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Topic: Edward Thorndike

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	Human Intelligence: Edward L. Thorndike
		Thorndike's Law of Exercise continued this line of thought; a) Stimulus-response connections that are repeated are strengthened, and b) Stimulus -response connections that are not used are weakened.
		Thorndike and his students used objective measurements of intelligence on human subjects as early as 1903.
		Thorndike rejected the idea that a measure of intelligence independent of cultural background was possible.
	www.indiana.edu /~intell/ethorndike.shtml (0 words)

	Psychology History
		Edward Lee Thorndike was a son of a Methodist minister in Lowell, Massachusetts.
		Edward L. Throndike's pioneer investigations in the fields of human and animal learning are among the most influential in the history of Psychology.
		Thorndike's setup of the puzzle boxes is an example of instrumental conditioning: An animal makes some response, and if it is rewarded, the response is learned.
	fates.cns.muskingum.edu /~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm (0 words)

	Thorndike, E. L. - WikEd
		Edward Lee Thorndike was born on August 31, 1874 in Williamsburg, Massachusetts.
		Thorndike created a maze out of a box and at the end of the maze was a door with a lever and a dish of food outside the door.
		Thorndike was phil- osophically of the American Functionalist school, but his positivism and commitment to objectivity in interpretation reverberate through the early work of John B. Watson that led to the behavioral revolution.
	wik.ed.uiuc.edu /index.php/Thorndike,_E._L. (950 words)

	Thorndike (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thorndike rid his theories of the mentalism of earlier psychologists and paved the way for the behaviorism of B. Skinner and John B. Watson.
		Although evidence of classical conditioning was there, E. Thorndike did not believe that it was comprehensive because most behavior in the natural environment was not simple enough to be explained by Pavlov's theory.
		Thorndike's analysis of this behavior was that the behavior that produced the desired effect became dominant and therefore, occurred faster in the next experiments.
	www.nvgc.vt.edu /alhrd/Theorists/Thorndike.htm (322 words)

	Judy Duchan's Short History of Speech Pathology
		Edward Lee Thorndike was born in Williamsburg, MA in 1874. He graduated from Wesleyan University with a BA in 1895, and he received another BA from Harvard University in 1896. His doctoral degree was from Columbia (1898).
		In 1899, Thorndike was appointed as instructor in genetic psychology at Teachers College, Columbia, in 1899 and he continued there until 1940. He became the director of the division of psychology of the Institute of Educational Research in 1922.
		Lawrence Cremin, a reknown historian of education describes Thorndike's influence on education: "he stands as a seminal figure in the history of education, and must be reckoned with in any discussion of the early twentieth century transformation of the American school" (Cremin, 1964, p.
	www.acsu.buffalo.edu /~duchan/new_history/hist19c/subpages/thorndike.html (303 words)

	The Leipzig Connection - Chapter 3 - Edward Lee Thorndike, Columbia University, Behaviorism
		Thorndike's specialty was the "puzzle box," into which he would put various animals (chickens, rats, cats) and let them find their way out by themselves.
		Thorndike equated children with the rats, monkeys, fish, cats, and chickens upon which he experimented in his laboratory and was prepared to apply what he found there to learning in the classroom.
		Thorndike based conditioning on what he called the "law of effect," which held that those actions and behaviors leading to satisfaction would be impressed, or stamped in, on the child, and those leading to unsatisfactory results would be stamped out.
	www.sntp.net /education/leipzig_connection_4.htm (0 words)

	Kappa Delta Pi - Educational Honor Society
		Edward Lee Thorndike (31 August 1874–9 August 1949) often is referred to as the Father of Educational Psychology.
		Thorndike was born to Abigail Brewster Ladd and Edward Roberts Thorndike in Williamsburg, Massachusetts.
		Thorndike authored a number of books and articles to help educators and textbook writers choose the appropriate vocabulary for their students.
	www.kdp.org /about/laureates/laureates/edwardthorndike.php (1104 words)

	Edward L Thorndike
		Thorndike, Edward Lee (1874-1949), an American educational psychologist, made many contributions to the study of learning, teaching, and mental testing.
		He was one of the first to devise tests to measure learning and aptitudes.
		Thorndike was born in Williamsburg, Massachusetts, U.S.A. He received a Ph.D. from Columbia University, New York City, and taught at Teachers College, Columbia University, for 41 years.
	www.a2zpsychology.com /great_psychologists/edward_l_thorndike.htm (0 words)

	The History of Instructional Design: Edward Thorndike
		One, Edward Thorndike, attempted to develop some of the anecdotes on the mechanical problem solving ability of cats and dogs collected by George Romanes into an objective experimental method.
		Thorndike's initial aim was to show that the anecdotal achievements of cats and dogs could be replicated in controlled, standardised circumstance, however, he soon realised that he could now measure animal intelligence using this equipment.
		Thorndike was particularly interested in discovering whether his animals could learn their tasks through imitation or observation.
	www.coe.uh.edu /courses/cuin6373/idhistory/thorndike_extra.html (553 words)

