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Topic: Edmond Locard

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	Latent fingerprints, Dr.Edmond Locard, the father of "Ridgeology"
		Edmond Locard, a student of Bertillon, and the director of the laboratory at Lyon, France, established the first rules of the minimum number of minutiae necessary for identification
		Locard also realized the value of the shape of the ridge as being permanent, and he should also be known as the father of Edgeoscopy.
		In 1914, Dr. Locard published his conclusions of the fingerprint identification and the criteria that should be used to assure reliability based upon statistical analysis study.
	www.latent-prints.com /Locard.htm (717 words)

	Trace Evidence: Hair by Kathy Steck-Flynn
		Edmond Locard was the founder of the Institute of Criminalistics at the University of Lyon in France.
		Locard believed that that when on person came in contact with another person or object a cross transfer of minute particles occurred.
		Locard believed that crimes could be solved by inspecting the "dust particles" carried to and from a scene.
	www.crimeandclues.com /hair_evidence.htm (2625 words)

	SCAFO Online Articles
		Poroscopy was established by Dr. Edmond Locard of Lyons, France in 1912.
		Locard was of the opinion that friction ridges could be identified by comparing pores.
		Locard suggested that identification could be based upon the size, shape, relative position and the frequency of the pores.
	www.scafo.org /library/100701.html (1434 words)

	Pores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Locard observed that like the ridge characteristics, the pores are also permanent, immutable and individual, and these are useful to establish the identity or otherwise of individuals when available ridges do not provide sufficient ridge characteristics.
		Locard was born in France in 1877, and worked as the assistant of the great forensic pioneer Alexandre Lacassagne, who was at that time the Professor of Forensic Medicine at Lyons.
		Locard was active in his research till his death in 1966.
	www.xs4all.nl /%7Edacty/pores.htm (2357 words)

	Michele Triplett's Fingerprint Dictionary
		In 1918, Edmond Locard published his Tripartite Rule stating how many Galton points were needed to make a positive fingerprint identification.
		Locard's rule appears to have been based on the research of others.
		Locard's Principle of Exchange (aka Locards Exchange Principle) Edmond Locard's Principle of Exchange states that when any two objects come into contact, there is always transference of material from each object onto the other.
	www.nwlean.net /fprints/l.htm (2255 words)

	Journal of Behavioral Profiling; Vol 1, No 1 / © 2000
		Edmond Locard, whose work formed the basis for what is widely regarded as a cornerstone of the forensic sciences, Locard's Exchange Principle (for discussion, see: [3], [6] and [11]).
		This doctrine was enunciated early in the 20th Century by Edmund Locard, the director of the first crime laboratory, in Lyon, France.
		Edmond Locard, in speaking similarly on the subject of physical evidence and crime reconstruction, maintained that:
	www.profiling.org /journal/vol1_no1/jbp_ed_january2000_1-1.html (5870 words)

	Evidence Technician
		French scientist Edmond Locard, was an early pioneer in forensic science.
		Locard was also credited with setting up the worlds first modern crime laboratory in the beginning of the 20th century.
		I was responsible for the collection and preservation of evidence found at a crime scene.
	www.leineshideaway.com /EvidenceTechnician.html (654 words)

	COURTTV.COM ONAIR
		Edmund Locard, successor to Lacassagne as professor of forensic medicine at the University of Lyons, France, established the first police crime laboratory.
		Edmond Locard first suggested 12 matching points as a positive fingerprint identification.
		Locard published L'enquete Criminelle et les Methodes Scientifique, in which appears a passage that may have given rise to the forensic precept that "Every contact leaves a trace."
	www.courttv.com /onair/shows/forensicfiles/timeline2.html (432 words)

	The History of Fingerprints (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Edmond Locard wrote that if 12 points (Galton's Details) were the same between two fingerprints, it would suffice as a positive identification.
		Locard's 12 points seems to have been based on an unscientific "improvement" over the eleven anthropometric measurements (arm length, height, etc.) used to "identify" criminals before the adoption of fingerprints.
		In 1924, an act of congress established the Identification Division of the F.B.I. The National Bureau and Leavenworth consolidated to form the nucleus of the F.B.I. fingerprint files.
	onin.com /fp/fphistory.html (1684 words)

	Home Page
		It is impossible for the criminal to act without leaving traces, some which are so minute they need the most advanced scientific technology to detect.
		The first person to formally state this principle was Dr. Edmond Locard.
		Like a tribesman who can track the spoor of animals, forensic scientists use all their intuition, and scientific skills to patiently observe the evidence of a crime.
	home.iprimus.com.au /ararapaj/craigslea_testbed/Forensic%2520Web%2520Test%2520Site/index.htm (312 words)

	Ear Identification
		The ear is, for each human being, so different that the precise description, with all its characteristic features would already be enough to ascertain the identification".
		Edmond Locard in his book "L'identification des recidivistes": "This organ, that is a part of the face which in present day is the least looked at, can be considered as one of the most important for police science because it contains the most characteristic feature parts.
		The ear has a double character, on the one side qua sizes and forms it is unchangeable from birth till death, and on the other appears to be so variated that it is allmost impossible to find two identical ears".
	www.crimeandclues.com /earprint.htm (4178 words)

