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	Edward Hebern - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hebern started a company to market the Hebern rotor machine; one of his employees was Agnes Meyer, who left the Navy in Washington DC to work for Hebern in California.
		Hebern's implementation of his idea was less secure than he believed, for William F. Friedman found at least one method of attack when it was offered to the US Government.
		Hebern was born in Streator, Illinois on April 23, 1869.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Edward_Hebern (275 words)

	Hebern rotor machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hebern Rotor Machine was an electro-mechanical encryption machine built by combining the mechanical parts of a standard typewriter with the electrical parts of an electric typewriter, connecting the two through a scrambler.
		Hebern was so convinced of the future success of the system that he formed the Hebern Electric Code company with money from several investors.
		However the rotor in the Hebern machine was geared to the keyboard on the typewriter, so that after every keypress, the rotor turned and the substitution alphabet thus changed slightly.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hebern_Rotor_Machine (896 words)

	Hebern rotor machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is the first example (though just barely) of a class of machines known as rotor machines that would became the primary form of encryption during World War II and for some time after, and which included such famous examples as the German Enigma.
		Edward Hugh Hebern was a building contractor who was jailed in 1908 for stealing a horse.
		It was probably because of William F. Friedman's confidential analysis of the Hebern machine's weaknesses (substantial, though repairable) that its sales to the US government were so limited; Hebern was never told of them.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hebern_rotor_machine (896 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Edward (Plantagenet), Earl of Warwick, (February 25, 1475-November 28, 1499) was the son of George, Duke of Clarence, and a potential claimant to the throne during the reigns of both King Richard III of England (1483 - 1485) and his successor, Henry VII of England (1485 - 1509).
		Edward A. Kawananakoa, formally Edward Abnel Keliiahonui Kawananakoa (October 2, 1924-1997) was a leader of the native Hawaiian community and by virtue of his birth as a direct descendant of King David Kalakaua and Queen Julia Kapi'olani was heir to the throne of the Kingdom of Hawai'i.
		Edward Goodrich Acheson (1856 - 1931) was a U.S. chemist.
	www.hostingciamca.com /browse.php?title=E/ED/EDW (11280 words)

	Hebern Rotor Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is the first example of a class of machines known as the rotor machines that would became the primary form of encryption during World War II and for some time after, and included such famous examples as the German Enigma.
		Prior to the introduction of the Hebern machine, encryption almost always consisted of matching the plaintext to be encyphered against a set of substitution alphabets[?], randomized series of letters.
		Edward Hugh Hebern (April 23, 1869- 1952) was a building contractor who was jailed in 1908 for stealing a horse.
	www.termsdefined.net /he/hebern-rotor-machine.html (1081 words)

	Smart Computing Encyclopedia Entry - Edward Hugh Hebern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Edward Hugh Hebern, born in Streator, Ill., was the first American to make a significant contribution to code machines before World War II.
		When Hebern was released from prison and back at his home in Oakland, Calif., he started building the machine in his shop.
		Hebern built a stream of improved rotor machines from 1921 until World War II, which he also peddled to the Navy.
	smartcomputing.com /editorial/dictionary/detail.asp?guid=&searchtype=&DicID=17107&RefType=Encyclopedia (310 words)

	Hebern rotor machine - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Prior to the introduction of the Hebern machine, encryption typically consisted of matching the plaintext to be encyphered against a set of substitution alphabets (ie, scrambled versions of the standard alphabet, ideally randomly scrambled).
		Early cyphers used a single such substitution, but by about 1000 these were routinely being "broken" by looking for letters frequently used in the plaintext language, a process known as frequency analysis.
		Although Hebern's machine was the first rotor machine, there were three other patents for rotor machines issued in 1919, and several other rotor machines were designed independently at about the same time.
	www.free-definition.com /Hebern-rotor-machine.html (1036 words)

	Hebern Electric Code Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the two decades prior to World War II, Edward Hebern (1869-1952) was the first American inventor to make a very significant contribution to cipher machine development.
		Hebern continued to design and build electro-mechanical rotor machines until the eve of World War II.
		Hebern filed the patent for this complete system on March 21, 1921 and it was granted on September 30, 1924.
	www.jproc.ca /crypto/hebern_1.html (152 words)

	William F. Friedman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		During the 1920s a series of new cyphers processed by machines gained popularity, based largely on typewriter mechanicals attached to basic electrical circuitry - batteries, switches and lights.
		The first of such machines had been the Hebern Rotor Machine, designed in the US in 1915 by Edward Hebern.
		This system offered such security and simplicity of use that Hebern heavily promoted his company to investors, feeling that all companies would soon be using them and his company would clearly be successful.
	1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/w/wi/william_f__friedman.html (1752 words)