	Thorndike, situation, puzzle, effect, psychology, followed, connectionism, about, August - Edward Thorndike (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The puzzle box experiments were motivated in part by Thorndike's dislike for statements that animals made use of extraordinary faculties such as insight in their problem solving: "In the first place, most of the books do not give us a psychology, but rather a eulogy of animals.
		Thorndike's instruments in answering this question were 'learning curves' revealed by plotting the time it took for an animal to escape the box each time it was in the box.
		He reasoned that if the animals were showing 'insight,' then their time to escape would suddenly drop to a negligible period, which would also be shown in the learning curve as an abrupt drop; while animals using a more ordinary method of trial and error would show gradual curves.
	www.alphasearch.org /Edward-Thorndike.html (456 words)

	ext.175202 assign.2 JM Robb (94052785)
		Edward Thorndike was born in Williamsburg, Massachusetts, in 1874.
		Thorndike concluded that cats didn't learn by developing insight into a particular situation, but learned through trial and error leading to a 'satisfying state of affairs' (Thorndike, 1913b, p.16, cited in Lefrancois, 2000) that led to 'stamping in' the connection, giving rise to connectionism.
		Thorndike later amended the Law of Effect due to finding responses that lead to annoying states of affairs are not always stamped out (Lefrancois, 2000) – now known as Half a Law of Effect as it did not necessarily lead to repetition, in that actions leading to annoying outcomes do little to strengthen a connection.
	evolution.massey.ac.nz /assign2/JR/etmain.html (1041 words)

	Thorndike, Edward Lee :: People : Gourt
		Edward Lee Thorndike (August 31, 1874 - August 9, 1949) was an American psychologist who spent nearly his entire career at Teachers College, Columbia University.
		Among Thorndike's most famous contributions were his research on how cats learned to escape from puzzle boxes, and his related formulation of the law of effect.
		Human Intelligence: Edward L. Thorndike - Biographical profile focusing on his contributions to the development of intelligence theory and testing.
	science.gourt.com /Social-Sciences/Psychology/Educational-and-School/Educational-Psychology/People/Thorndike,-Edward-Lee.html (488 words)

	Thorndike Edward Lee - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thorndike, Edward Lee (1874-1949), American psychologist and educator, born in Williamsburg, Massachusetts, and educated at Wesleyan, Harvard, and...
		James's student Edward Lee Thorndike is usually considered to be the first educational psychologist.
		The same goal was pursued by scientists who began to use laboratory animals for psychological experiments; the American psychologist Edward Lee...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Thorndike_Edward_Lee.html (86 words)

	Edward Thorndike Criticism
		In the following excerpt from her book The Sane Positivist: A Biography of Edward L. Thorndike, Joncich explicates the major points in Thorndike's thesis “Animal Intelligence” and discusses its reception in the academic community.
		In the following essay, Karier explores the larger cultural and ethical implications of Thorndike's focus on the science of education.
		In the following essay, Galef argues that while Thorndike's contributions to the field of comparative psychology as an empiricist are invaluable, his misconceptions about biology remain damaging to his discipline.
	www.bookrags.com /criticisms/Edward_Thorndike (316 words)

	Edward Thorndike - Psychology Wiki - a Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Edward Lee Thorndike (August 31, 1874 - August 9, 1949) was an American psychologist who spent nearly his entire career at Teachers College,Columbia University.
		Thorndike meant to distinguish clearly whether or not cats escaping from puzzle boxes were using insight.
		Thorndike, Edward L. The contribution of psychology to education.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Edward_Thorndike (548 words)

	Edward H. Thorndike
		Thorndike was elected fellow of the American Physical Society in 1968, and was a NSF Senior postdoctoral Fellow in 1970.
		Thorndike's research interests are in the general area of Experimental High Energy Physics.
		Thorndike was Director of the Rochester 130" Cyclotron Lab from 1965 to 1969.
	spider.pas.rochester.edu /mainFrame/people/pages/Thorndike_Edward_H.html (287 words)

	Edward L Thorndike
		Thorndike's early animal research was with chicks that he trained to run through makeshift mazes.
		Thorndike was awarded his doctorate in 1898 aged 24 and he published his thesis that year titled 'Animal Intelligence: An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals'.
		Thorndike believed that like the cat in the puzzle box, when someone or something is in a situation and are forced to respond which will lead to a solution, a connection is formed between the two.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /vjgroome (574 words)

