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	Eel
		The body undergoes other dramatic changes as well: the eyes start to grow, the eye pigments change for optimal vision in dim blue clear ocean light, and the sides of their bodies turn silvery, best suited to be as invisible as possible during the long open ocean cruise ahead and past many waiting predators.
		His proposal was to release 50 Silver Eels from Danish waters with probes that will detach from the eels each second day, float up and broadcast position, depth and temperature to satellite receivers, possibly jointly with an equivalent release experiment from the countries of the western coast of the Atlantic.
		In Europe, eel populations are infected already from 30% to 100% with the nematode.
	www.edinformatics.com /culinaryarts/food_encyclopedia/eel.htm (1204 words)

	Informat.io on Eel
		Some eels dwell in deep water (in case of family Synaphobranchidae, this comes to a depth of 4,000 m), or are active swimmers (the family Nemichthyidae - to the depth of 500 m).
		Freshwater eels (unagi) and marine eels (Conger eel, anago) are commonly used in Japanese cuisine.
		The toxin derived from eel blood serum was used by Charles Robert Richet in his Nobel winning research which discovered anaphylaxis (by injecting it into dogs and observing the effect).
	www.informat.io /?title=eel (687 words)

	Dramatic Declines in recruitment of American Eel(Anguilla rostrata) Entering Lake Ontario - Long-term Trends, Causes ...
		In 1974, an eel ladder was added to aid the passage of eels, and between early 1980s and 1990s, a typical juvenile eel (yellow) ascending the ladder averaged 35 to 45 cm (TL) and weighed 80 to 150 g.
		The total number of eels ascending the ladder provides an index of recruitment to the Lake Ontario and upper St. Lawrence River stock, and from 1975 to 1985, there were relatively large and consistent numbers ascending the ladder (600,000 1,300,000 annually).
		When lag times between eels ascending the ladder and catch were applied, the best correlation for the electrofishing index was based on a five year lag, meaning that eels ascending the ladder between 1979 and 1991 were reflected in the electrofishing catch between 1984 and 1996, five years later.
	www.eman-rese.ca /eman/reports/publications/nm97_abstracts/part-22.htm (1070 words)

	Summary 5
		The 1998 study was divided in 2 parts: 1) monitoring of the Moses-Saunders Power Dam eel ladder for the occurrence of PIT tagged eels and 2) electrofishing and trapping in the St. Lawrence Seaway and at the Long Sault Dam.
		From June 26 to October 26, 73 eels PIT tagged in the course of the 1997 study were detected at the ladder, 59 (80.8%) of which successfully exited in Lake St. Lawrence after an average period spent in the ladder of 17.9 hours.
		After approximately one year at large, eels PIT tagged and released at various locations downstream of the MSPD and across the St. Lawrence River in 1997 were detected at the eel ladder in 1998 with similar proportions (between 14.5% and 16.4 %).
	www.milieuinc.com /summary_5.htm (625 words)

	Passe migratoire Vianney-Legendre (anglais)
		The structure is thus made up of a multi-species fish ladder with single vertical slits for the redhorse, the sturgeon, the shad and, in addition, an eel ladder consisting of an inclined surface next to the fish ladder.
		The concept for the eel ladder was inspired by that of an experimental ladder used by Hydro Quebec at the Chambly dam, upstream of the Saint-Ours dam.
		The construction of the fish ladder and the eel ladder was finished in the Spring of 2001.
	www.slv2000.qc.ca /divers/parcs_canada/saint_ours_accueil_a.htm (1269 words)

	Where have all the eels gone?
		Eels have not revealed their spawning secrets; scientists do not know exactly where eels spawn, at what depth or how they behave when reunited at the spawning area.
		Eels toward the northern end of the range are the oldest and largest of their kind and females may produce two or three times more eggs than females from the mid-Atlantic region.
		Eel recruitment (the number of juvenile eels returning to estuaries and rivers) can be cyclic and erratic and scientists do not understand long-term population dynamics well enough to put recent declines into perspective.
	www.gulfofmaine.org /times/summer2005/eelprint.html (2495 words)

