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Topic: Effective dose

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	Whole Body Scanning Using Computed Tomography (CT) - What are the radiation risks from CT?
		A CT examination with an effective dose of 10 millisieverts (abbreviated mSv; 1 mSv = 1 mGy in the case of x rays.) may be associated with an increase in the possibility of fatal cancer of approximately 1 chance in 2000.
		The effective doses from diagnostic CT procedures are typically estimated to be in the range of 1 to 10 mSv.
		Effective dose is evaluated in units of millisieverts (abbreviated mSv; 1 mSv = 1 mGy in the case of x rays.) Using the concept of effective dose allows comparison of the risk estimates associated with partial or whole-body radiation exposures.
	www.fda.gov /cdrh/ct/risks.html (896 words)

	Rad Dose Limits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A dose equivalent is a organ limit and a effective dose equivalent is the sum of the dose equivalents multiplied by a weighting factor (i.e.
		Per 10 CFR 835.2(b) TEDE is defined as the sum of the effective dose equivalents (for external exposures) and the committed effective dose equivalent (for internal exposures).
		The proper dose term to associate with limits for the embryo/fetus specified in 10 CFR 835.206(a) is dose equivalent.
	www.eh.doe.gov /il/unpres/D0004013.htm (380 words)

	IEER: Energy & Security #4: Science For The Critical Masses, Effective Dose Equivalent
		The effective dose equivalent is a way of converting the actual complicated process of radioactive intake into a simplifed concept of a uniform whole-body dose--that is, an equivalent of what an actual localized dose means to the overall body.
		Effective dose is meant to allow the comparison between different types of radiation exposure and exposure to different organs.
		The five remaining organs or tissues receiving the highest dose equivalents are each assigned a weighting factor of 0.06 (excluding the skin, lens of the eye, and the extremities).
	www.ieer.org /ensec/no-4/eff-dose.html (705 words)

	CT Dose Optimization \| June 2006 \| Medical Imaging
		Effective dose is related to these volumetric dose indices through experimental determination of conversion factors associated with scanning protocols for different body sections.
		Relatively high doses are delivered to tissues included in the scan plane but not of clinical interest, such as the breast in thoracic CT. Breast dose during such procedures lies in the range of 2 to 10 rad—in comparison with an average mean glandular dose of approximately 200 millirad per view in mammography.
		Dose to all tissues in the field of view at CT as well as those irradiated by secondary radiation (internal and external scatter and tube leakage) contribute to the patient's effective dose.
	www.medicalimagingmag.com /issues/articles/2006-06_01.asp (2691 words)

	NURS 735 - Module 1 - Dose and Dose-response Concepts
		In this case, a dose that is 50-75% effective does not cause toxicity whereas a 90% effective dose may result in a small amount of toxicity.
		It is the ratio of the dose producing toxicity to the dose needed to produce the desired therapeutic response.
		The use of the ED50 and LD50 doses to derive the TI may be misleading as to safety, depending on the slope of the dose-response curves for therapeutic and lethal effects.
	aquaticpath.umd.edu /appliedtox/module1-dose.html (1476 words)

	Radiation Safety Manual 1997
		The dose received by an individual in a restricted area or in the course of employment in which the individual’s assigned duties involve exposure to radiation and to radioactive material from licensed and unlicensed sources of radiation, whether in the possession of the licensee or other person.
		Dose received by a member of the public from exposure to radiation and to radioactive material released by a licensee, or to another source of radiation either within a licensee’s controlled area or in unrestricted areas.
		The dose equivalent in sieverts is equal to the absorbed dose in grays multiplied by the quality factor.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/EHS/prod/researchlab/radlaser/manual/appendices/glossary.htm (1499 words)

