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Topic: Effective Radiated Power

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	Definition: effective radiated power
		The power supplied to an antenna multiplied by the antenna gain in a given direction.
		The effective radiated power of a transmitter (with antenna, transmission line, duplexers, etc.,) is the power that would be necessary at the input terminals of a reference half-wave dipole antenna in order to produce the same maximum field intensity.
		ERP is usually calculated by multiplying the measured transmitter output power by the specified antenna system gain, relative to a half-wave dipole, in the direction of interest.
	www.atis.org /tg2k/_effective_radiated_power.html (198 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		ERP is not equivalent to the power that is radiated, but is a quantity that takes into consideration transmitter power and antenna directivity.
		ERP for FM radio in the United States is always relative to a theoretical reference half-wave dipole antenna.
		In Europe, sometimes the term effective monopole radiated power or EMRP is used, especially in relation to mediumwave broadcasting antennas.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Effective_radiated_power (715 words)

	Field Strength vs. Radiated Power - Calculations and tables for field strength vs. radiated power
		The effective radiated power (ERP) presents the power which should be transmitted into an isotropic antenna to maintain the same field strength.
		The effective radiated power represents the power that you would have to put into an antenna in order to obtain the same field strength.
		As a power increase of 3 dB is equal to the power being doubled, the effective radiated power for a 3 dB antenna is two times the power input of the antenna.
	www.procom-dk.com /techinfo/e0207-fieldstrength-radiated-power (482 words)

	Definition of Effective Radiated Power(ERP) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		ERP(Effective Radiated Power) is a calculated measurement that describes the peak transmitted power output of the system.
		It is measured in Watts, and includes peak transmitter power, transmission line losses, and peak antenna gain(as compared to a half-wave dipole).
		Effective Radiated Power (e.r.p) (in a given direction).
	www.geocities.com /horseshoe7/erp (142 words)

	PowerPedia:Antenna - PESWiki
		Radiant energy is the partially kinetic and partially potential energy associated with waves produced in free space by a source of energy, such as electromagnetic radiations (including radio wave).
		As the radiated power per unit surface is proportional to the squared electrical field of the electromagnetic wave.
		Note that the radiated power is proportional to the fourth power of the frequency.
	peswiki.com /index.php/PowerPedia:Antenna (8885 words)

	Effective radiated power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		ERP for FM radio in the United States is always relative to a theoretical reference half-wave dipole antenna.
		In Europe, sometimes the term effective monopole radiated power or EMRP is used, especially in relation to mediumwave broadcasting antennas.
		In the United States, the maximum ERP for FM broadcasting is usually 100,000 watts (FM Zone II) or 50,000 watts (the more densely populated FM Zones I/I-A), though exact restrictions vary depending on the class of license.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Effective_radiated_power (768 words)

	Link Budget Calculation — The Factors Involved
		Gain is usually an active process meaning that an external power source, such as an RF amplifier, is used to amplify the signal or that a high-gain antenna is used to focus the beam width of the signal to increase its amplitude.
		Typically, more power is better, but there are cases, such as when a transmitter is radiating power very close to the legal power output limit, where added power would be a serious problem.
		Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) is the actual RF power as measured in the main lobe (or focal point) of an antenna.
	www.smartbridges.com /education/print-ready.asp?id=362 (2814 words)

	Cisco - RF Power Values
		The radiated (transmitted) power is rated in either dBm or W. Power that comes off an antenna is measured as effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP).
		Receiver sensitivity is defined as the minimum signal power level (in dBm or mW) that is necessary for the receiver to accurately decode a given signal.
		The increase in power from a 340 AP to a 350 AP is +5 dBi.
	www.cisco.com /warp/public/102/wlan/powervalues-23231.html (1090 words)

