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Topic: Efferent

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Afferent

Somatic nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Efferent neuron

Central nervous system

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	Cogprints - The theory of the organism-environment system: III. Role of efferent influences on receptors in the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It is argued, on the basis of experimental evidence and theoretical considerations, that the senses are not transmitters of environmental information, but they create a direct connection between the organism and the environment, which makes the development of a dynamic living system, the organism-environment system, possible.
		In this connection process the efferent influences on receptor activity are of particular significance, because with their help the receptors may be adjusted in relation to the parts of the environment which are most important in the achievement of behavioral results.
		Perception is the process of joining of new parts of the environment to the organism-environment system; thus, the formation of knowledge by perception is based on reorganization (widening and differentiation) of the organism-environment system, and not on transmission of information from the environment.
	cogprints.org /139 (292 words)

	Evidence for Trichloroethylene Bioactivation and Adduct Formation in the Rat Epididymis and Efferent Ducts -- DuTeaux ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		and efferent duct microsomes exposed in vitro to TCE.
		3, lane 3) and efferent duct cytosol (Fig.
		was detected in the efferent ducts and the corpus of the epididymis.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/69/3/771 (5442 words)

	Expression and Regulation of Aquaporins 1, 8, and 9 in the Testis, Efferent Ducts, and Epididymis of Adult Rats and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In the efferent ducts, with anti—AQP-1 antibody, an intense immunoperoxidase
		In the efferent ducts and the epididymis, AQP-1 expression
		efferent ducts with the anti—AQP-1 and -9 antibody.
	www.andrologyjournal.org /cgi/content/full/23/3/358 (8265 words)

	Osteopontin Expression and Regulation in the Testis, Efferent Ducts, and Epididymis of Rats During Postnatal ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		of rats with bilateral ligation of the efferent ducts.
		The remaining cells of the epididymis and efferent ducts (ED) exhibit the same cell- and region-specific distribution as noted at light microscopy, where a thick apical band represents a high degree of immunostaining and a thin band represents a weak staining.
		Role of apical tubules in endocytosis in nonciliated cells of the ductuli efferentes of the rat: a kinetic analysis.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/66/5/1437 (6090 words)

	Efferent nerve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the nervous system, efferent nerves--otherwise known as motor or effector neuron--carry nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscles or glands.
		The cell body of the efferent neuron is found in the central nervous system where it is connected to a single, long axon and several short dendrites projecting out of the cell body itself.
		The motor neuron is present in the grey matter of the spinal cord, and forms an electrochemical pathway to the effector organ or muscle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Efferent_nerve (191 words)

	The autonomic reflexes: forgotten aspects
		The most important are the (the first system) sympathetic efferent fibers to "capacity and resistance" vessels in muscles and the splanchnic area, and also the kidneys, affecting renin release.
		Postural hypotension occurs with any major lesion of the sympathetic efferent fibers (This would be a very good time to refresh your memory of the normal anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system and, as well, the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.).
		It is not usually possible in the presence of an efferent lesion to diagnose with certainty the presence of another lesion of the afferent side of the arc.
	www.chiroweb.com /archives/18/19/14.html (901 words)

	Nongenomic effect of testosterone on chloride secretion in cultured rat efferent duct epithelia -- Leung et al. 280 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It has been shown that fluid reabsorption in efferent duct and epididymis is androgen dependent (15, 41).
		The primary function of the efferent duct in vivo is to reabsorb a major portion of fluid flowing down from the testis (7).
		-reductase in the ductuli efferentes and epididymis of adult rhesus macaques.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/280/5/C1160 (3802 words)

	NDepend
		Efferent coupling at namespace level (NamespaceCe): The Efferent Coupling for a particular namespace is the number of namespaces it directly depends on.
		Efferent Coupling at type level (Ce): The Efferent Coupling for a particular type is the number of types it directly depends on.
		Efferent coupling at method level (MethodCe): The Efferent Coupling for a particular method is the number of methods it directly depends on.
	www.ndepend.com /Metrics.aspx (3463 words)

	efferent nerves - multiple sclerosis encyclopaedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Efferent nerves are one of the two types of peripheral nerves (those not in the brain or spinal cord) - the other type of nerves are called afferent nerves.
		Efferent nerves are those that carry impulses from the central nervous system - the motor nerves.
		Afferent nerves are those that carry impulses to the central nervous system - the sensory nerves.
	www.mult-sclerosis.org /efferentnerves.html (61 words)

	Pharmacology of Acetylcholine-Mediated Cell Signaling in the Lateral Line Organ Following Efferent Stimulation -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Atropine at 30 µM blocked most of the efferent response, and the effects of all drugs on efferent action were normalized to those of 30 µM atropine in the same preparation.
		Efferent block for each injection was measured relative to the block, in the same preparation, by 30 µM atropine, which, for this set of experiments, was 61%.
		Efferent effects are expressed as a percentage of the block seen with 30 µM atropine, which in this set of experiments was 79.3%.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/93/5/2541 (6872 words)

