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Topic: Edmund Ruffin

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	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Edmund Ruffin is renown on two counts: He was one of the most famous American agriculturalists of his time, which was the mid-nineteenth century.
		Edmund Ruffin believed farming was a science, and that the time-honored traditions in planting and cultivation, set down by earliest settlers, should be discarded in favor of new ideas and experimentation.
		Ruffin was a vocal advocate of slavery and secession, and throughout his travels through the south analyzing farmers' soil, became acquainted with many prominent leaders of the secession movement.
	www.hanoverhistory.org /ruffin.html (1913 words)

	Harvard University Press/An Essay on Calcareous Manures
		Edmund Ruffin, born in 1794, was a planter in Prince George County, Virginia, from 1813 until 1843, when he moved to Hanover County, where he remained until 1861.
		Ruffin found that uncultivated land in his part of Virginia lacked calcium carbonate, and that most of this same poor soil contained vegetable acid, the cause of its sterility.
		When Ruffin first had his slaves dig up marl from one of the beds of fossilized shells that underlie much of coastal Virginia, and directed them to apply it to a test patch of his land, which was then planted with corn, he increased his yield by 40 per cent.
	www.hup.harvard.edu /catalog/RUFESS.html (403 words)

	Virginia and North Carolina Genealogical Exchange - pafg448 - Generatedby Personal Ancestral File (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mary Ruffin was born 18 Jun 1739 in,, Surry, Virginia and was christened 19 Sep 1739 in,, Surry, Virginia.
		Elizabeth Ruffin was born 22 Sep 1742 in,, Surry, Virginia and was christened 12 Nov 1742 in,, Surry, Virginia.
		Edmund Ruffin Jr was born 2 Jan 1744/1745 in,, Surry, Virginia and was christened 20 Feb 1744/1745 in,, Surry, Virginia.
	members.aol.com /vafdking1/pafg448.htm (604 words)

	edmund.HTM
		Ruffin believed that the economic welfare of the South was being threatened by increasing opposition to slavery in the Northern states and in new states in the West.
		Ruffin was fascinated when he beheld 1500 spears which Brown had planned to distribute among slaves for the purpose of impaling their masters.
		Ruffin admired the dignity with which Brown ascended the stairs to the gallows and, without the slightest sign of fear, allowed the rope to be put about his neck.
	www.oldnewspublishing.com /edmund.htm (2859 words)

	Edmund Ruffin
		Ruffin, Edmund (1794-1865), agricultural reformer, proslavery ideologue, and Southern nationalist.
		With his destiny now bound inextricably to that of his adopted state, it was altogether fitting that the venerable Ruffin was accorded the honor of firing the first artillery shot against Fort Sumter-a distinction, that, though still controversial, was recognized generally by his contemporaries on both sides.
		Despite the deteriorating military situation, the increasingly embittered Ruffin remained steadfast in his commitment to the cause of Southern independence until that dream was shattered at nearby Appomattox.
	charlestonvoice.netfirms.com /RUFFIN.htm (1050 words)

	[No title]
		Ruffin himself served briefly in the army at Camp Lookout between May 1861 and August 1862, when he was released for poor health.
		1823-1873) was the son of agricultural reformer Edmund Ruffin (1794-1865) of Prince George and Hanover counties, Va., and Susan Travis Ruffin (fl.
		Ruffin on occasion remarked on the health of slaves, mentioned births and deaths, and described their wholesale abandonment of his plantations once Union soldiers arrived.
	www.lib.unc.edu /mss/inv/r/Ruffin,Edmund(Journal) (1472 words)

	Edmund Ruffin by an unidentified photographer
		Edmund Ruffin of Virginia was sixty-five at the time of John Brown’s raid at Harpers Ferry.
		In a borrowed overcoat of the Virginia Military Institute, he stood shoulder to shoulder with the institute’s cadets, who were more than a little amused to have an old man with shaggy hair temporarily join their ranks.
		Ruffin welcomed the start of sectional hostilities in April 1861.
	www.civilwar.si.edu /slavery_ruffin.html (210 words)