	X-ray - Education: X-ray Dose - X-ray dose concept and reduction measures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The incident dose is the dose measured in the middle of a radiation field on the surface of a body or a phantom.
		The image receptor dose is generally smaller than the exit dose, because the radiation weakens before it reaches the image receptor, for example by encountering objects behind the patient's body such as the radiation protection grid, anti-scatter grid or the table.
		By automatic dose rate adjustment, the operator tries to reduce the time during which the dose rate is measured at the input of the image intensifier and the kilovolt and milliamp values are, in turn, adjusted at the generator.
	www.gehealthcare.com /inen/rad/xr/education/dose.html (4183 words)

	Practice Parameters for Allergen Immunotherapy - XII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The ranges of therapeutically effective doses (in micrograms, allergy units, bioequivalent allergy units, and weight per volume) are presented in Table 8.
		When choosing the starting dose, most allergists and immunologists start at a dilution of the maintenance concentrate that is appropriate based on the sensitivity of the patient to the allergens in the vaccine, which in turn is based on the history and skin test reactivity.
		Therefore, it is reasonable to maintain or reduce the dose of vaccine during seasons when the patient is exposed to increased levels of allergen to which he or she is sensitive, especially if symptoms are poorly controlled.
	www.jcaai.org /pp/ai_12_schedules.asp (3451 words)

	Marshall Islands: Whole-Body Counting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The frequency distribution of the committed effective dose equivalent received by Enewetak Island residents from exposure to dietary cesium-137, annualized to the year of measurement, is shown in Figure 9.
		The frequency distribution of the committed effective dose equivalent received by resettlement workers and other visitors to Rongelap Island (1999-2004) from exposure to dietary cesium-137, annualized to the year of measurement, is shown in Figure 10.
		The frequency distribution of the committed effective dose equivalent received by program volunteers (2003-2004) from internally deposited cesium-137 annualized to the year of measurement is shown in Figure 11.
	eed.llnl.gov /mi/wbc.php (2594 words)

	RADAR Medical Procedure Radiation Dose Calculator and Consent Language Generator
		For effective doses under 3 mSv (300 mrem), the risk is considered to be "minimal" and the consent language is rather brief.
		Doses are still related to the equivalent number of days of exposure to natural background, but information about individual organ doses is also given.
		Doses to individual organs should always be discussed and use of the effective dose concept and comparison to background exposures is absolutely not appropriate.
	www.doseinfo-radar.com /RADARDoseRiskCalc.html (756 words)

	Effective Single-Dose Emergency Contraception - May 1, 2003 - American Family Physician
		The two principal newer regimens are based on levonorgestrel (two doses of 0.75 mg administered 12 hours apart) or up to 600 mg of mifepristone in a single dose.
		A single dose of 10-mg mifepristone has been shown to be as effective as larger doses but with fewer side effects, leading to speculation that levonorgestrel could also be effective in a single dose.
		Women requesting emergency contraception within 120 hours of unprotected intercourse at 15 family planning clinics in 10 countries were eligible for the study if they had regular menstrual cycles and agreed to refrain from unprotected sex for the remainder of their current menstrual cycle.
	www.aafp.org /afp/20030501/tips/11.html (778 words)

	Understanding X-rays
		E was intended to equate the relative risk of inducing a fatal cancer from a partial body dose (such as radon progeny in the lungs) to the whole body dose that would have the same risk of inducing a fatal cancer.
		The effective dose cannot be measured, and it is difficult to calculate.
		Effective dose should not be confused with the entrance skin dose (ESD), which was commonly used for describing patient radiation up until about 20 years ago.
	www.emedicinehealth.com /understanding_x-rays/page2_em.htm (540 words)

	Dose-response relationship - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Studying dose response, and developing dose response models, is central to determining "safe" and "hazardous" levels and dosages for drugs, potential pollutants, and other substances that humans are exposed to.
		The measured dose (usually in milligrams, micrograms, or grams per kilogram of body-weight) is generally plotted on the X axis and the response is plotted on the Y axis.
		Commonly, it is the logarithm of the dose that is plotted on the X axis, and in such cases the curve is typically sigmoidal, with the steepest portion in the middle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dose_response (391 words)