	Edward Thorndike Summary
		Edward Lee Thorndike was born on Aug. 31, 1874, in Williamsburg, Mass...
		Edward Thorndike () Edward Lee Thorndike was born on August 31, 1874, in Williamsburg, Massachusetts.
		A critique of Edward Thorndike's 1910 article in the Journal of Educational Psychology, which explains the relationship between education and psychology and the importance of psychology in understanding ideas and material in education.
	www.bookrags.com /Edward_Thorndike (287 words)

	Edward Lee Thorndike (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Born 31 August, 1874 in Williamsburg, Maasachusetts, Edward Lee Thorndike was the son of a Minister.
		Thorndike introduced the use of animals and humans in controlled settings to test and prove (or disprove) theories that predicted behaviour.
		Thorndike also established the use of tests and statistical models in education and psychology.
	evolution.massey.ac.nz /assign2/KN/assign2.html (290 words)

	Psyography: Biographies on Psychologists (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Edward Thorndike was married on August 29th, 1900 to Elizabeth Moulton.
		Thorndike’s original choice of subjects were children, but due to supposed inappropriate acts of an anthropologist when he loosened childrens’ clothing to take measurements at Harvard, working with children was frowned upon (Schultz and Sydney, 2000).
		Thorndike discovered that the first time the cat escaped, it was more due to dumb luck than it was to anything else.
	faculty.frostburg.edu /mbradley/psyography/thorndike.html (1068 words)

	The History of Instructional Design: Edward Thorndike, Education, A First Book
		Thorndike then continues by describes the differences between instruction delivered by a textbook and a teacher in treatment of a topic.The principle differences, Thorndike contends, are in the length and detail, difficulty, and suitability to the audience.
		A common fault in textbooks, Thorndike states, is that habits to be formed are stated but the reader does not have the chance to practice.
		Thorndike contends that this type of instruction might be better than "all but the best tenth of personal teaching if students would faithfully try as directed before reading ahead for the helps given (page 165)." But students, Thorndike continues, do not try to solve the problems for themselves but use all the clues first.
	www.coe.uh.edu /courses/cuin6373/idhistory/thorndike.html (477 words)

	Law of Effect Information on Healthline
		Prior to Thorndike's assertion of the law of effect, many psychologists interested in behavior attributed learning to the process of reasoning.
		From his observations, Thorndike concluded that an animal makes an association between a behavior and a positive or satisfying outcome and draws on this association for future behavior.
		The law of exercise, another of Thorndike's principles, states that responses that occur under a specific set of circumstances become strongly associated with those circumstances.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/law-of-effect (292 words)

	Genetik und Neurobiologie
		Around the turn of the century, Edward Thorndike attempted to develop an objective experimental method for the mechanical problem solving ability of cats and dogs.
		A number of studies in the Berkeley laboratory of Edward Tolman appeared both to show flaws in the law of effect and require mental representations in their explanation.
		Skinner developed the basic concept of operant conditioning, claiming that this type of learning was not the result of stimulus-response learning - for Skinner the basic association in operant conditioning was between the operant response and the reinforcer, the discriminative stimulus served to signal when this association would be acted upon.
	genetics.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de /behavior/learning/behaviorism.html (1571 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Introduction to Thorndike (1911) by R. H. Wozniak
		Between 1898 and 1901, Edward Lee Thorndike[1] published two major research monographs and several shorter articles that established the study of animal learning as a laboratory science.
		In this regard, Thorndike took a step beyond traditional associationism in the direction of the stimulus-response approach that would eventually come to dominate the field.
		In this work, Thorndike was also a methodological innovator, developing a general experimental technique that was to revolutionize the psychological study of animal behavior.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Thorndike/Animal/wozniak.htm (631 words)

	Key Theorists/Theories in Psychology - EDWARD THORNDIKE
		Thorndike's Rejoinder to Romane's Methodology for Studying Animal Intelligence (from Dr. Robert Cook; Tufts U.)
		The Contribution of Psychology to Education (Classic by E. Thorndike: 1910)
		Educational Psychology (Three Volumes in One) (by Edward Lee Thorndike)
	www.psy.pdx.edu /PsiCafe/KeyTheorists/Thorndike.htm (362 words)

	Edward L. Thorndike (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Edward Thorndike is one of the great learning theorists of all time.
		Thorndike also formulated the law of effect, which states that behaviors that are followed by pleasant consequences will be more likely to be repeated in the future.
		One of his most famous theories is "The Identical Elements Theory of the Transfer of Training" where the amount of transfer between the familiar situation and the unfamiliar one is determined by the number of elements that the two situations have in common.
	sos.net /~donclark/hrd/history/thorndike.html (272 words)

	Edward L. Thorndike (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Edward Lee Thorndike was born in Williamsburg, Massachusetts in 1874.
		Thorndike called this type of learning instrumental learning, stating the individual is instrumental in producing a response.
		Thorndike was a prolific writer, publishing more than 450 articles and books.
	www.dushkin.com /connectext/psy/ch06/bio6a.mhtml (287 words)

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