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	Edward Sapir, January 26, 1884—February 4, 1939 \| By Regna Darnell and Judith T. Irvine \| Biographical Memoirs
		Sapir's first professional appointment, in 1907, was as a research assistant at the University of California, Berkeley, where fellow Boas student Alfred Kroeber had a mandate to map the enormous cultural and linguistic diversity of the state.
		Sapir's conception of grammatical process and his interest in the study of meaning as integral to the theory of grammar contrast sharply with the work of the Bloomfieldians.
		Sapir's discussions of the role of meaning in grammatical form and the relationships of these to the use of language in formulating and conveying ideas have been taken as his contribution to what is often called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
	stills.nap.edu /readingroom/books/biomems/esapir.html (3928 words)

	Sapir, Edward Criticism and Essays
		Sapir is remembered for his anthropological investigations into linguistics, particularly the languages of Native Americans, as well as his strong interest in aesthetics and general cultural creativity.
		Sapir was born in Lauenburg, Pomerania—now Poland—in 1884.
		During his lifetime Sapir was highly regarded for his work on language—his groundbreaking studies of Native American languages broke the myriad of languages down into six categories—and for his insistence that discussion of a wider culture was necessarily connected to discussion of the individual within that culture.
	www.enotes.com /twentieth-century-criticism/sapir-edward (695 words)

	Edward Sapir
		Sapir spent 1907-1908 as a research associate at the University of California at Berkeley, before receiving his Ph.D. from Columbia in 1909.
		Sapir led the reaction against Alfred Kroeber's theory of the superorganic nature of culture, arguing against the cultural determinism implicit in Kroeber's theory, and favoring instead the active participation of individuals in the cultural process.
		Sapir's most famous student was Bemjamin Lee Whorf; together they developed the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis stating that language and culture were inextricably linked, the subconscious patterns of grammer influence the "world-view" of a speaker of a particular language.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/anthropology/about/main/one/sapir.html (326 words)

	Edward Sapir
		Edward Sapir was born in Lauenburg, Germany in 1884 to an orthodox Jewish family.
		Sapir stressed that language shapes our perceptions, and he thought that understanding cultural behavior was impossible unless its development through language was thoroughly traced.
		Edward Sapir inspired literally thousands of students over his too-short career; so profound was his effect on them that many of his now well-renowned former students put together a collection of their own essays based on his studies, entitled Culture, Language, and Personality, and dedicated it to him.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/sapir_edward.html (486 words)

	Sapir, Edward (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Sapir, Edward, anthropologist, linguist, essayist (b at Lauenburg, Ger 26 Jan 1884; d at New Haven, Conn 4 Feb 1939).
		While Sapir was training at Columbia under Franz BOAS, anthropology and linguistics were in their early stages of professional maturity.
		Sapir brought to this formative period a scope of interest, expertise and depth of intuition that are unequalled.
	thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0007146 (285 words)

	Sapir (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Sapir also surmises that the ‘analysis’ of forms is ‘unconscious, or rather unknown, to the normal speaker’, implying that ‘students of language cannot be entirely normal in their attitude toward their own speech’ (SL 161, n) (cf.
		Sapir ventures to assert that ‘in all languages’, ‘the sentence is the outgrowth of historical and unreasoning psychological forces rather than of a logical synthesis of elements that have been clearly grasped in their individuality’ (SL 90).
		Sapir concludes that ‘something like an ideal linguistic entity dominates the speech habits of members of each group, and that the sense of unlimited freedom which each individual feels in the use of his language is held in leash by a tacitly directing norm’.
	beaugrande.bizland.com /LINGTHERSapir.htm (11106 words)

	Edward Sapir - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Edward Sapir (pronunciation: suh PEER), (1884-1939) was an American anthropologist-linguist, a leader in American structural linguistics, and one of the creators of what is now called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
		Sapir proposed an alternative view of language in 1921, asserting that language influences the ways in which people think.
		Sapir's idea was adopted and developed during the 1940s by Whorf and eventually became the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Edward_Sapir (173 words)

	Edward Sapir Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Edward Sapir (1884-1939) was a distinguished American linguist and anthropologist who developed a basic statement on the genetic relationship of Native American languages and pioneered in modern theoretical linguistics.
		Edward Sapir was born in Lauenburg, Germany, on Jan. 26, 1884, and emigrated in his early childhood to the United States, first living in Richmond, Va., and then moving to New York City, where he spent the greater part of his youth.
		In "Sound Patterns in Language" (1925) Sapir demonstrated that the sounds of language are not merely physical but also mental or psychological phenomena, in that for all languages any sound is part of a system of discrete contrasts that are altered and combined in ways determined by shared linguistic conventions rather than physical necessity.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/edward-sapir (955 words)

