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	Edvard Westermarck - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Edvard Alexander Westermarck (November 20, 1862 - September 3, 1939) was a Finnish philosopher and sociologist.
		Among other subjects, he studied exogamy and the incest taboo.
		He is known for first noting the Westermarck effect in which infants raised together are unable to form sexual feelings for one another as adults, regardless of their genetic relationship.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Edward_Westermarck (82 words)

	Marburg Journal of Religion (January 2001) Review: SUOLINA, HÄLLSTRÖM & LAHTINEN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Westermarck was apparently not technically ambitious in this respect, and the quality of the photographs is varied.
		For Westermarck the relations between Islam, in a formal sense, and what he regarded as a resilient form of animism were a fascinating subject, as is documented by the highlighting of this photographic motif.
		As a footnote, attention may be drawn to a study of Westermarck and Abdessalam el-Baqqali by one of the editors, Kirsti Suolinna, which was published in Temenos 31 (1995), pp.
	www.uni-marburg.de /religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/rev2_1_01.html (562 words)

	Westermarck and Granqvist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Edward Westermarck can be seen as part of the Finnish field of Orientalism in the 1920s and the 1930s for two reasons.
		Westermarck was not prepared to make statements on the mentality and moral of members of another culture on the basis of their language.
		Westermarck's belief in the mental oneness of the humankind is reflected in his value relativism.
	www.hf.uib.no /institutter/smi/paj/isotalo.html (3759 words)

	Abdessalam El-Baqqali and Westermarck
		Westermarck belonged to the pioneering generation of field anthropologists whose methods and rules of method were rudimentary.
		Westermarck now worked hard to complete his two large projects, "Rituals and Belief in Morocco", a book in two volumes which was published in 1926, and "Wit and Wisdom in Morocco", which was published in 1930, the same year as Westermarck retired from his position as professor in London.
		Westermarck spent this last summer in Finland and he worked as usual on his research and was visited in Lappvik by his friends and relatives.
	www.hf.uib.no /smi/paj/Suolinna.html (3049 words)

	Rafael Karsten (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Secondly, a pamphleteer for Karsten's intellectual anarchy was cosmopolitan Edward Westermarck, the doyen of Finnish sociologists, whose influence on the young student proved to be decisive.
		Edward Westermarck and Rafael Karsten were not members of the most radical wing of the society, even if Karsten's anticlerical opinions were quite fanatical, that is, his analysis of Christianity was propagation rather than sedate discussion.
		Edward Westermarck and his close friend, the Professor of Aesthetics Yrjö Hirn, wrote Karsten a good letter of recommendation and so the Faculty of Philosophy awarded him a scholarship of 8000 Finnish marks (per year).
	runeberg.org /authors/karstraf.html (4590 words)

	glbtq >> social sciences >> Westermarck, Edward
		Finnish sociologist, anthropologist, and moral philosopher, Edward Westermarck was a prominent figure in the formation of modern anthropology and a pioneer in modern fieldwork.
		Westermarck studied religions and religious rituals, in Morocco in particular, but his fame came to rest on his encyclopedic studies of the history of marriage, the cultural patterns of sexual conduct, sexual mores, and the nature of moral judgment.
		Westermarck's studies attracted considerable attention in the early twentieth century, but subsequently became regarded as outdated and marginal to anthropological scholarship.
	www.glbtq.com /social-sciences/westermarck_e.html (898 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Westermarck Edvard (Edward) Alexander (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Westermarck, Edvard (Edward) Alexander (1862-1939), Finnish sociologist, anthropologist, and philosopher.
		MacDowell, Edward Alexander (1861-1908), American composer and pianist, born in New York.
		MacDonald, James Edward Hervey (1873-1932), Canadian painter and poet of English birth.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Westermarck_Edvard_(Edward)_Alexander.html (141 words)

	Sexual Attraction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1891, in his "History of Human Marriage" Edward Westermarck included a discussion of the origins of the "incest taboo" in human beings.
		Westermarck proposed that childhood association between siblings, or parents and their children, inhibits the development of sexual attraction between such close relatives and underpins the "incest taboo" in human societies.
		Although Westermarck's hypothesis was well received and accepted initially, it later fell into disfavour due to the contrary opinions of Sigmund Freud, concerning the origins of incestuous behaviour.
	www.psgb.org /BookReviews/SexualAttraction1995.html (587 words)

	Edward Westermarck, "Ethics Are Relative"
		Explain Westermarck's view on the judgment that an action is not right because a Supreme Being decrees it; on the contrary, the reason a Supreme Being would decree it is because the action is right.
		Westermarck believes that no one ethical theory has been shown to be objectively true; therefore, unlike scientific theories, ethical theories reflect mere opinion.
		Westermarck does not think the objectivity of moral judgments can be scientifically proven.
	philosophy.lander.edu /ethics/notes-westermarck.html (590 words)