	IngentaConnect Effective Dose of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Scans in Child... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Effective dose, a parameter utilized to assess biological risk related to radiation exposure, may be used to evaluate risk associated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).
		We estimated the effective dose from DXA (Hologic QDR 4500A) scans of the lumbar spine (fast array mode), total body, hip (fast array mode), and forearm for children ages 1, 5, 10, and 15 yr and for adults.
		The effective dose values for a 1-yr-old and an adult, respectively, were 4.7 μSv and 2.2 μSv for a lumbar spine scan performed in fast array mode, 3.4/3.5 μSv and 1.8/2.1 μSv (male/female) for a total body scan, and 0.14 μSv and 0.03 μSv for a forearm scan.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/hum/jcd/2005/00000008/00000004/art00007 (329 words)

	Are X-Rays Safe?
		The effective dose cannot be measured and it is difficult to calculate.9 Physicists use computer simulation programs to estimate the organ doses in a standard patient from typical exposure conditions for various projections.
		Typical effective doses and BERT values for some common x-ray projections are given in Table I. Entrance skin dose (ESD) is not a good indicator of the dose to the patient
		To reassure the patient about the lack of risk from low doses of radiation it is useful to explain that no studies of radiation to humans have demonstrated an increase in cancer at the doses used in diagnostic radiology.
	medinfo.ufl.edu /~vrm/rads.html (2031 words)

	[No title]
		The effective dose equivalent is the sum of individual committed (50-year) organ doses multiplied by weighting factors that represent the proportion of the total health-effect risk that each organ would receive from uniform irradiation of the whole body.
		In this report, the effective dose equivalent is expressed in rem (or millirem), with the corresponding value in sievert (or millisievert) in parentheses.
		Population doses from the consumption of fish obtained locally from the Columbia River were calculated from an estimated total annual catch of 15,000 kg/yr (without reference to a specified human group of consumers).
	www.pnl.gov /env/appendix_d.html (1326 words)

	Effective Dose From CT Scans
		"Effective dose", as defined in ICRP Report Number 90, is an index (with units of millirem) that reflects radiation detriment (risk).
		Effective doses obtained using values of mass outside this range should be interpreted with caution.
		It is intended to be a convenient reference for estimating radiation effective dose to from CT, under the stated conditions.
	www.safety.duke.edu /radsafety/ct_ed/default.asp (450 words)

	eXoDOSE for Computed Tomography
		The effective dose is the best indicator of the amount of radiation received by patients undergoing diagnostic examinations which use ionizing radiation.
		The major problem with the effective dose parameter is the (perceived) difficulty in its determination in a routine setting.
		The methods permits computation of effective doses for pediatric and newborn patients, as well as patients who are bigger or smaller than Reference Man. Effective doses to the "extremities" may also me obtained.
	nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu /~nikos/CT_eXoDOSE.html (360 words)

	Clinical Pharmacology of SSRI's: How SSRIs as a Group Are Similar
		This dose issue is one of the limitations of this approach in contrast to having data from the ideal study described at the beginning of this chapter.
		First, the emergence of such adverse effects at higher doses may in part account for the fact that the antidepressant response rate to the SSRIs tends to be lower on average at doses higher than the usually effective, minimum dose based on the result of fixed-dose studies (Figure 5.2).
		A patient may have failed on the usually effective, minimum dose because s/he is not responsive to this MOA or because plasma concentration of the drug is below the usually effective threshold due to an unusually rapid clearance of the drug in that patient.
	www.preskorn.com /books/ssri_s5.html (6315 words)

	Prions: dose experiments
		The prion infectious dose in naturally acquired TSE disease is unknown.
		The infective dose of the greatest dilution that caused the animal to die (often after years of incubation), was defined as infective unit (IU) if the animal receiving the inoculum was the same species as that of the animal that was donating it.
		The infectious dose between species is usually higher than between animals of the same species (possibly a million fold), but it is may be the same (e.g.
	www1.umn.edu /eoh/hazards/hazardssite/prions/priondose.html (1801 words)

