where the name of Edessa is omitted, the subject of "forced" is "church"-- which to Coakley, is "The church of Persia..." of his point #3.
		At the theological school of Edessa, Nestorian doctrine was studied and developed, and so successfully, that its leading opponents were eventually able to obtain from emperor Zeno the closure of the school, in 489.
	syrcom.cua.edu /Hugoye/Vol5No2/HV5N2PRJoseph.html (1512 words)

	Resources - Patriarchs
		He preached in Edessa Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, Armenia, Lycaonia, Phrygia, and on the shores of the Black Sea.
		Mar Addai was from Paneas, and he preached in Edessa and in Mesopotamia in the days of Abgar the king; and he built a church in Edessa.
		Edessa was also the home to a number of “heretical” groups, including the Gnostics.
	www.thomasinechurch.org /content/patriarchs.htm (1136 words)

	H G Mathews Mar Epiphanios Metropolitan
		Peter, Thomas, and Bartholomew visited and preached in Edessa, but the "founder" of the Edessene ecclesia was St. Thaddeus (known as St. Addai by the local Syriac-speaking Christians), as apostle "of the Seventy" and disciple of St. Thomas.
		After a miraculous healing of the king, the entire royal family and many of the nobles were baptized, including some of the pagan who were called chief priests; the city's main altars to the gods Bel and Nabu were destroyed, and a church built.
		Thus, as the capital of the "first Christian kingdom" of Osrhoene, Edessa came to be known as "the blessed city." However, the non-believer King Abgar VI persecuted the bishop Aggai, who became the Edessene church's first martyr.
	www.indianchristianity.org /episteljesus.html (555 words)

	Stoa Image Gallery :: Greco-Roman eastern Syria and Mesopotamia
		Mesopotamia, Edessa, Severus Alexander, 222-235 A.D. AE 24mm.
		Mesopotamia, Edessa, Severus Alexander and Julia Mamaea, 222-235 A.D. AE 27mm
		Mesopotamia, Nisibis, Severus Alexander and Julia Mamaea, 222-235 A.D. AE 27mm.
	www.stoa.org /gallery/album270 (479 words)

	Thomas and Edessa
		The view of Professor Helmut Koester of Harvard may hold the answer to the riddle: Thaddeus was deliberately substituted for Thomas as the founder of Christianity in Edessa at a time when the emergent orthodox church of the Mediterranean world was establishing itself in that city.
		He is said to have torn down the heretics' meeting places, transferred their property to the true church, and barred from communion consecrated virgins who had abandoned monastic life.
		With the rise of Islam in the seventh century, Edessa again became a front-line state in the clash of empires and faiths and dynasties.
	members.aol.com /didymus5/ch14.html (2065 words)

	SAINTS AND FEASTS
		From the blessed Edessa, thou wentest forth to the desert, but thou wast called back again to tend Christ's sheep as their shepherd; driving off the wolves of error with thy true doctrines, thou didst make a heathen king a Martyr of Jesus.
		Wishing to free the Orthodox of Edessa from the injustices of the many heretics, he undertook a journey to Babylon in Persia - that is, Baghdad - to ask the Persian King, who then ruled over all Syria, to use his power to protect the Orthodox of Edessa.
		Returning to Edessa having accomplished his purpose, Theodore later learned by revelation that King John, with his three Arab body-guards who had been baptized with him, had professed their faith openly and received martyrs' crowns at the hands of the Persian Moslems.
	www.goarch.org /access/calendar/saints.asp?contentid=2348 (374 words)

	Bauer--Edessa
		He did not endanger the undertaking by suddenly appearing in Edessa itself with the assertion that nearly three centuries earlier the city had stood in close connection with Jesus in person, which certainly would not have been accepted without contradiction, least of all by the opponents of those circles interested in the legend.
		Edessa is not even mentioned, in spite of the fact that the church father was born in Antioch, worked in his home city for some decades, and composed a large part of his writings there.
		In 379 Eulogius was consecrated as bishop of Edessa by Eusebius of Samosata (Theodoret Eccl.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /rs/rak/publics/new/BAUER01.htm (16364 words)