	Edward Westermarck: a short presentation
		Edward Westermarck was born on November 20, 1862 in Helsinki, Finland, and died on September 3, 1939, in Lapinlahti, Finland.
		Westermarck was a lecturer in sociology at the University of Helsinki (1890-1906) and then professor of moral philosophy at the same university (1906-18); he was professor of philosophy and the first rector at the Åbo Akademi University (1918-30); he also was professor of sociology at the University of London (1907-30).
		While his work remained respected by a number of professionals, Westermarck's ethnographic methods were soon considered outdated by those who attempted to capture the soul or essence of whole societies or cultures.
	www.helsinki.fi /~jtakala/wmc_presentation.html (986 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Wolf (drawing on Bowlby 1969; 1988) argues that the emotional states involved in early attachments of children to parents and siblings might be antithetical to sexual interest and thus block it, as might the sort of caregiving that parents devote to their offspring.
		Westermarck explained these taboos by proposing that they reflect an "aversion to sexual intercourse between persons living very closely together from early youth, and that, as such persons are in most cases related, this feeling displays itself chiefly as a horror of intercourse between near kin" (1903:320).
		An olfactory mechanism for the Westermarck effect requires reference to the scent of associates, since the hypothesized aversions are not to close kin (whose MHC-based scent would be related to self) but to potentially unrelated individuals with whom one is raised or with whom one is intimate.
	www.siu.edu /departments/cola/socio/public_html/olfactory.htm (9323 words)

	Nadine Gordimer + Edward Westermarck + Thomas Chatterton
		It was on this date, November 20, 1923, that South African novelist and short-story writer Nadine Gordimer was born the daughter of a Jewish-Lithuanian emigrant in Springs, outside of Johannesburg.
		It was also on this date, November 20, 1862, that Finnish philosopher and sociologist Edward (Edvard) Alexander Westermarck was born in Helsinki, the son of a university Latin professor.
		It was Westermarck who noted, "It has taken nearly 2000 years for the married woman to get back that personal independence which she enjoyed under the later Roman Law, but lost through the influence which Christianity exercised on European legislation.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/1120almanac.htm (762 words)

	The Westermarck Symposium, Nov 19-22, 1998, Helsinki
		The symposium provides a forum for papers that further the analysis of a number of themes that were important in Edward Westermarck's work.
		In the spirit of Westermarck, the symposium is multidisciplinary.
		Advisory Board and an Organizing Committee and in cooperation with the departments of sociology at the University of Helsinki, University of Turku, and Åbo Akademi University.
	www.helsinki.fi /~jtakala/Westermarck.symposium.html (486 words)

	Westermarck effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Westermarck effect was discovered by anthropologist Edward Westermarck.
		When two people live in close domestic proximity[?] during the first 30 months[?] in the life of either one, both are desensitized to later close sexual attraction and bonding.
		James sent but he added that Charles was 'a continual heartbreak,' and warned do all that is necessary to disgust them.' He 'could not in decency' a more friendly style, for this excellent man was of an amazing From James Edgar.
	www.termsdefined.net /we/westermarck-effect.html (156 words)

	Updating Edward Westermarck: The "right of the first night" in the evolutionary biology perspective. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Updating Edward Westermarck: The "right of the first night" in the evolutionary biology perspective.
		Although E. Westermarck was right in refusing the promiscuity hypothesis, his interpretation of the right of the first night underestimates the difference between the alleged right (the medieval jus primae noctis) and the ritual duty as represented in the ethnographic accounts on ritual defloration.
		On the other hand Edward Westermarck was right in pointig out that the preference of priests and chiefs to perform the duty of ritual defloration may not stem from unselfish motives alone.
	www.mve-liste.de /fibri/jus/westerma.htm (836 words)

	Moral relativism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Finnish philosopher-anthropologist, Edward Westermarck (1862-1939) was among the first to formulate a detailed theory of moral relativism.
		He contended that all moral ideas are subjective judgements that reflect one's upbringing.
		Edward Westermarck, The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (Macmillan)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Moral_relativism (1902 words)

	Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge by Edward O. Wilson
		Edward O. Wilson is used to stirring up controversy.
		When Edward O. Wilson has a new idea, people listen--and then start fighting.
		The evidence indicates that it is due to the innate aversion to sex that arises from the so-called Westermarck effect--namely, individuals who are intimately associated during the first 30 months of life are desensitized to later close sexual bonding.
	www.2think.org /hii/wilson.shtml (1793 words)

	Westermarck, Edward -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		in full Edward Alexander Westermarck Finnish sociologist, philosopher, and anthropologist who denied the widely held view that early humans had lived in a state of promiscuity and instead theorized that the original form of human sexual attachment had been monogamy.
		Edward Davenport was considered one of the most skilled and popular American actors of the mid-19th century.
		English author and critic Edward Garnett was a member of the literary Garnett family.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9076652 (909 words)