	RADAR Internal/Occupational
		In occupational exposures, one needs to use a knowledge of the input and the pathway with the appropriate dose conversion factors (DCFs) to calculate a cumulative organ dose and effective whole body dose for the exposed person(s).
		These factors give the dose per unit intake by inhalation or ingestion for a large number of radionuclides, for adults and children of various ages.
		They are thus useful for calculating committed doses for workers, who might experience intakes in the workplace, as well as individuals or populations near nuclear sites, where intakes might occur due to offsite releases of radionuclides.
	www.doseinfo-radar.com /RADAR-INT-Occ.html (697 words)

	Effective dose for building materials
		Internal doses may be a concern if concentrations of radium are high because radium decay leads to radon gas production, and some radon may be released from the building materials and be inhaled by occupants.
		The external dose results from occupants being exposed to radiations emitted by the radionuclides and escaping from the building materials and irradiating occupants in the building.
		The code uses a numerical integration routine and outputs the deep dose equivalent rate (using conversion factors from Report 51 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection) that can be used to simulate effective dose rate.
	www.hps.org /publicinformation/ate/q3991.html (1583 words)

	BioSante News
		Bio-E-Gel is administered using a metered dose applicator that delivers 0.87 g of gel per actuation, thereby allowing for precise titration from dose to dose.
		The most effective Bio-E-Gel dose decreased the number of hot flashes by 85 percent by 12 weeks of treatment, from 12.9 hot flashes per day at baseline to 1.6 per day at the end of the 3 month study.
		Since a lower dose would not be as effective as quickly this implies identification of the lowest effective estrogen dose for hot flash treatment.
	www.biosantepharma.com /newshtml/06/101106_pr.html (1404 words)

	December 9, 1999-Vol31n15: Single dose effective for ADHD
		A new UB study published in the December issue of Pediatrics comparing the effectiveness over time of Adderall and Ritalin-two drugs for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-shows that a single dose of Adderall is effective for a full school day.
		Both were effective in improving children's behavior and performance in the context of the summer treatment program, which spanned a typical school day, he said.
		He speculated that the reason single doses of Adderall lasted so much longer into the evening in this study than reported in other studies also may be related to the influence of the program's behavioral interventions, this time on the children.
	www.buffalo.edu /reporter/vol31/vol31n15/n4.html (644 words)

	Patient-Specific Dose and Radiation Risk Estimation in Pediatric Cardiac Catheterization -- Bacher et al. 111 (1): 83 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		a median of 69% to the dose, and 49% of the effective dose was
		and 45% of the effective dose was attributed to cineangiography
		Effective dose to a patient undergoing coronary angiography.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/111/1/83 (3851 words)

	Recommendations
		The difference between effective dose and effective dose equivalent and equivalent dose and dose equivalent
		(H) is based on the absorbed dose at a "point" in tissue which is weighted by a distribution of quality factors (Q) which are related to the LET distribution of the radiation at that point.
		received in the year of intake because they reflect the dose that will be delivered in the future as well as that delivered in the year of intake.
	www.tenorm.com /ncrp116icrp60.htm (680 words)

	Lowest Effective Dose of Prempro (Conjugated Estrogens/Medroxyprogesterone) Now Available in the US
		The Women's HOPE Study showed that Prempro 0.3 mg/1.5 mg was as effective in treating vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy as Prempro 0.625 mg/2.5 mg and was effective in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis.
		Both doses are indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms, vaginal dryness and the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
		Premarin and Prempro should be used at the lowest effective dose and for the shortest duration consistent with a woman's treatment goals and risks.
	www.docguide.com /dg.nsf/PrintPrint/E180635F2FFACEBE85256E40005881CB (1234 words)

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