	EPRI News Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		American eel populations appear to be declining and several resource agencies have recently moved to protect eels through new passage and protection measures at hydro plants.
		EPRI found that there have been significant advances in effective upstream passages for the young eels through hydroelectric plants and that practical eel ladders for upstream passage are already in operation in several locations: shallow, gently-inclined, zigzagging water chutes that enable eels to slither around hydro facilities.
		Eel physiology and behavior is different from that of many other fish, so downstream passage facilities designed for other migratory fish may not be effective for eels.
	www.epri.com /corporate/discover_epri/news/releases/eel_decline.html (867 words)

	Dramatic declines in recruitment of American Eel entering Lake Ontario
		In 1974, therefore, an eel ladder was built to aid the passage of eels.
		When lag times between eels ascending the ladder and catch were applied, the best statistical correlation for the electrofishing index was based on a five year lag (Fig.
		This means that eels ascending the ladder between 1979 and 1991 were reflected in the electrofishing catch between 1984 and 1996, five years later.
	www.eman-rese.ca /eman/reports/publications/nm97_eel/intro.html (2414 words)

	Eel ladder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An eel ladder is type of fish ladder designed to help eels swim past barriers, such as dams and weirs or even natural barriers, to reach upriver feeding grounds.
		(Many eels are catadromous, living in fresh water but spawning at sea.) The basic design of an eel ladder has the eel swim over the barrier using an eel ascending ramp, which provides the eels a climbing substrate to "push against" while slithering upstream.
		The eel ascending ramp can be a fairly simple constructions, such as a hollowed out tree filled with recycled fishing net, or a more complex structure designed to accommodate specific species or ages of eels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eel_ladder (272 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the American ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Eels are thought to spawn in the winter and early spring in the upper few hundred meters of the water column of the Sargasso Sea (Kleckner et al.
		Annual numbers of juvenile eels climbing the Moses-Saunders Dam eel ladder decreased from a peak of 1,293,570 in 1983, to 935,170 in 1985, and went as low as 11,533 eels in 1992 (a 99 percent decline in recruitment to Lake Ontario).
		The non-indigenous eel swimbladder nematode (Anguillicola crassus) is a parasite native to marine and freshwater areas of eastern Asia, from Japan and China to Vietnam.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-SPECIES/2005/July/Day-06/e12971.htm (11462 words)

	Chesapeake Bay Journal: Eel fortunes: Much of fishâs life is a mystery - including why itâs suddenly ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Eel harvests peaked at an estimated 3.5 million pounds a year along the U.S. East Coast in the late 1970s, as demand increased in both Europe and Japan after the declines of their own eel fisheries.
		Weederâs conclusion that the Maryland population is overfished is a concern because the Bay is considered to have the densest eel population along the East Coast.
		The parasite reproduces in the eelâs swim bladder, a large organ critical to the eelâs ability to move in the water.
	www.bayjournal.com /article.cfm?article=91 (2527 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Slithering From Science's Grasp
		The eel is routinely harvested by watermen who sell some of their catch overseas for Asian and European diners and keep the rest for bait.
		Even so, the eel has one of the most mysterious life cycles of any creature in the bay: Adult eels end their lives by swimming out to the Sargasso Sea -- a part of the Atlantic Ocean near Bermuda -- to spawn and die, researchers said.
		The eel ladder, which looks like a long pegboard, gives the eels something to grip as they slither 20 feet up and over the dam.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A4039-2004Jul21?language=printer (876 words)

	Anguillidae
		Eels are reported from the Mississippi Lake and therefore can be expected to occur in the Mississippi River of the NCR as well as the Ottawa River.
		An eel ladder (a trough and baffle system with rest pools crisscrossing an ice chute through the dam) was built and over 3 million eels used it in 4 years.
		Adult eels are caught in Canada for export to Europe, particularly along the Gulf of St. Lawrence, using weirs, baited setlines, and pots, fyke nets, eel traps and hoop nets.
	www.briancoad.com /ncr/Anguillidae.htm (2077 words)