	Allmendinger
		Through analysis of Ruffin’s family and intellectual development, Allmendinger concludes that Ruffin’s lack of familial upbringing enabled him to develop new ideas of family and success, which emphasized diligence and ingenuity and in turn shaped his understanding of agricultural reform, the place of slavery in the South, and the need for secession.
		Ruffin then went on to advertise this new system of farming through his writing and speaking and claimed the ability of the South to maintain perpetual fertility in the soils of the Southeast, which had slowly been dying and forcing many to move further west.
		Allmendinger explores Ruffin's career as an agriculturist, writer and father, and while he may be more well known to the general public for his part in the secession movement, his innovations in agriculture are explored fully.
	personal.tcu.edu /~SWOODWORTH/Allmendinger.htm (1933 words)

	BIO \| Edmund M. Ruffin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ruffin is Vice President for Business Development and Emerging Companies at the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) in Washington, D.C., which represents more than 1000 biotechnology companies, academic institutions, state biotechnology centers and related organizations in all 50 U.S. states and 33 other nations.
		Ruffin worked for five years as senior legislative assistant to Senator Arlen Specter (R-PA) where he was responsible for the senator's work on environmental, defense and foreign policy issues.
		Ruffin received his BA from the University of Virginia and MA in International Relations/Economics from the Johns Hopkins School for Advanced International Studies.
	www.bio.org /aboutbio/vp/mruffin.asp (203 words)

	[No title]
		Edmund Ruffin witnessed the continual depletion of soils and the lands of Virginia in the early nineteenth century.
		Ruffin once commented to the citizens of Prince George's County that, "the grade of society has been and still continues to be on decline." Virginia and its people had worn out their once valuable land.
		Ruffin believed that the "agricultural gospel" was proclaimed throughout the land, through newspaper and the newspapers of others, and he believed that it reached those who could not read through agricultural societies.
	srnels.people.wm.edu /~srnels/antrichf95/speck.html (2681 words)

	Edmund Ruffin
		Edmund Ruffin, whose long white hair made him immediately recognizable to contemporaries, was born in 1794 and educated in Virginia, including a brief period at the College of William and Mary.
		Ruffin's desire to push the secessionist movement towards a confrontation with the North brought him to Charleston during the Sumter crisis.
		On June 18, 1865 Edmund Ruffin, one of the leading antebellum proponents of Southern secession, chose to commit suicide rather than submit to the subjugation of Yankee rule.
	www.knowsouthernhistory.net /Biographies/Edmund_Ruffin (571 words)

	Environmental History: Nature's Management: Writings on Landscape and Reform, 1822-1859 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		To be sure, Ruffin scholars include distinguished historians such as Avery Craven and Drew Gilpin Faust, but firing the first cannon at Fort Sumter and committing suicide after the fall of the Confederacy has pigeonholed Ruffin; lie is the fiery Southern nationalist whose every thought, word, and deed proclaimed a defunct regionalism.
		Edmund Ruffin lived and died as a tidewater Virginia planter, yet he attacked his class's husbandry of the state's natural resources.
		Ruffin saw the source of this crisis in eastern Virginia's dilapidated soils-eroded, exhausted, and leached out by decades of cropping, Ruffin set out to save "Old Virginia" by mastering the state's agricultural resources.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3854/is_200101/ai_n8941931 (766 words)

	The Genealogy Website of Adams/Simpson - pafg31 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Robert Ruffin [Parents] was born in 1681 in,Surry,Virginia,USA.
		Robert Ruffin [Parents] was born in 1646 in,Isle of Wight,Virginia,USA.
		William Ruffin [Parents] was born in 1617 in,,, Scotland.
	users.kricket.net /RajinCajun/pafg31.htm (290 words)

	Edmund Ruffin, The Diary of Edmund Ruffin, Volume I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Edmund Ruffin was one of the most significant figures in the Old South.
		Ruffin attended several secession conventions, and as a member of the Palmetto Guard he was accorded the honor of firing the first shot on Fort Sumter.
		The Diary of Edmund Ruffin is of supreme importance as a chronicle of political attitudes, moods, and motives in the South during the most critical period in its history.
	www.lsu.edu /lsupress/Books/1972/Ruffin_Diary_Vol1.html (350 words)