	Catholic Culture : Liturgical Year : June 09, 2006 : Ephrem
		As deacon at Edessa, he vigorously combated the heresies of his time, and to do so more effectively wrote poems and hymns about the mysteries of Christ, the blessed Virgin and the saints.
		After the death of the bishop James, Nisibis was captured by the Persians, and Ephrem went to Edessa, where he settled first among the monks in the mountains.
		He died, rich in merits, at Edessa in Mesopotamia, on the fourteenth of the Kalends of July, in the reign of Valens.
	www.catholicculture.org /lit/calendar/day.cfm?date=2006-6-9 (1570 words)

	Abgarus
		According to church tradition, the Syrian church at Edessa was founded after King Abgar had written a letter to Jesus requesting a healing and the Lord responded in writing that an apostle would be sent following his ascension.
		He obtained copies of the letters from the church at Edessa in Mesopotamia, which were written in the Syriac language.
		The letters may form some insight into the ministry of Thaddeus, how the church at Edessa was formed and the conversion of her people.
	latter-rain.com /ltrain/abgarus.htm (664 words)

	Iraq's Christians Caught in the Middle, Again - Christian History
		Mesopotamia emerged on the New Testament scene during Pentecost in Acts 2:9 when Luke noted the presence of Parthians from Mesopotamia.
		Soon the Gospel spread to Mesopotamia from Edessa, known today as Urfa, which is located in southeastern Turkey.
		Edessa was the Assyrian region's major trading center and became one of the early church's most successful missionary-sending cities.
	www.christianitytoday.com /history/newsletter/2003/feb7.html (981 words)

	Contents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Description of Edessa (modern Urfa, Turkey), seat of ancient Syriac-speaking culture, where AJT and other "Thomas" books were written.
		Religions in Mesopotamia at beginning of third century (when AJT was written).
		Other legendary migrations of Christians from Mesopotamia; elements of the local tradition St. Thomas Christians become, in effect, a high caste in the Hindu system.
	hometown.aol.com /didymus5/toc.html (958 words)

	NPNF2-02. Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For he says in the book which he has composed on his life, that Eusebius was descended from the nobility of Edessa in Mesopotamia, and that from a child he had studied the holy Scriptures;
		H. From the passage in Sozomen it appears that it was customary in Edessa to teach the Scriptures to boys, and that many of them thus became quite familiar with the Bible, knowing many passages by heart.
		Afterwards when he dwelt in Antioch, it happened that Eustathius was deposed on the accusation of Cyrus of Berœa for holding the tenets of Sabellius.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/npnf202.ii.v.ix.html?bcb=0 (425 words)

	St. Pachomius Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Abgar Dynasty in Chronological Order: A kinglist, said to be from J. Segal's Edessa.
		Walter Bauer: [Orthodoxy and Heresy in] Edessa, (1934).
		King Abgar V: His conversion is probably the most famous incident in Edessa's long history.
	www.voskrese.info /spl/Xedessa.html (59 words)

	Abgarus King of Edessa and Jesus Christ
		For their genuineness, he appeals to the public registers and records of the City of Edessa in Mesopotamia, where Abgarus reigned, and where he affirms that he found them written, in the Syriac lauguage.
		The Rev. Jeremiah Jones observes, that the common people in England have this Epistle in their houses, in many places, fixed in a frame, with the picture of Christ before it; and that they generally, with much honesty and devotion, regard it as the word of God, and the genuine Epistle of Christ.
		CHP I. A copy of a letter written by King Abgarus to Jesus, and sent to him by Ananias, his footman, to Jerusalem, inviting him to Edessa.
	www.angelfire.com /yt3/mxx/abgarus.htm (496 words)

	ORTHODOXY AND HERESY IN EARLIEST CHRISTIANITY
		from Edessa thus must be due less to the relationship of their persons to this city than to that of the doctrines that they advocated.
		In 379 Eulogius was consecrated as bishop of Edessa by Eusebius of Samosata (Theodoret
		came to Edessa as a whole,[98] for the correspondence probably became separated from the body of the work in an area in which the former actually came to have a separate existence, which up to the present time is not demonstrable for the Greek-speaking world.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~humm/Resources/Bauer/bauer01.htm (15293 words)

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