	The ECM Mark II, also known as SIGABA, M-134-C, and CSP-889 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The ECM Mark I was a machine developed by Edward Hebern, and the ECM Mark III was a machine that, like the Mark II, had irregular rotor movement, but which achieved it by a simpler system.
		Edward Hebern was involved with the development of both the ECM Mark I and the ECM Mark III, while the ECM Mark II, our present subject, was developed entirely within the U.S. Government.
		For a period during this development, Army-Navy collaboration was disrupted by other factors, but when channels were reopened, the Army group recognized that the ECM Mark II was a superior embodiment of their ideas, and were happy to accept it as a cipher machine for use by both services.
	www.hypermaths.org /quadibloc/crypto/ro0205.htm (1796 words)

	William F. Friedman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An early machine had been the Hebern Rotor Machine, designed in the US in 1915 by Edward Hebern.
		This system offered such security and simplicity of use that Hebern heavily promoted it to investors, feeling that all companies would soon be using them.
		Friedman realized that the new rotor machines would be important, and devoted some time to analysing Hebern's design.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/William_F._Friedman (1566 words)

	Edward Hugh Hebern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hebern started a company to market his invention ; one of his employees was Agnes Meyer, who left the Navy in Washington DC to work for Hebernin California.
		Scherbius designed the Enigma, Koch sold his patent to Scherbius a few years later, and Damm's company — taken overby Boris Hagelin after his death — moved to Switzerland and isstill in existence, as Crypto AG.
		Hebern's implementation of his idea was less secure than he believed, for William F. Friedman found at least one method of attack when it was offered to the US Government.Hebern's company did not prosper, his promotional efforts for it were questioned, and he was tried and convicted for fraud.
	www.therfcc.org /edward-hugh-hebern-277104.html (211 words)

	Cryptologia: ECM Mark II: Design, history, and crytology, The
		Like a Hebern rotor machine, 26 wires corresponding to the letters of plaintext messages led to a bank of five rotors which connected them in a changing manner to 26 wires corresponding to the letters of ciphertext.
		But these five rotors (called the cipher rotors) were not advanced by gears from the encipherment (or decipherment) of one letter to the next.
		Edward S. Hebern, pioneer American rotor machine inventor, also devised the "interval method" of rotor wiring, where a rotor is wired so that the displacements created by the connections from input contacts to their corresponding output contacts on the opposite face of the rotor are varied as much as possible.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3926/is_199907/ai_n8854747 (1336 words)

	Articles - Rotor machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the United States Edward Hugh Hebern built a rotor machine using a single rotor in 1917.
		In Hebern's machines the rotors could be opened up and the wiring changed in a few minutes, so a single mass-produced system could be sold to a number of users who would then produce their own rotor keying.
		Unknown to Hebern, William F. Friedman of the US Army's SIS promptly demonstrated a flaw in the system that allowed the ciphers from it, and from any machine with similar design features, to be cracked with enough work.
	www.postalesa.com /articles/Rotor_machine (2207 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax
		Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby
		Edward George Villiers Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby
	www.uncover.us /en/wikipedia/e/ed (32 words)

	Cryptology
		From 1921 and continuing through the next decade, Hebern constructed a series of steadily improving rotor machines that were evaluated by the U.S. Navy.
		With this in mind, it purchased the rotor machines of Hebern and the commercial Enigmas, as well as several other contemporary machines, for study.
		However, drawing on experience gained from cryptanalysing the ciphers produced by the Hebern rotor machines the U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Service team of cryptanalysts succeeded in cryptanalysing the RED ciphers.
	www.ridex.co.uk /cryptology (10089 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hebern Rotor Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A single rotor Hebern rotor machine on display at the National Cryptologic Museum.
		Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air.
		In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hebern-Rotor-Machine (2233 words)

	Deutsches Museum Bonn: Meisterwerke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is thought that between 100 000 and 200 000 Enigmas were produced, but most of them were destroyed during or immediately after the war.
		The principle of the Enigma was based on inventions by the Ameri- can Edward Hugh Hebern (1869 - 1952), the German engineer Arthur Scherbius (1878 - 1929), and the Dutchman Hugo Alexander Koch (1870 - 1928).
		They did the work on which their patents were based as early as 1917, 1918, and 1919 respectively.
	www.deutsches-museum-bonn.de /ausstellungen/meisterwerke/2_3enigma/enigma_e.html (457 words)

