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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Portugal |
 | | Portugal is situated on the west of the Iberian Peninsula, being bounded on the north and east by Spain and on the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean. |
 | | The population of Portugal, according to the census of 1900, was 5,423,123, the greater portion (68 per cent) being rural. |
 | | As a result of the encyclicals of Leo XIII on Christian democracy, the movement for the establishment of Catholic circles for workingmen was inaugurated in Portugal, and these mutual-aid societies existed in the principal centres of population, furnished education to the workmen and their children, and kept them together by conferences, concerts, and excursions. |
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