	10&36 High Technology
		The antenna radiates power in an omni-directional pattern and utilizes 1/2 degree of tilt so that the RF power beams toward the horizon (where people live) and uses null-fill (for close-to-the-tower viewers) to obtain maximum signal to all our viewers.
		Effective radiated visual power is licensed at 309 kW, 24.9 dBk maximum lobe.
		Effective radiated visual power is licensed at 2340 kW, maximum lobe at 270 degrees.
	mptv.org /hitec.htm (701 words)

	Annex C, Ofcom/RA Joint Consultation on Spectrum Trading \| Ofcom
		Throughout the Radio Regulations power flux density (p.f.d), either at the Earth's surface or at some geographic boundary or test point, is used extensively as either an interference limit or a co-ordination threshold (or trigger) level.
		The total average power in a periodic signal is the sum of the average powers in all the harmonic elements
		Often prescribed by normative standards, out-of-band emissions are defined as the part of the power density spectrum (or the power spectrum when the spectrum consists of discrete components) of an emission (or emissions) which is (immediately) outside the necessary bandwidth and which results from the modulation process, with the exception of spurious emissions.
	www.ofcom.org.uk /consult/condocs/spec_trad/spectrum_trading/annexc (745 words)

	Effective Power - Elmers Forum at eHam.net
		In AM mode we run less power because we are limited to a carrier of 375 watts considering that peaks on AM are usually 4 times the carrier power (1500 watts) Under the old regulations you could have the same amplifier as above with a carrier of 600 watts.
		Peak Envelope Power is a maximum sinusoidal or complex peak waveform voltage across a fixed reference load, generally 50 ohms.
		Effective Power; this is an interesting area of interpolation.
	www.eham.net /forums/Elmers/127673 (542 words)

	About FM Station Powers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		ERP takes into account transmitter output power, antenna gain, and the directionality of the radiating elements.
		The number, shape, and maintenance record of the transmitting elements (or ``bays''), and the location of the bays on the antenna itself can affect the directional pattern of the station, although most FM stations are considered to be theoretically omnidirectional in a plane parallel to the ground.
		FM frequency allocations are associated with a particular class of station, which defines a restriction on power and height a station is allowed.
	www.bostonradio.org /fm-power.html (374 words)

	Low Power Television
		This imposes a practical ceiling on the effective radiated power, using a high-gain antenna, of 20 kilowatts or so under ideal conditions.
		It contrasts with regular full service TV operations, that are permitted up to 100 kilowatts of effective power (Channels 2 to 6), 316 kilowatts (Channels 7 to 13), or 5,000 kilowatts in the UHF bands (Channels 14 to 69).
		The first low power television station was constructed in 1981 by John W. Boler in Bemidji, Minnesota.
	www.museum.tv /archives/etv/L/htmlL/lowpowertel/lowpowertel.htm (810 words)

	Joint Services Planning Document
		For example, depending on the RF frequency and effective radiated power (ERP) used, different regions of the atmosphere and the ionosphere can be affected to produce a number of practical effects, as illustrated in Table 1.
		As illustrated in Figure 1, as the HF power delivered to the ionosphere is continuously increased the dissipative process dominating the response of the geophysical environment changes discontinuously, producing a variety of ionospheric effects that require investigation.
		At HF effective radiated powers available to the West, measurable bulk electron and ion gas heating is achieved, electromagnetic radiation (at frequencies other than transmitted) is stimulated, and various parametric instabilities are excited in the plasma.
	www.angelfire.com /az2/TruthPage/Haarpdoc.html (5156 words)

	Radio waves from antennas
		The radiated power is the actual power delivered to the antenna—ERP is an artificial construct used to compare the properties of a directional antenna with one that propagates energy uniformly in all directions.
		Regardless of the gain, the actual power radiated from the antenna is always slightly less than the power delivered to the antenna.
		This means that when compared with a hypothetical antenna that radiates uniformly in all directions (called isotropic), the intensity of the signal from a cellular antenna, in the direction of maximum intensity, is about 20 to 30 times greater at the same distance as that from the hypothetical isotropic antenna.
	hps.org /publicinformation/ate/q773.html (983 words)