	Shadow » Blog Archive » Sapir (1921) Language Defined. Edward Sapir. 1921. Language: An Introduction to the ...
		It’s interesting that Sapir sees walking as an unquestionable example of "inherent, biological function of man", whereas recent research in motor development showed that the development of walking is both variable and dynamic.
		The lungs, the larynx, the palate, the nose, the tongue, the teeth, and the lips, are all so utilized, but they are no more to be thought of as primary organs of speech than are the fingers to be considered as essentially organs of piano-playing or the knees as organs of prayer.
		Sapir supposes that (a) individual experiences are abstracted to a conceptual level and (b) the language community shares the conceptual framework.
	www.garyfeng.com /wordpress/2006/11/28/sapir-1921-language-defined-edward-sapir-1921-language-an-introduction-to-the-study-of-speech (966 words)

	Edward Sapir - Wikipédia
		Edward Sapir (1884-1939) foi um antropólogo e linguísta nascido em Lauenburg, Pomerania, na Alemanha.
		Sapir propôs uma perspectiva alternativa sobre a linguagem em 1921, ao sugerir que a linguagem influencia aforma como os indivíduos pensam.
		A ideia de Sapir foi adoptada e desenvolvida durante a Década de 1940 por Whorf, dando origem à Hipótese de Sapir-Whorf.Sapir afirmava que a percepção de um observador sobre o mundo ao seu redor é controlada de alguma forma fundamental pela linguagem que ele usa.
	pt.wikipedia.org /wiki/Edward_Sapir (314 words)

	Edward Sapir
		Sapir was a linguist who shaped interdisciplinary studies of human relations and the field later known as “culture and personality.” His major insight was that the study of another culture’s language is more than an investigation into how they speak: it’s “an inquiry into how cultural existence is created.”
		Sapir did pioneering research into American Indian languages and replaced the then-standard classification (due to John Wesley Powell) of Indian languages into 55 different “linguistic stocks” with a mere 6 linguistic stocks for North America:
		For Sapir (and Whorf), we cannot assume that different languages just use different labels for the same concepts, but rather that different language users have a different conceptual scheme and live in different worlds.
	spruce.flint.umich.edu /~simoncu/269/sapir.htm (446 words)

	Edward Sapir Biography and Summary
		Edward Sapir was a linguist dedicated to the investigation of the languages of native North America.
		Sapir played a major role in the formulation of the "culture and personality" field, and was recognized for his work in linguistics and its formal applic...
		Edward Sapir is remembered primarily as the most distinguished American-Indian linguist of his generation.
	www.bookrags.com /Edward_Sapir (275 words)

	Edward Sapir
		He taught briefly at the University of California and the University of Pennsylvania, he became Chief of Anthropology for the Canadian National Museum from 1910 to 1925, then went on to teach at the University of Chicago from 1925 to 1931 and Yale University from 1931 to 1939.
		Edward Sapir inspired literally thousands of students over his too-short career; so profound was his effect on them that many of his now well-renowned former students put together a collection of their own essays based on his studies, entitled Culture, Language, and Personality, and dedicated it to him.
		Sapir is best known for his work with Benjamin Lee Whorf on what has come to be known as the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
	www.philosophyprofessor.com /philosophers/edward-sapir.php (484 words)

	Interlingua 2001: Biographias - Edward Sapir
		Edward Sapir esseva le prime director de recercas linguistic del IALA ab le 1 de octobre 1930 al 1 de julio 1931, quando ille resignava pro devenir professor Sterling de anthropologia e linguistica al Universitate de Yale.
		Edward Sapir deveniva chef de anthropologia al Museo National Canadian in Ottawa de 1910 a 1925.
		Edward Sapir anque esseva un poeta e scribeva plure textos litterari.
	www.interlingua.com /historia/biographias/sapir.htm (595 words)

	Biography of Edward Sapir (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Edward Sapir (pronunciation: suh PEER), (1884-1939) was an American anthropologist-linguist, a leader in American structural linguistics, and one of the creators of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
		Sapir proposed an alternative view of language in 1921, asserting that language influences the ways in which people think.
		Sapir's idea was adopted and developed during the 1940s by Whorf and eventually became the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
	biography-2.qardinalinfo.com /s/Sapir_Edward.html (140 words)

	Edward Sapir Collection at Bartleby.com
		Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference > Usage > Edward Sapir
		Sapir was brought to the United States in 1889.
		After teaching at the Univ. of California and the Univ. of Pennsylvania, he served (1910–25) as chief of the division of anthropology of the Canadian National Museum.
	www.bartleby.com /people/Sapir-Ed.html (181 words)

	The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
		Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf brought attention to the relationship between language, thought, and culture.
		Whorf devised the weaker theory of linguistic relativity: "We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe..." (1940/1956).
		Both Sapir and Whorf agreed that it is our culture that determines our language, which in turn determines the way that we categorize our thoughts about the world and our experiences in it.
	www.angelfire.com /journal/worldtour99/sapirwhorf.html (3081 words)