	AJ 275 Unit 2 and Assignments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Edmond Locard brought forward his interest in identification of documents, handwriting, and the study of trace evidence.
		His philosophy was referred to as the "exchange principle", which holds that when any two objects come into contact there is always a transfer of material between them.
		Locard was the first person to be identified as a criminalists.
	leo.riohondo.edu /aj508/aj275u2.htm (432 words)

	Ray Murray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Arthur Conan Doyle and Hans Gross suggested the possibility of using soil and related material as physical evidence.
		Edmond Locard provided the intellectual basis for the use of the evidence.
		High visibility cases such as the work of the FBI in the Camarena case, the laboratory of the Garda Siochana in the Lord Montbatten case and G. Lombardi in the Aldo Moro case contributed to the general recognition that geological evidence could make an important contribution to justice.
	www.forensicgeology.net /resume.htm (1997 words)

	Lycos Search Results: web results for edmond 1 thru 10 of 1,956,000
		The City of Edmond provides utility services, public safety, recreation, and general...
		The mission of the Edmond Historical Society is to establish a museum as a means to preserve and interpret the history of the Edmond and surrounding
		The Edmond Economic Development Authority exists to offer resources that stimulate the growth of Edmond's economy by creating and maintaining an
	search.lycos.com /?lpv=1&loc=searchhp&query=edmond (314 words)

	Fingerprinting History
		Many of these agencies began sending copies of their fingerprint cards to the National Bureau of Criminal Identification, which was established by the International Association of Police Chiefs.
		It was in 1918 when Edmond Locard wrote that if 12 points (Galton's Details) were the same between two fingerprints, it would suffice as a positive identification.
		This is where the often quoted (12 points) originated.
	www.aladdinusa.com /documentationservices/fingerhistory.htm (1561 words)

	Ray Murray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Today it is increasingly used in a wide variety of both criminal and civil cases involving comparison of samples associated with the crime scene to those associated with suspects.
		Forensic science also owes a great debt to the French criminalist Edmond Locard, who worked for the French police in the years following 1910 and worked on many cases involving minerals.
		He provided us with the Transfer Principle - that if two people or things come in contact, an exchange of materials takes place.
	www.forensicgeology.net /science.htm (2133 words)

	Footwear, the Missed Evidence
		Around 1910, a criminologist by the name of Edmond Locard arrived at a theory that every time something comes into contact with another it either takes or leaves a portion of itself or another.
		This theory is called the Edmond Locard Theory, which simply states "Every contact leaves its trace." This theory is continually used today in crime scene investigations and the analysis of physical evidence.
		Since criminals must enter and exit crime scene areas it should therefore, be reasonably assumed that they may leave traces of their footwear.
	www.crimeandclues.com /footwear.htm (4451 words)

	Geoforensics - News & Resources
		But, it may be a simple case of just matching soil, rocks, minerals, or fossils with a particular location or landforms with a particular time (i.e., the exchange of materials, as described above by Locard) that provides assistance to investigators and evidence in civil and criminal proceedings.
		By acting as a third-party expert to provide independent technical analysis in disputes/mediation/arbitration/court actions, a forensic geologist has assisted in finding "common ground", win-win solutions, and/or alternative approaches when soil or water is a significant issue.
		In the more than 70 years since Locard first formulated his exchange principle, investigators and scientists have applied the principle and other geologic concepts in developing evidence to support many types of court cases.
	www.geoforensics.com /geoforensics/art-1101a.html (1480 words)

	[No title]
		Balthazard also used photographic enlargements of bullets and cartridge cases to determining weapon type and was among the first to attempt to individualize a bullet to a weapon.
		1918 Edmond Locard first suggested 12 matching points as a positive fingerprint identification.
		1920 Locard published L'enquete criminelle et les methodes scientifique, in which appears a passage that may have given rise to the forensic precept that "Every contact leaves a trace." Charles E. Waite was the first to catalog manufacturing data about weapons.
	www.chuckiii.com /Reports/Science/Forensics.shtml (4181 words)

	AskMen.com - CSI
		The first recorded use of science to solve a criminal case came in the mid-13th century.
		However, many credit Frenchman Edmond Locard as being the father of modern forensics.
		In the early years of the 20th century, Locard published his Principle of Exchange, which postulated that there is always an unintentional exchange of material between criminal and victim, and that this material can be used to determine the criminal's identity.
	www.askmen.com /toys/special_feature_60/97_special_feature.html (530 words)

	Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There is a principle in homicide investigation that refers to a theoretical exchange between two objects that have been in contact with one another.
		This theory of transfer or exchange is based on Locard's "Exchange Principle." Edmond Locard, a Frenchman, who founded the University of Lyons' Institute of Criminalistics, believed that whenever two human beings came into contact, something from one was exchanged to the other, and vice-versa.
		This exchange might involve, hairs, fibers, dirt, dust, blood and other bodily fluids, as well as skin cells, metallic residue and other microscopic materials.
	www.practicalhomicide.com /articles/PhyEv.htm (2308 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Those may be: pathology, toxicology, odontology, or criminalistics to name a few.
		The first forensics lab is credited to Dr. Edmond Locard.
		Inspired by the works of Holmes, Locard armed with only a microscope and spectroscope opened his crime lab in France in 1910.
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /mvigeant/univ_270_03/Derek/History.htm (269 words)

	CHIN - Interactive Investigator - 1868-1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Order in Council of Canada sanctions use of fingerprints as a means of identification under the Identification of Criminals Act (1898).
		Creation of the world's second forensic science laboratory in Lyon, France, headed by Edmond Locard.
		First set of fingerprints identified by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Fingerprint Bureau headed by Edward Foster (1863-1956), the "Father of Canadian Fingerprinting".
	www.virtualmuseum.ca /Exhibitions/Myst/en/timeline (519 words)

	Florida International University Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Around the turn of this century, the founder of modern forensic science, Alexandre Lacassagne, articulated his theories on the science of ballistics.
		In 1910, the first forensic laboratory was established in France, and by the '40s and '50s, Edmond Locard was espousing the previously mentioned maxim on the exchange principle on objects and trace evidence.
		The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department opened the first crime laboratory in the United States in 1930, the FBI founded its first lab in 1932, and in 1937 Paul Kirk organized the first academic criminalistics program in the country at the University of California.
	news.fiu.edu /fiumag/spring_98/wanted.html (2445 words)

	Michele Triplett's Fingerprint Dictionary
		1.0 http://www.swgfast.org/Glossary_Consolidated_ver_1.pdf Poroscopy was established by Dr. Edmond Locard of Lyon, France in 1912.
		The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
		Proliferate To grow or multiply by rapidly producing new tissue, parts, cells, or offspring.
	www.nwlean.net /fprints/p.htm (2804 words)

	What is Locard's principle?
		Jul 15 04 1:26 AM Senior Moments writes:
		One of the laws of forensic science, Locard's Principle states that "every contact leaves a trace".
		Edmond Locard's Principle of Exchange states that when any two objects come into contact, there is always transference of material from each object onto the other.
	www.funtrivia.com /ask.cfm?action=details&qnid=49444 (83 words)

	EAST - WEST
		Dr. Edmond Locard, formerly director of the police laboratory at Lyons and now one of the best-known medico-legal experts in Paris, has interested himself in the strange case of Joany Gaillard, who is reported to possess powers which natural science in its present state fails to explain.
		Among the objects which he produced for the doctor’s inspection were a mutton chop, hard as wood, and showing no signs of decomposition, and mummified bodies of a pigeon, a perch and an eel.
		From the commissary of Police Dr. Locard obtained a cocaine addict, who was submitted to Gaillard’s treatment and immediately lost all desire for the drug.
	www.mysticalportal.net /3-6.html (15028 words)

	Dr. Anil Aggrawal's Forensic Files: The Importance of Lip Prints (WMM, Fall 2004)
		A little bit about the history of lip prints now.
		The use of lip prints were first recommended as early as in 1932 by Edmond Locard (1877-1966), one of France's greatest criminologists.
		LeMoyne Snyder in his book Homicide Investigation written as early as 1950 mentions the possible use of lip prints in the identification of individuals.
	lifeloom.com /II2Aggrawal.htm (2060 words)

	effectiveness
		“ Every contact leaves a trace.” – Edmond Locard
		Criminal profiling is a revolutionary approach in the sphere of criminal investigation, combining elements of forensic psychology and criminology in its quest to identify the offending individual.
		The usefulness of criminal profiling in years to come is a mystery awaiting to be solved.
	www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk /studentwebs/session2/group58/effectiv.htm (1950 words)

	Daubert and Kumho Tire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Always an advocate of education and scientific training, Bertillon instructed a number of individuals who would advance the frontiers of forensic science.
		Edmond Locard, a student of Bertillon, formed the basis for what is widely regarded as one the cornerstones of the forensic sciences,
		Locard's contribution to forensic science was not limited to the "exchange principle," for his instrumental writings brought forth "inspired guidelines for the evaluation of forensic evidence…guide lines [which] remain pertinent to scientists or lawyers even today, eighty years later."[59]
	www.law-forensic.com /wake_up.htm (7073 words)

	TEACHING FORENSIC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Drug extraction methods by liquid phase and solid phase techniques were also described.
		The basis for trace analysis in forensic science is the statement made in 1910 by the French criminologist, Dr. Edmond Locard: "Every contact leaves a trace." Since physical contact is involved in almost every crime, the analysis of trace evidence plays a crucial role in crime scene investigation.
		The trace applications in forensic chemistry included the analysis of gun shot and primer residue, paint, hair, and fibers.
	www.inform.umd.edu /EdRes/Topic/Chemistry/ChemConference/ChemConf98/forensic/ChemConf.htm (2375 words)

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