	Section
		The licensed effective radiated power is based on the maximum antenna power gain.
		When a station is authorized to use a directional antenna or an antenna beam tilt, the direction of the maximum effective radiated power will be specified.) Where circular or elliptical polarization is employed, the term effective radiated power is applied separately to the horizontally and vertically polarized components of radiation.
		The term ``equivalent isotropically radiated power'' (also known as ``effective radiated power above isotropic'') means the product of the antenna input power and the antenna gain in a given direction relative to an isotropic antenna.
	edocket.access.gpo.gov /cfr_2004/octqtr/47cfr73.681.htm (1381 words)

	Effective radiated power information - Search.com
		ERP for FM radio in the United States is always relative to a reference half-wave dipole antenna.
		In the United States, the maximum ERP for FM broadcasting is usually 100,000 watts (FM Zone II) or 50,000 watts (FM Zone I/I-A), though exact restrictions vary depending on the class of license.
		For example, CITI's ERP of 360,000 watts makes it the most powerful FM station in the world, but its range is not appreciably further than a 100,000 watt station.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Effective_radiated_power?redir=1 (594 words)

	[No title]
		And since Marine VHF radios are limited to 25 watts power, antenna gain has a significant effect with regard to the signal strength at the receiving station.
		The amount of gain is considered relative to a point source (isotrophic) radiator, which has a radiation pattern of a sphere.
		The Decibel (dB) is a practical unit for the measurement of power ratio increase or decrease because it is more closely related to the actual effect produced by the power change.
	home.earthlink.net /~nolen1/vhf-inst.txt (1201 words)

	What is Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)? \| Austin Wireless
		Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) in a particular direction is the power that would have to be supplied to an isotropic antenna to achieve the same field strength.
		Multiply by the power output (in watts) of the wireless LAN.
		Where P is the wireless LAN or radio modem power in watts, dBi is the antenna gain, and EIRP is the effective isotropic radiated power in watts.
	austinwireless.net /node/34 (449 words)

	Equivalent isotropically radiated power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The EIRP is often stated in terms of decibels over a reference power level, that would be the power emitted by an isotropic radiator with an equivalent signal strength.
		In built-up areas, regulations may restrict the EIRP of a transmitter to prevent exposure of personnel to high power electromagnetic fields however EIRP is normally restricted to minimise interference to services on similar frequencies
		Effective monopole-radiated power, which is similar to EIRP but with a reference antenna of an electrically short monopole.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Effective_isotropically-radiated_power (323 words)

	calculating EIRP (power) - XtremeDevices.com (204) 292-9724 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The radiated power is rated in either dBm or Watts.
		Power coming off an antenna is measured as Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP).
		EIRP is the value that regulatory agencies use to determine and measure power limits in applications such as 2.4GHz wireless equipment.
	xtremedevices.com /power.html (148 words)

	About AM Station Powers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		AM station powers are generally given as what the FCC calls ``nominal power'', which is something the Commission made up in 47 CFR 73.14, and does not necessarily correspond to antenna input power, transmitter output power, effective radiated power, or any other more commonly measured value.
		Where two powers are given for full-time stations, the first represents the daytime power, and the second the night; for daytime stations, the first represents daytime power, and the second is pre-sunrise (post-sunset) service authority (PSSA).
		Note that power is not the only factor governing the quality of an AM station's signal.
	www.bostonradio.org /am-power.html (284 words)

	Need More Power?
		In this equation, PIN is the power that most hams talk about or put on their QSL cards because it is the power output specified by the manufacturer of their rig.
		The second method is to measure the power present at the rig's antenna connector and calculate the losses in the antenna system to calculate PERP (we'll refer to this as Method 2).
		This calculation indicates that the effective radiated power of this station is less than half of the specified output power of the transceiver.
	www.eham.net /articles/988 (4289 words)

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