	Efferent ducts and Epididymus
		The epididymis is composed of two sections: the efferent ducts (ductuli efferentes) and the longer duct of the epididymis (ductus epididymis).
		As many as 12 efferent ducts conduct spermatozoa between the rete testis and the single duct of the epididymis.
		This is another part of the male excretory duct which is called the Efferent Ducts, which the blue arrows are pointing to the lumen of.
	www3.umdnj.edu /histsweb/lab16/lab16efferentandepididmys.html (494 words)

	Cell Specificity of Aquaporins 0, 3, and 10 Expressed in the Testis, Efferent Ducts, and Epididymis of Adult Rats -- ...
		for AQP-0, AQP-3, and AQP-10 in the testis, efferent ducts,
		in the epididymis in efferent duct ligated and orchidectomized
		and not in the testis or efferent ducts.
	www.andrologyjournal.org /cgi/content/full/25/4/494 (7425 words)

	Expression of the transmembrane carbonic anhydrases, CA IX and CA XII, in the human male excurrent ducts -- Karhumaa et ...
		Haematoxylin counterstaining of efferent ducts immunostained for CA XII (E) reveals that the enzyme is predominantly expressed in the non-ciliated cells and absent or weakly expressed in ciliated cells.
		efferent ducts is compatible with the role of basolateral CA in water absorption.
		Clulow, J., Jones, R.C. and Hansen, L.A. (1994) Micropuncture and cannulation studies of fluid composition and transport in the ductuli efferentes testis of the rat: comparisons with the homologous metanephric proximal tubule.
	molehr.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/7/7/611 (3566 words)

	Angiotensin II-Induced Ca2+ Influx in Renal Afferent and Efferent Arterioles : Differing Roles of Voltage-Gated and ...
		reactivity of the afferent versus efferent arterioles to vasoconstrictors
		efferent tone is refractory to depolarizing and hyperpolarizing stimuli.
		whereas the contractile response of the efferent arteriole to
	circres.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/87/7/551 (3927 words)

	The Differential Fate of Mesonephric Tubular-Derived Efferent Ductules in Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} Knockout Versus ...
		Efferent ductules (arrows) were equivalent in 10-day-old ER KO (A) and WT mice (D).
		These female efferent ductules were severed from the ovary and magnified to a greater extent than photomicrographs in Fig.
		Efferent ductules of adult WT female mice (C and D) consisted of a few small tubules that were lined by a uniform simple columnar epithelium (D).
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/141/10/3792 (3899 words)

	Determinants of renal microvascular response to ACh: afferent and efferent arteriolar actions of EDHF -- Wang and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		ANG II-induced vasoconstriction in the afferent and efferent arteriole
		the efferent arteriole (24) and that pharmacological inhibition
		Unilateral hydronephrosis was induced to facilitate direct observations of renal afferent and efferent arterioles (5, 40).
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/282/1/F124 (5176 words)

	efferent - Definitions from Dictionary.com
		an efferent part, as a nerve or blood vessel.
		An efferent organ or body part, such as a blood vessel.
		: an efferent part (as a blood vessel or nerve fiber)
	dictionary.reference.com /browse/efferent (235 words)

	Efferent Protection from Acoustic Injury Is Mediated via alpha 9 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors on Outer Hair Cells ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Efferent Protection from Acoustic Injury Is Mediated via alpha 9 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors on Outer Hair Cells -- Maison et al.
		The fl arrow indicates the magnitude of the efferent effect, defined as the mean decrease in DPOAE amplitude (in decibels) for all six with-shock trials (bottom dashed line) compared with the mean baseline amplitude (top dashed line).
		Murugasu E, Russell IJ (1996) The effect of efferent stimulation on basilar membrane displacement in the basal turn of the guinea pig cochlea.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/24/10838 (5841 words)

	Myosin heavy chain expression in renal afferent and efferent arterioles: relationship to contractile kinetics and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The afferent and efferent arterioles regulate the inflow and
		Schematic diagram illustrating the anatomical relationship of the afferent arteriole, glomerulus, and the efferent arteriole.
		The efferent arteriole regulates glomerular outflow resistance and must be able to efficiently maintain a tonic increase in tone when renal perfusion pressure is compromised.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/short/17/15/2284 (1510 words)

	Efferent Vagal Innervation of the Canine Atria and Sinus and Atrioventricular Nodes: The Third Fat Pad -- Chiou et al. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Efferent Vagal Innervation of the Canine Atria and Sinus and Atrioventricular Nodes: The Third Fat Pad -- Chiou et al.
		Efferent Vagal Innervation of the Sinus and AV Nodes
		Efferent Vagal Innervation of the Atria and Sinus and AV Nodes
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/95/11/2573 (6335 words)

	EFFERENT MOTOR APHASIAS
		The common denominator of aphasias arising from frontal lobe lesions is impairment of the seqential pattern of speech, or loss of the "sequential dynamic schemata" of speech.
		Perseveration is thought to result from a "denervation difficulty", i.e., once a phoneme or word has been uttered it must be denervated, or inhibited, before the next element can be uttered.
		He found that a patient unable to recount a story on his own was sometimes able to do so if the examiner merely supplied connectives and transitional phrases at the appropriate times, e.g., "Once upon a time", "and then", "after that", etc.
	www.wanprc.org /luria/efferentmotor1.html (754 words)