	Ruffin Family
		Edmund Ruffin's son and namesake was later to marry one of Thomas Ruffin's daughters--Jane.
		Ruffin had heard that Col Alfred M. Scales had had to rebuke him for exposing himself too much on the field and that his men had threathened "to unhorse and tie" him if he were not more prudent.
		Ruffin was admitted to the bar and moved to Hillsborough, N.C., in 1809.
	www.geocities.com /Heartland/Meadows/6276/thom7.htm (1483 words)

	H-Net Review: Gregory J. Dehler on Nature's Management: Writings on Landscape and Reform, 1822-1859 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ruffin was known by his contemporaries primarily as an agricultural reformer intent on insuring the permanence of slavery through the introduction of better farming techniques.
		Ruffin believed that the Virginia tidewater country he called home was faced with a Malthusian catastrophe caused by growing family sizes, increasing life spans, and declining soil fertility.
		Ruffin also advocated state laws that provided advantages to the slave-holding class at the expense of the small and inefficient yeoman farmer and herdsman.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=143181069093195 (1085 words)

	Edmund Ruffin and the Crisis of Slavery in the Old South
		Edmund Ruffin, best known for supposedly firing the first shot against Fort Sumter, is the subject of this well written tome.
		Ruffin's reforms, it seems, are generally held to have been capable of much more than they actually achieved.
		Ruffin's answer was to excavate large amounts of marl, distribute it and organic material evenly across fields, then plow it all under.
	personal.tcu.edu /~SWOODWORTH/Mathew.htm (902 words)

	Bibliography - The 2nd SC Infantry Regiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Edmund was a Virginian planter whose early life was dedicated to agricultural reform, but is better known for his activities after his retirement when he became an ardent Southern nationalist and advocate of slavery.
		Ruffin hoped for a Republican victory in 1860 because he believed it would precipitate sectional conflict.
		Ruffin traveled widely and described events that ranged from John Brown's exectuion, the Fort Sumter Crisis, and the first Bull Run Campaign and battle, in which he served with the 2nd South Carolina Infantry (2nd Palmetto Regiment).
	www.researchonline.net /sccw/biblio/bibl102.htm (309 words)

	Edmund
		Edmund is the modern form of the Old English name Eadmund.
		Because King Henry II of England admired the early Edmund, he passed the name to his second son Edmund “Crouchback” Plantagenet the Earl of Leicester, in 1245.
		Edmund remained popular in the royal and noble families of England (as well as among the lower classes) until the 15th century.
	www.geocities.com /edgarbook/names/e/edmund.html (138 words)

	Governing: View
		Ruffin is widely believed to have fired the first cannonball at Fort Sumter.
		Ruffin was a fire-eater,”; the antithesis of compromisers.
		Edmund Ruffin’s South is, as Faulkner described it, “dead since 1865 and peopled with garrulous outraged baffled ghosts.” But the day of the fire-eaters is over.
	www.governing.com /view/vu070900.htm (500 words)

	Sherwood Forest and Evelynton
		Evelynton was purchased in 1847 by Edmund Ruffin, Jr., son of the Confederate who fired the first shot of the Civil War at Fort Sumter in April 1861.
		Ruffin fired a fatal shot and joined his dead comrades.
		The furnishings have been collected by the Ruffin family and include period American and English pieces plus European additions from the early 20th century.
	www.virginiahospitalitysuite.com /jrsherwood_forest_and_evelynton.htm (894 words)

	JEANNIE B. RUFFIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ruffin was born July 17, 1900, on Boush Street in Norfolk, the daughter of William Throckmorton Brooke, Norfolk City Engineer from 1882 to 1915, who played a leading role in designing the streets, bridges and parks of old Norfolk, and Mary Urguhart Goode, who was instrumental in founding Norfolk's kindergartens.
		Ruffin grew up in Norfolk and attended Maury High School, then Wheelock College in Boston where she was president of the student body during her senior year.
		Ruffin is survived by her three children, Jean R. Lilly of Silverthorne, Colo., Cordelia R. Richards, of Annapolis, Md., and Edmund S. Ruffin, III, of Pittsburgh, Pa.; three grandchildren; and one great-grandchild.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1997/vp971105/11050374.htm (343 words)