	Edward Sapir -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Edward Sapir (pronunciation: suh PEER), (1884-1939) was an (A native or inhabitant of the United States) American (A social scientist who specializes in anthropology) anthropologist- (A specialist in linguistics) linguist, a leader in
		Sapir's idea was adopted and developed during the (The decade from 1940 to 1949) 1940s by Whorf and eventually became the (Click link for more info and facts about Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis) Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
		His specialty among American languages were the (A group of Amerindian languages (the name coined by an American anthropologist, Edward Sapir)) Athabaskan languages.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/E/Ed/Edward_Sapir.htm (506 words)

	Language Log: Edward Sapir and the "formal completeness of language"
		Edward Sapir and the "formal completeness of language"
		As a mathematical analogy to illustrate how Sapir's two beliefs are not at all incompatible, consider the Fourier transform and similar information-preserving coordinate transformations.
		Sapir might have been wrong -- maybe all languages aren't always expressively equivalent, and maybe language habits don't usually predispose our interpretive choices -- but he wasn't stupid.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/000131.html (505 words)

	Book Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Edward Sapir is remembered primarily as a linguist who conducted fieldwork on a remarkable number of Aboriginal North American languages, and who did much to set linguistics on its modern course.
		Sapir's linguistic findings were always substantiated by thorough anthropological fieldwork which additionally distinguished him as a cultural anthropologist and ethnographer.
		Sapir, the most distinguished linguist of Boasian anthropology, contributed substantially to the professionalization of linguistics as an independent discipline.
	publish.uwo.ca /~rdarnell/book_publications.htm (1089 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Biographical Memoirs V.71 (1997)
		In 1925 the inaugural issue of Language-the journal of the Linguistic Society of America, of which Sapir was a crucial founder-carried his paper, "Sound Patterns in Language," which defined the concept of the phoneme in terms of significant relationships among sounds, rather than their objective qualities.
		SAPIR AS THEORETICIAN OF CULTURE Although Sapir's reputation in the decades following his death has rested more upon his contributions to linguistics than upon his role in cultural anthropology, during his lifetime he was known as an important ethnologist and cultural theorist as well.
		An eminent psychiatrist recently remarked that Sapir was an intoxicating man. That he was." Yet despite the force of his personality and the importance of his contributions, there is no "Sapir school" in either of the major disciplines to which his work was foundational.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309057388/html/281.html (4380 words)

	Current Research on the Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis
		Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf are credited with developing the most relevant explanation outlining the relationship between thought and language, the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
		Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir believed that thought and language are very closely related.
		Nobody has gained significant ground in proving or refuting the hypothesis because the definitions of Sapir and Whorf are very vague and incomplete, leaving room for a significant amount of interpretation.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/4110/whorf.html (1838 words)

	Walter Dyk Collection, American Philosophical Society
		Among the more interesting items are a particularly long and informative letter from Sapir commenting on Dyk's dissertation, and a series of letters between Pete McGuff and Sapir, written while the former was doing fieldwork on Wasco at Fort Simcoe, Washington, 1906-1908.
		After receiving his bachelor's degree at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1928, he pursued graduate work in linguistics under Edward Sapir, receiving his MA at Chicago for "Verb Types in Wishram" (1931) and his dissertation at Yale for "A Grammar of Wishram" (1933).
		Of particular interest are a very long and detailed letter from Edward Sapir commenting on phonology in Dyk's dissertation, which sheds light on Sapri's thinking about linguistics, as well as his mentoring, and a series of letters between Pete McGuff and Sapir, when McGuff was doing fieldwork on Wasco at Fort Simcoe, Washington, in 1906-1908.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/mole/d/dyk.htm (712 words)

	individual book page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		His aim was to obtain a full and accurate record of Hupa, an Athabaskan language crucial to the understanding of the comparative linguistics of the family, as well as data on other Athabaskan and non-Athabaskan languages of the area.
		In the present volume Sapir’s own extensive materials on Hupa—77 texts and a full grammatical and lexical file—are made available at last, edited and annotated by Golla and integrated with the latter’s own data on the language.
		The work is a hybrid of Sapir’s Boasian documentation and Golla’s structuralist analysis; in addition, Sean O’Neill (Golla’s graduate student) provided considerable assistance with the formatting of the material.
	wings.buffalo.edu /linguistics/ssila/books/indbook/b345.htm (301 words)

	Linguistics
		The Edward Sapir Scholarship is awarded to the most promising student beginning the fourth year of the honours program in linguistics.
		The Edward Sapir Scholarship Fund is an endowment fund, which honours linguist and anthropologist Edward Sapir (1884-1939).
		A pioneer in North American linguistics, Sapir was an expert on North American Indian languages and one of the first chiefs of the anthropology division of the Geological Survey of Canada (this division subsequently became the Canadian Museum of Civilization) in Ottawa, from 1910 to 1925.
	www.uottawa.ca /academic/arts/linguistique/eng/scholar2.html (116 words)

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