	GUIDELINES FOR SAMPLING FISH IN INLAND WATERS
		Such a water body may have a natural eel stock open to immigration of young eels, or the stock can be maintained artificially in the case of landlocked lakes, reservoirs lacking fish or eel passes, by which to circumvent the dam, rivers outside the natural distribution of elvers such as the Danube.
		Such ladders can be combined with facilities for catching the eels where climbing material ends before the top of the ladder in such a way that the eels are washed down through a gap or into a tube leading into a catching box.
		The number of eels and frequently the percentage of males tend to decrease with distance from the sea, although in some areas as, for example, in the German Bight in the North Sea the coastal stock may have a greater number of females.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/003/AA044E/AA044E12.htm (3667 words)

	Design, Construction and Installation of an Eel Ladder at the St. Ours Dam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The ladder, a product manufactured by Milieu, is made of molded ABS and is 6.7 meters long and 56 cm wide.
		A small water flow (0.5 l/s) runs down the ascending ramp and an attraction flow is provided by gravity to an open-channel gutter (2,5 m) that parallels one side of the entrance of the ladder.
		After ascending the ladder, the eels enter a capture box and are set out toward the forebay of the dam in a 6-inch pipe at a narrow angle.
	www.milieuinc.com /news_1.htm (194 words)

	PROTECTING THE VANISHING AMERICAN EEL
		American eel is often confused with lamprey because of its appearance.
		An eel ladder was installed at the R.H. Saunders Hydroelectric Dam in Cornwall in 1974 by MNR and OPG to assist with the migration of eel upstream of the dam.
		Since 1998, the number of young eel migrating up the eel ladder located at the R. Saunders Hydro Generating Dam has declined from more than one million fish per year in the early 1980s to fewer than 3,500 per year.
	www.mnr.gov.on.ca /MNR/csb/news/2004/apr02fs_04.html (450 words)

	International Water Power and Dam Construction
		A gentle stream of water is provided throughout the system, capitalising on the migrating eels' instinct to swim upstream against flows on their journey of some 4022km from the Sargasso Sea, near Bermuda, in the Atlantic Ocean.
		The first part of the passage facility is a 55.5m eel ladder that consists of a shallow metal trough containing a grid of staggered plastic pipes.
		The eels, generally six to 12 years old and ranging between 13 and 26 inches in length, swim along the trough, pushing against the pipes as they climb from the base of the dam to its top.
	www.waterpowermagazine.com /storyprint.asp?sc=2038052 (670 words)

	Parramatta Eels: 1Eyed Eel, Unofficial NRL Web site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Former Eels centre Junior Langi, who has been playing his football in the UK with Salford since leaving Parramatta, has been forced to make a premature retirement from the game due to a rare eye illness.
		Former Eels cult here Mark Tookey has announced his retirement, despite having only just announced he was returning to Australia to play in the Queensland cup.
		Up-and-coming Eels five-eighth Blake Green was offered first crack at the Melbourne number six jersey but turned it down to remain at the Eels.
	www.1eyedeel.com (1631 words)

	Friends of the Eel River (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In its petition to the commission, Friends of the Eel maintains that the recommendations in the FERC ruling are inadequate to protect the river’s imperiled salmon.
		Environmentalists contend that SCWA is sacrificing the Eel River watershed and its estimated billion-dollar fishery to fuel growth and development in Sonoma County, one of the fastest growing counties in the state.
		In 2003, Friends of the Eel successfully sued the Sonoma County Water Agency for failing to consider the environmental impact of its water plans that depend on continued diversions from the Eel to the Russian rivers.
	www.eelriver.org /engine.php?bit=march04 (637 words)

	Working Waterfront Story
		Sometimes, she has heard that eels were in an area, made all her preparations to photograph them, and then found that they had moved on.
		Perry's eel work begins in late April or early May when she learns from harvesters, dealers and Department of Marine Resources (DMR) scientists that glass eels are beginning to show up in river mouths.
		The eels, which are one of few catadromous (living in fresh water, spawning at sea) species, are on their journey from their spawning grounds in the Sargasso Sea to upriver locations where they will spend the next 20 years growing to maturity before they return to the spawning grounds.
	www.workingwaterfront.com /article.asp?storyID=20031005 (956 words)

