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	Withdrawl of Edwin H. Armstrong House: National Historic Landmarks Program (NHL)
		Armstrong's regenerative circuit was the first radio amplifier and it became the basis of the continuous-wave transmitter that remains key to radio broadcasting.
		Armstrong was posthumously elected by the International Telecommunications Union in Geneva to its roster of electrical pioneers, joining such figures as Alexander Graham Bell, Marconi, and Michael Pupin.
		The Edwin H. Armstrong House was demolished in 1983.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nhl/DOE_dedesignations/Armstrong.htm (630 words)

	Armstrong
		Armstrong was the holder of 42 patents for inventions in the field of radio.
		Armstrong graduated with a degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1913 and returned to Columbia as an instructor and as assistant to professor Michael Pupin, the notable physicist and inventor and his revered teacher.
		Armstrong learned that the British were far ahead of the Americans in the development of vacuum tubes suitable for such high frequencies, and that Round had devised a method, using tubes of his own design, to receive at frequencies of up to 1,200,000 cycles.
	www.geocities.com /neveyaakov/electro_science/armstrong.html (3855 words)

	Edwin Howard Armstrong: FM Inventor
		It was a tranquil, genteel, late-Victorian household into which Edwin Howard Armstrong was born, on December 18, 1890, in a neat brownstone house at 247 West 29th Street in the old Chelsea district of New York City, the first child of Emily and John Armstrong.
		Howard's mother, whose maiden name was Smith, was the strong, gentle, deeply religious daughter of a prominent business family in the neighborhood.
		Howard Armstrong was a schoolboy in this period, and its yeasty influences penetrated and shaped much of his life.
	www.fathom.com /course/10701020/session4.html (2654 words)

	Living Legacies
		Edwin Howard Armstrong was born in Chelsea, New York City, in 1890.
		Armstrong was interrogated endlessly during these proceedings about irrelevant details, from his income tax and the size of the rooms in which he gave speeches to why he used Columbia letterhead for some of his communications and whether he had a formal agreement with the University.
		Armstrong was the victim of a world in which, as he eloquently put it, “men substitute words for realities, and then talk about the words.” Next time you turn on your FM radio or your cellular phone, think of that—and of him.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/alumni/Magazine/Spring2002/Armstrong.html (3763 words)

	Rebecca Kintigh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Lee de Forest and Edwin Armstrong were in an elite group of inventors that worked on facilitating their ideas into something more that could be effective to the people.
		Edwin Howard Armstrong was born in 1890 into a large Presbyterian family in Manhattan.
		Not only did the denial of Armstrong’s inventions suppress future inventions his death ended the ideas of a great man. He wanted people to understand the importance of FM and not until after he died did people realize what he was talking about for so long.
	www.indiana.edu /~t311/timeline/1905kintigh.html (1332 words)

	Edwin Howard Armstrong: FM Inventor
		Howard Armstrong grew up with the myth of the boy working alone in the garret, making the great invention, and he faced the reality of men bringing their financial interests into a series of harassing suits.
		Armstrong drew the designs for it and filed a patent, which was later invalidated by the Supreme Court on two different occasions.
		Armstrong was a very close friend of a man named David Sarnoff, who was rising at the Marconi Company and its successor, the Radio Corporation of America.
	www.fathom.com /course/10701020/session1.html (1491 words)

	Edwin Howard Armstrong Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Edwin Armstrong was born in New York City, where his father was the American representative of the Oxford University Press.
		Armstrong's academic base also kept him free of connection with any of the many companies then vying for dominance in the radio field; he was one of the few men to successfully maintain such independence.
		Armstrong's first important contribution was his realization of the value of Lee De Forest's audion vacuum tube as a means of amplifying current.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/edwin-howard-armstrong (501 words)

	Radio pioneer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		YONKERS — It was the middle of the night when Edwin Howard Armstrong rushed into his sister's bedroom and awakened her with the news.
		Armstrong sometimes worked 17-hour days in his lab at Columbia, even on Sundays and holidays if he was on the trail of a hot idea.
		Armstrong's solution was to change the frequency, rather than the amplitude of the signal, to eliminate the static.
	www.thejournalnews.com /business2003/friendly/k3130bzinventstoryf.html (1573 words)

	Inventor of the Week: Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Edwin Howard Armstrong, the "father of FM radio," was born on December 18, 1890 in New York City.
		Armstrong's single-circuit design provided the key to the continuous-wave transmitter that is at the core of radio operations today.
		Soon after graduation, Armstrong was sent to Paris to serve in World War I. There he came up with his second major invention, the superheterodyne receiver, after he had been put on a project to improve ability to intercept shortwave enemy communications.
	web.mit.edu /invent/iow/armstrong.html (621 words)