	THE RISE AND FALL OF 2 BEACH ENTREPRENEURS THEIR ONCE-FASHIONABLE AND HIGHLY PROFITABLE NIGHT SPOTS NOW CLOSED, NABIL ...
		Ruffin, a teenage runaway, was orphaned at 15.
		Each week, Ruffin opened the safe and removed his portion of the skimmed cash, as well as the documents showing true sales receipts, which were then shredded, court records said.
		Ruffin told his family to be ready for an indictment early in 1995.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1995/vp950605/06050025.htm (2074 words)

	Outdoor Laboratory for "Father of Soil Chemistry" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 1843 my great-great-great grandfather, Edmund Ruffin, acquired Marlbourne, part of which is within the boundaries of present-day Newcastle Farm.
		At Marlbourne, Ruffin carried on many of his famous experiments, which were the first in North America to articulate practices of crop rotation and fertilizer use in order to prevent depleted soil from becoming too acidic to support healthy plant growth.
		The silt of the Pamunkey River, which had precluded growth of the town, provided Ruffin with a rich agricultural resource to be spread upon his fields.
	www.saveourriver.org /sys-tmpl/historicresourcesatriskpage3 (422 words)

	Edmund Ruffin, The Diary of Edmund Ruffin, Volume II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In this second of a projected three-volume edition of The Diary of Edmund Ruffin, the fiery southern nationalist records the events of the first two years of the Civil War—from the aftermath of Fort Sumter (where Ruffin fired the first shot) to the simultaneous disasters at Gettysburg and Vicksburg that spelled doom for the Confederacy.
		The day-to-day descriptions of the Civil War in Virginia are laced with illumination comments about civil and military leaders on both sides, the prospect of foreign intervention, the increasing strain upon the southern economy, the effect of the Emancipation Proclamation, and the possibility of detaching the northwestern states from the East.
		Written by a man totally committed to the southern cause, The Diary of Edmund Ruffin is a literate, dependable source of information about the Civil War and its effects, as well as the political and social conditions in the South during the most critical period in its history.
	www.lsu.edu /lsupress/Books/1976/Ruffin_Diary_Vol2.html (328 words)

	The Family History of William Ruffin (1617-1674)
		Edmund represented Prince George County in the Virginia House of Delegates (1776-8, 1782-88) and the Convention of 1788,
		Edmund’s great-granddaughter Susan Ruffin (5 May 1889) was the wife of prominent Virginia historian Dr. Lyon Gardiner Tyler (Aug. 1853 - 12 Feb. 1935).
		Among the sons of Ethelred and Mary Ruffin was Henry John Grey Ruffin (9 May 1782 - 8 Mar. 1854) who served in the North Carolina house (1812) and the senate (1828).
	www.virginians.com /topics/ru.htm (1948 words)

	Historic Letters and Paper Ephemera at Chesham Depot Antiques
		Ruffin was referred to as the “Father of Soil Chemistry” in America.
		This letter, in the paper lot, was one of Ruffin’s correspondences with Skinner on these topics and was evidence of early efforts to distribute and publicize his work.
		This was because Edmund Ruffin, later in life, found an entirely new passion: it was called “secession”.
	www.cheshamdepotantiques.com /letters.htm (964 words)

	Camp 3000 Sons of Confederate Veterans / Edmund Ruffin
		He conducted many agricultural experiments which led to his discovery of the value of marl (a shell-like deposit containing calcium carbonate which neutralized soil acidity) as a fertilizer of poor soil; the use of which millions of dollars were added to the value of the real estate of eastern Virginia.
		Among other agricultural papers, Ruffin edited the "Farmer's Register" from 1833 till 1842, published "Essay on Calcareous Manures" (Richmond, 1831) ; "Essay on Agricultural Education" (1833); "Anticipations of the Future to serve as Lessons for the Present Time" (1860).
		As a badge of his membership in this martial troop Ruffin wore a cockade on his hat.
	home.comcast.net /~freddie.clark/FE/Ruffin.htm (3318 words)

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