	IngentaConnect Edward Westermarck: A Sociologist Relating Nature and Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A core idea in all of Edward Westermarck"s studies is the strong connection between nature and culture.
		Westermarck connected nature and culture in the three major fields of his scholarship: in his studies of the human marriage and family, in his Moroccan field-work dealing with rituals and moral beliefs, and in his studies of the origin of moral ideas and emotions.
		Already in the 1920s Westermarck"s scholarship based on evolutionism and Darwinism tended to become neglected, and during the subsequent decades it was largely ignored by both sociologists and anthropologists.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/tandf/ssoc/2000/00000043/00000004/art00003 (229 words)

	Ethics Are Relative by EdwardWestermarck
		Edward Westermarck (1862-1939) taught sociology and moral philosophy at the University of Helsinki; later, he taught sociology at the Univerity of London.
		Edward Westermarck argues for both psychological and ethical relativism
		In the book from which our reading selection is taken, Westermarck argues forcefully for ethical relativism by emphasizing that there is no empirical basis for objective standards in ethical theory.
	philosophy.lander.edu /ethics/ethicsbook/c990.html (426 words)

	The Claremont Institute: The Unbearable Lightness of Being Alan Wolfe
		Westermarck might have been a cultural relativist, but in order for cultural relativism to preserve its coherence as a doctrine, he thought it was utterly important to get clear on the properties that defined those acts stamped with a "moral" character.
		Westermarck proceeded then to correct his followers: The first thing to understand about moral judgments is that they were binding.
		What seems to have evaded Professor Wolfe, as it evaded some of the followers of Edward Westermarck, is that this "nature" of human beings, or that enduring logic of "morals," forms the ground then of moral judgments that will remain essentially the same in all places.
	www.claremont.org /writings/crb/spring2002/arkes.html?FORMAT=print (1578 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Edward Westermarck (1921) was the first to suggest a relationship between childhood association and an emotional resistance to sexual relations, but Westermarck was unable to find a satisfactory explanation of the relationship.
		Sharply critical of Westermarck for his view that childhood association somehow precludes sexual desire, Freud argued that "the first choice of object in mankind is regularly an incestuous one..." (Freud 1920:294).
		As regards the effects of family life on the dispositions of adults, however, Freud was essentially in agreement with Westermarck.
	lucy.ukc.ac.uk /EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Mar_dir/XMarriage.1172 (496 words)

	What is Marriage For - Press Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The author was Edward Westermarck, who came from Finland to be a professor at the University of London.
		Westermarck reported that, in all settled human communities, marriage was universal.
		Westermarck expressed this in these words: “Marriage is rooted in the family and not the family in marriage.”
	christian.press-world.com /v/42807.html (1014 words)

	The_Westermarck_Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Westermarck Society was founded in 1940 for the preservation of the work and memory of Edward Westermarck and for the advancement of sociology in Finland.
		The Society arranges regularly the National Meeting (annually) and the Edward Westermarck Memorial Lecture.
		The Westermarck Society is a member of the Nordic Sociological Association (NSF), the European Sociological Association (ESA), and the International Sociological Association (ISA).
	www.westermarck.fi /Society (103 words)

	Bouchet, Edward Alexander -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		More results on "Bouchet, Edward Alexander" when you join.
		Expelled in December 1332, he was restored in 1333–56, having acknowledged Edward III of England as his lord.
		Although he was a listless, ineffectual monarch overshadowed by powerful nobles, his reputation for piety evidently preserved much of the dignity of the crown.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9317859?tocId=9317859 (723 words)

	The Westermarck Society - The Finnish Sociological Association
		The Westermarck Society was founded in 1945 for the preservation of the works and memory of Edward Westermarck and for the advancement of Finnish sociology.
		The Westermarck Society is also an active member of the Nordic Sociological Association and of the European Sociological Association.
		A prominent scholar is invited to give a lecture on Westermarck or a chosen topic he studied.
	www.ucm.es /info/isa/colmemb/fin.htm (211 words)

	Profiles Online - March 1999 - Dispatches: Brotherly Love
		FINNISH SOCOLOGIST Edward Westermarck proposed the first leading theory about sibling incest.
		Westermarck (1862-1939) suggested siblings bond and form a nonsexual relationship with one another during the "critical period" - the first six years of life.
		If siblings are separated during that time for a year or more, the chances for later sexual contact appear to increase.
	www.yorku.ca /ycom/profiles/past/mar99/current/dept/dispatch/dsp4.htm (458 words)

	Edward Westermarck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Its an extreme example of grouping since the adults were also removed from the environment.When this does not occur, for example where a brother and sister arebrought up not knowing about one another, they may find one another highly sexually attractive when they meet as adults: a phenomenon known as genetic sexual attraction.
		This observation is consistent with the theory that the Westermarck effect evolved to suppress inbreeding.
		Freud argued that members of the same family naturally lust for one another, making it necessary for societies to create incest taboos, but Westermarck argued the reverse, that incest taboos themselves arise naturally as products of response mediated by a relatively simple inherited epigenetic rule, namely the Westermarck effect.
	didgeridooman.com /264868_edward-wahl_140106017x21storiestop100books... (654 words)

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