	Who Made America? \| Innovators \| Edwin Armstrong
		Edwin Howard Armstrong is considered by many to be the father of modern radio.
		Armstrong's attempt to eliminate radio static led to another industry-creating breakthrough, a radio circuit that operated on broadband frequency modulation (FM).
		Undeterred, Armstrong went into business himself, delivering a high fidelity sound that by 1940 would gain its own permanent airwave frequencies and become the standard for transmitting TV sound.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/armstrong_hi.html (484 words)

	Irish Radio Forum - www.radioviews.com
		Edwin Howard Armstrong is the father of FM radio and the grandfather of radar and a great grandfather of space communication, but he never reaped the full reward of his genius.
		Armstrong worked for years, evolving new theories about radio transmission, turning past theory on its head, building new kinds of transmitters in his lab at Columbia, and radically more complex receivers.
		Armstrong also found that a single FM carrier wave could transmit two radio programs at once, a telegraph message and a facsimile of the front page of The New York Times.
	pub19.bravenet.com /forum/1590778198/fetch/571312 (1025 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Armstrong (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Armstrong, Louis Satchmo ARMSTRONG, LOUIS SATCHMO [Armstrong, Louis Satchmo] (Daniel Louis Armstrong), 1901-1971, American jazz trumpet virtuoso, singer, and bandleader, b.
		Armstrong, Neil Alden ARMSTRONG, NEIL ALDEN [Armstrong, Neil Alden] 1930-, American astronaut, b.
		Armstrong's Code; Solitary and self-sufficient, the first man to walk on the moon has followed a rigid set of rules to stay out of the public eye.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Armstrong (582 words)

	Edwin Howard Armstrong (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Armstrong is the most important engineer on this list, and one of greats of the 20th century.
		Armstrong discovered that the gain of a triode amplifier could be enormously increased by feeding some of the amplifier output back into the input, i.e.
		Armstrong's insight was that an FM signal didn't have to have a narrow range of frequencies.
	world.std.com.cob-web.org:8888 /~jlr/doom/armstrng.htm (2515 words)

	Armstrong’s Legacy Lingers in New York
		Radio pioneer Edwin Howard Armstrong’s legacy to New York City came full circle on Sept 11, the day the World Trade Center collapsed and the moment a new generation of broadcasters realized that a tower the visionary had built in 1937 would save over-the-air television transmission in the shaken city.
		Armstrong’s eviction from Empire left the inventor undeterred in his quest to bring high fidelity FM radio to New Yorkers.
		For supporters of Edwin Armstrong, a man who died thinking he was a failure, the events of September 2001 are still another validation of his genius.
	www.tvtechnology.com /features/news/n-armstrong.shtml (1438 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		ARMSTRONG, EDWIN HOWARD (Dec. 18, 1890 -- Jan. 31, 1954), electrical engineer and inventor of three of the basic electronic circuits underlying all modern radio, radar, and television, was born in New York City, the first child of John and Emily Smith Armstrong, both native New
		Armstrong received his engineering degree in 1913, filed for a patent, and returned to Columbia as an instructor and as assistant to the professor and inventor, Michael Pupin.
		Armstrong again found himself impeded by the FCC, which ordered FM into a new frequency band at limited power, and challenged by a coterie of corporations on the basic rights to his invention.
	www.resonancepub.com /histradio.htm (1437 words)

	Edwin Howard Armstrong: Raw Deal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Edwin Howard Armstrong was an engineering genius from Yonkers, New York, who invented FM radio.
		Armstrong, working alone, freed radio from the muddy, static-filled world of AM - and as a result was hated by CBS, NBC, and RCA's David Sarnoff, who represented the powerful corporations that controlled broadcasting at the time.
		For the full story of Edwin Howard Armstrong's raw deal - and those of 22 other American victims - read RAW DEAL, new in paperback from Blast Books.
	www.blastbooks.com /RAWDEAL/Armstrong/fr2arm.htm (169 words)

	Scanning the Past
		Edwin Armstrong is widely regarded as one of the foremost contributors to the field of radio-electronics and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1980.
		Armstrong's inventive style was somewhat unusual in that he expressed almost a phobic distrust of mathematical analysis, and his well-crafted technical papers rarely contained an equation.
		Armstrong graduated with a degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1913 and observed the phenomenon of regenerative feedback in vacuum-tube circuits while still an undergraduate.
	ieee.cincinnati.fuse.net /reiman/01_2001.html (897 words)

	Columbia News ::: WFDU to Honor 70th Anniversary of Edwin Armstrong's FM Radio Demonstration
		Armstrong was a member of the engineering faculty from 1913 until his death in 1954.
		Armstrong believed that if you varied the frequency of the signal rather than its amplitude, one could create a superior receiver that would be less susceptible to static interference.
		While Armstrong is best known for creating FM, during his junior year at the School of Engineering he also invented the audion tube, which yielded the first radio amplifier.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/news/05/06/edwinArmstrong.html (523 words)