	International Empire Earth Ladder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		When registering for the ladder, please chose a nickname that people will recognize when they see you on the server.
		Before the start of the game, both players must explicitly agree that the game they are going to play should count for the ladder.
		Ladder games must have the tag (EEL) at the beginning of the game name, for example: "(EEL) foo vs bar".
	www.eeladder.de /rules (567 words)

	50,000 eels wriggle into St. Lawrence River
		The young American eels were released into the St. Lawrence River near the islands on Thursday as part of a multi-year project to help restore the eel population in Ontario waterways, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources said in a news release Friday.
		The once abundant eel has grown so rare in the past decade that in 2004, the Ontario government banned commercial eel fishing in Lake Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence River, and banned sport fishing of eels provincewide.
		An eel ladder installed at the R.H. Saunders Hydroelectric Dam in Cornwall in 1974 to aid the migration of eels upstream has seen the number of fish fall from more than one million a year in the early 1980s to fewer than 3,500 annually.
	www.cbc.ca /canada/ottawa/story/2006/10/13/eels.html (1145 words)

	Lake County Watershed Awareness Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Another reason for the Eel River loss of steelhead was that, for many years (over 25), the eggs taken at Van Arsdale were planted in other coastal rivers and streams, such as the Russian, Noyo, and Gualala, and not in the Eel.
		The Eel River collects water from runoff and snowmelt originating from Hull Mountain and Snow Mountain, from as far away as Glenn County, from such streams as Corbin Creek, Cold Creek, and Rice Fork, and Rice Fork, and ephemeral (part-time) creeks such as Salmon and Smokehouse Creeks.
		So, Eel River water is the main source of water for most of the Highway 101 corridor from Ukiah south to Cloverdale, and beyond, to the ocean.
	watershed.co.lake.ca.us /crmp/pillsbury/pillsbury.htm (4368 words)

	NYPA Awards Contract to Gouverneur Firm for Eel Ladder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		“The ladder is one of the wide-ranging fish and wildlife measures we committed to in connection with the 50-year federal license issued for the hydroelectric project in late 2003 by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [FERC].
		The Gouverneur company previously installed an eel ladder for Brascan Power, at its Oswego Falls hydro facility on the Oswego River, a tributary to Lake Ontario.
		A unique feature of the ladder system is that the eels will be safely delivered to a release point approximately 900 feet beyond the power dam.
	www.nypa.gov /press/2005/050902bpr.htm (384 words)

	FISH PASS Fisway engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Their characteristics meet the requirements of species and migratory stages, and take into account technical constraints including reliability and cost.
		Crawling substratum for eel ladders is available in various patterns depending on :
		Eel traps are a reliable way to measure recruitment in a river and to describe biological characteristics of migrating fish.
	fishpass.free.fr /anglais/eproduits.html (144 words)

	Eel Pie Island - Richmond and Twickenham music mementos
		It had been a tourist attraction in the 19th century and, renowned for its sprung ballroom floor, was hosting tea dances during the 1920’s and 1930’s.
		It was Arthur Chisnall, a Kingston junk-shop owner, who had the idea of holding weekly dances at Eel Pie Island.
		There are plenty of refs to '50s and '60s music from Eel Pie Island and other venues in the Richmond and Twickenham area, but very few to the music and the musicians that could be heard on Eel Pie during the first half of the twentieth century.
	www.eelpie.org /music01.htm (676 words)

	New York Field Office, US Fish and Wildlife Service: What's New?
		Algonquin is voluntarily constructing an eel ladder to allow eels upstream passage through the last blockage on the Oswego River.
		The City of Oswego has agreed to install a ladder at their High Dam facility in 2007, and the Service is working with Algonquin Power to reach an agreement for a ladder at the Phoenix site.
		The American eel population has been rapidly declining for the last two decades and is currently undergoing status review as a potential endangered species candidate in both the United States and Canada.
	www.fws.gov /northeast/nyfo/hot/new.htm (3898 words)

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