	The Interval Method (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		To ensure that moving a rotor through its possible positions will produce 26 alphabets that are as different as possible, a method called the interval method can be used in wiring rotors.
		Edward Hebern originated this method himself; this perhaps is less surprising than it seems (one would, perhaps, have expected the master cryptologist W. Friedman to come up with it, for example) when one considers that his first rotor machine, made for use by users in the commercial world, only had one rotor in it.
		A perfect solution is possible only on a board of odd order; seven queens on a 7x7 board, nine queens on a 9x9 board, but for this modified problem, there is no solution for eight pieces.
	www.cs.sunyit.edu /~gloor/reading_room/crypto/FoodForThought/compendium/ro020302.htm (592 words)

	Cryptologia: Naval Security Group Command Display
		This machine was patented by Edward H. Hebern in the early 1920's.
		In 1936 these 35 Hebern machines were replaced by another cryptographic system.
		The Hebern machines were refurbished and sent to shore stations where some remained in use until 1942.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3926/is_200310/ai_n9311698 (1468 words)

	Military Technology
		The concept on which it was based was introduced in 1915 by the American Edward Hebern (Harper, 1999).
		Hebern devised a machinegenerated code by adapting a newly produced electric typewriter.
		Hebern realised this and devised another machine with rotors, which switched the connections of the electronic typewriter each time a key was pressed (Harper, 1999).
	www.sfu.ca /~jtoal/military_time/timeline.xml (3706 words)

	Edward Hebern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
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		Edward Hugh Hebern (April 23, 1869 - 1952) was the inventor of the modern rotor cypher machine.
		Hebern started a company to market his invention; one of his employees was Agnes Meyer, who left the Navy in Washington DC to work for Hebern in California.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/edward_hebern (282 words)

	William F. Friedman Online Research :: Information about William F. Friedman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		After several months trying to discover underlying patterns in PURPLE ciphertexts, an SIS team led by Frank Rowlett, in an extraordinary achievement, figured it out.
		PURPLE, unlike the German Enigma (machine) or the Hebern Rotor Machine design, did not use Rotor machine but Switch like those in automated Telephone exchange.
		Leo Rosen of SIS built a machine - astonishingly, using the identical model switch that the Japanese designer had.
	www.carolinamaps.net /search/William_F_Friedman.html (1507 words)

	Die Enigma Schlüsselmaschine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Enigma is an electro-mechanical rotor cypher machine which was used during the World War II also on German submarines.
		It is assumed that the functional principle the rotor cypher machine goes back to the American building contractor Edward Hugh Hebern (1869 - 1952) which introduced in 1917 for the first time a rotating device to the polyalphabetical substitution with independent alphabets.
		Actually, however, Arvid Damm in Sweden (patent application on October 10, 1919), Hugo Alexander Koch in the Netherlands (patent application on October 7, 1919) and Edward Hebern (patent application in 1917) in the USA independently of each other developed the rotor principle.
	www.ubootkameradschaft-kiel.org /archive/enigma.htm (890 words)

	Welcome to enigmatec GmbH, Berlin
		If the initial condition is known, all subsequent conditions are known as well; thus an encoded message can be decoded again.
		The invention of Enigma's internal principal goes back to the American building contractor Edward Hugh Hebern (1869 - 1952), who invented in 1917 a rotary device for a polyalphabetic substitution method using independent alphabets.
		Strangely enough, the American military did not show interest in its machine.
	www.enigmatec.de /english/home_enigma.shtml (1039 words)

	Invention & Technology
		From oxcarts and candles to jet planes and atomic power—you’ll find it all in the small town of Minden, Nebraska.
		Edward Hebern’s machines created impenetrable ciphers of huge valueto America’s military, yet they never earned him enough to live on.
		Few rich men have been as universally admired as Peter Cooper, whose engineering talent and business acumen were matched by his generosity.
	inventionandtechnology.com /xml/1994/1/it_1994_1_toc.xml (184 words)

	CME's Cryptography Timeline
		The company is still in operation, although facing controversy for having allegedly weakened a cipher product for sale to Iran.
		Edward Hugh Hebern incorporated ``Hebern Electric Code'', a company making electro-mechanical cipher machines based on rotors which turn, odometer style, with each character enciphered.
		It improved on the rotor inventions of Hebern and Scherbius by using pseudo-random stepping of multiple rotors on each enciphering step rather than have uniform, odometer-like stepping of rotors as in Enigma.
	world.std.com /~cme/html/timeline.html (3709 words)

	Hebern Electric Super Code Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		From the interpretive text: "Edward Hebern, a Californian, deisgned this cipher machine for the commercial market.
		In one of the most important developments in cipher technology, the rotors are wired so that electrical impulses are transferred from one element of a rotor to another.
		The sender reads out the enciphered message from the light board above the keyboard.
	www.lahosken.san-francisco.ca.us /departures/wash_dc/1/20_hebern_electric.html (74 words)

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