	Armstrong, Edwin Howard - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		ARMSTRONG, EDWIN HOWARD [Armstrong, Edwin Howard] 1890-1954, American engineer and radio inventor, b.
		Armstrong received numerous awards for his contributions to the development of radio, which include the invention of the regenerative circuit (1912); the superheterodyne circuit (1918), the basic circuit of nearly all modern radio receivers; the superregenerative circuit (1920); and wideband frequency modulation (FM) system (1925-33).
		Edwin Bancroft Henderson: physical educator, civil rights activist, and chronicler of African American athletes.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-armstrge.html (246 words)

	Philip B. Petersen
		Armstrong was a teenager in 1908 when he operated his amateur spark-gap transmitter and coherer receiver.
		Armstrong and his friend at that time, David Sarnoff, demonstrated the regenerative receiver at the large commercial radio receiving station near Belmar, New Jersey (later Camp Evans) where it clearly outperformed the others of that time.
		Armstrong was frustrated with the costly delays and litigations, became very discouraged and died tragically in February, 1954.
	www.infoage.org /p-72Armstrong.html (462 words)

	1998 Inductees - Edwin Howard Armstrong
		In the summer of 1912, Armstrong devised a new regenerative circuit that yielded not only the first radio amplifier but also the key to the continuous-wave transmitter that still lies at the heart of all radio operations.
		By the late 1920s, Armstrong set out to eliminate the last big problems of radio static by designing an entirely new system, in which the carrier-wave frequency would be modulated while its amplitude would be held constant.
		FM broadcasting began to expand after World War II, but Armstrong again found himself both limited by the FCC, which ordered FM into a new frequency band at limited power, and challenged by a coterie of corporations on the basic rights of his inventions.
	www.njinvent.njit.edu /1998/inductees_1998/edwin_howard_armstrong.html (391 words)

	Radio-Electronics.Com :: Edwin Armstrong
		Edwin Howard Armstrong was born on 18 December 1890 and became one of the foremost inventors in radio technology.
		Armstrong had a keen interest in radio, building early radio sets while still at high school.
		By the 1960s FM was firmly established as the method to be used for high fidelity broadcast transmissions, and he was posthumously elected to the line of electrical leaders by the International Telecommunications Union in Geneva.
	www.radio-electronics.com /info/radio_history/gtnames/armstrong.php (618 words)


		In 1912, Edwin Howard Armstrong, a 22-year-old electrical engineering student at Columbia University in Manhattan, revolutionized radio transmissions by inventing "regeneration," a method of strengthening radio signals.
		In 1933, Armstrong patented the technology for static-free radio systems, giving birth to the FM radio industry.
		Armstrong is shown here in a 1922 photograph.
	www.newsday.com /other/special/ny-ihny0915story,0,7921899.htmlstory (131 words)

	Edwin H. Armstrong
		The tower and its accompanying radio station were built in 1938 at a cost of over $300,000 by Edwin Howard Armstrong, pioneer radio inventor, to demonstrate the superiority of his new system of radio broadcasting—frequency modulation (FM).
		Armstrong was born in New York City in 1890.
		Howard attended Public School 6 in Yonkers and Yonkers High School, and went on from there to Columbia University, commuting on a red motorcycle his father had given him as a high school graduation present.
	www.yonkershistory.org /arms.html (1778 words)

	RWonline - RW Special Report
		And while the ostensible purpose for the get-together was to mark the 70th anniversary of Armstrong's first FM broadcast tests in 1935, it was really a long-delayed overall honor for one of America's true radio inventor-heroes.
		And while the Phasitron wasn't an Armstrong invention (and indeed, was never used on the old FM band), the little memorial gathering that night inspired Steve to start building a Phasitron that could be used down the dial at Armstrong's original frequency.
		Armstrong's original calls, W2XMN, were in use by the Armstrong Memorial Radio Club, but the appropriate calls "WA2XMN" had been obtained in their place.
	www.rwonline.com /reference-room/special-report/02_rwf_armstrong.shtml (1189 words)

	The Inventor of FM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is the antenna tower of the first-ever FM station, W2XMNF, erected in 1936 and now crowded with satellite dishes and aerials receiving and relaying all manner of television, cellular and microwave signals.
		It was in the basement of another university, Columbia, that Maj. Armstrong (he served in the newly-formed Signal Corps in World War I) pioneered an entirely new form of broadcasting: static-free, crystal-clear, high-fidelity Frequency Modulation.
		David Sarnoff, a twenty-five year friend of Armstrong's and the president of RCA, cut Armstrong off from the only company large enough to give FM the send-up it needed.
	www.wfmu.org /LCD/GreatDJ/armstrong.html (475 words)

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