	Efferent Neurons and Vestibular Cross Talk in the Frog -- Myers et al. 77 (4): 2061 -- Journal of Neurophysiology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Efferent neurons and vestibular cross talk in the frog.
		Efferent fibers are known to innervate vestibular hair cells in the frog (Dunn 1980
		, A. Responses to somatosensory input by afferent and efferent neurons in the vestibular nerve of the frog.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/77/4/2061 (5465 words)

	Immunoexpression of Aquaporin-1 in the Efferent Ducts of the Rat and Marmoset Monkey during Development, Its Modulation ...
		Note also the considerable increase in lumen size of the efferent ducts in DES-treated rats compared with controls, especially at days 10 (b) and 18 (e), and the cuboidal appearance of the epithelial cells compared with the columnar appearance in controls at all ages.
		AQP-1 in the efferent ducts and distension of the rete testis
		Newbold RR, Bullock BC, McLachlan JA 1986 Adenocarcinoma of the rete testis: diethylstilbestrol-induced lesions of the mouse rete testis.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/139/9/3935 (7908 words)

	Vocal Pathways Modulate Efferent Neurons to the Inner Ear and Lateral Line -- Weeg et al. 25 (25): 5967 -- Journal of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Three patterns of efferent activity were evident: A1, A2, excitation showed increased activity at fictive vocal onset; B1, B2, excitation/suppression showed increased activity at fictive vocal onset and decreased activity at fictive vocal offset; C1, C2, suppression/excitation showed suppression of activity during fictive vocalizations that was usually preceded by brief excitation.
		B, The timing of efferent activity was not consistent across neurons, because efferent activity preceded vocal motor output in some neurons and lagged vocal motor activity in other neurons (bin width, 1 ms).
		the duration of the efferent response, the midshipman efferent
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/25/25/5967 (5384 words)

	Neural Network Model of the Efferent Auditory System
		Efferent signals (away from the brain), on the other hand, exist where the brain wants to perform an action, like activating muscles that pull your hand back from heat or fire.
		Efferent signals take advantage of the fact that by tightening the muscle surrounding a section of hair cells, those hair cells can no longer move freely and are held rigid.
		Since the optimal input was already normalized to a 0-to-1 range, I could simply multiply it with an incoming pattern before passing the input through the neural network.
	www.patrickkellogg.com /school/papers/efferent (2921 words)

	In pursuit of code quality: Code quality for software architects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The implications of efferent coupling are similar to those of afferent coupling, with regard to how changes affect code.
		As this equation reveals, efferent coupling works against a package's stability: The more a package relies on other packages, the more susceptible it is to ripple effects in the face of change.
		Afferent and efferent coupling, instability, abstractness, and distance from the main sequence are all reported by code analysis tools, including JDepend, JarAnalyzer, and the Metrics plug-in for Eclipse (see Resources).
	www.ibm.com /developerworks/java/library/j-cq04256/index.html?ca=drs- (2081 words)

	Psycoloquy 9(41): Efferent Influences on Receptors in Knowledge Formation
		In this system efferent influences on receptor activity are especially critical, because with their help the receptors can be adjusted in relation to the parts of the environment that are most important in achieving behavioral results.
		On the basis of their latencies to direct visual stimulation, we could also show that the unit discharges were not from efferent fibers; they reflected activations of the ganglion cells.
		We could of course suppose, as indicated by the attention hypothesis, that the influences on receptors are controlled in such a way that a model of influences is stored in the central nervous system when they are exerted in the periphery; this model would then be used in the correction of the incoming information.
	www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk /cgi/psyc/newpsy?9.41 (5204 words)

	Jarvilehto, Timo (1998) Efferent Influences on Receptors in Knowledge Formation, Psycoloquy: 9,#41 Efference Knowledge ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In this system efferent influences on receptor activity are especially critical, because with their help the receptors can be adjusted in relation to the parts of the environment that are most important in achieving behavioral results.
		Recent experimental results show that efferent connections may influence sensory organs depending on the behavioral situation and the goals of the experimental subject (animal/man).
		On the basis of their latencies to direct visual stimulation, we could also show that the unit discharges were not from efferent fibers; they reflected activations of the ganglion cells.
	psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk /archive/00000590 (5124 words)

	The ANS
		From these centers efferent impulses are conveyed to all parts of the body by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves.
		These stimulate the secretion of gastric juices and peristaltic contractions of the stomach to mix the food with the secreted digestive juices and gradually to convey the gastric contents into the intestines where a similar process is initiated through essentially the same parasympathetic nerve pathways.
		The second aspect of specialization of the adrenal medulla is in its responses, via the sympathetic efferent nerves that reach it, to specific types of stimuli that have little or no effect on the rest of the autonomic nervous system.
	www.ndrf.org /ans.htm (1404 words)

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