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	Egas Moniz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (November 29, 1874 - December 13, 1955) was a Portuguese physician and neurologist.
		Moniz studied medicine in the University of Coimbra and Neurology in Bordeaux and Paris, France.
		Moniz became an invalid due to a gunshot to his spine, fired by one of his patients.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Moniz (300 words)

	Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (www.whonamedit.com)
		Egas Moniz, considered the father of modern psycho-surgery, is chiefly remembered as the originator of lobotomy.
		Egas Moniz (University of Lisbon, Neurological Institute) won the prize "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses".
		Egas Moniz and his colleagues published over 200 papers and monographs on normal and abnormal cerebral angiography, and the technique has been refined and elaborated for the localisation of tumors and vascular disorders throughout the body.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/454.html (2607 words)

	A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Moniz develops lobotomy for mental illness
		Moniz later claimed he had been thinking about similar methods before the conference, but it went into scientific mythology that the calm behavior of the presenter's formerly temperamental chimp had inspired him to develop the lobotomy to treat mental illness.
		Moniz had an idea that some forms of mental illness were caused by an abnormal sort of stickiness in nerve cells, causing neural impulses to get stuck and the patient to repeatedly experience the same pathological ideas.
		For example, Moniz's first patient was less agitated and less overtly paranoid than she had been before, although she was also more apathetic and in fact duller than Moniz had hoped.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dh35lo.html (613 words)

	Sabbatini, R.M.E.: The History of Lobotomy
		Egas Moniz knew that certain psychoses, such as paranoia and obsessive-compulsive disorders, involve recurrent thought patterns that dominate all normal psychological processes.
		After Moniz and his colleagues reported his results to the world (in six countries, simultanously) in 1936, several centers around the world started to try out the new surgery.
		In 1949, Dr. Antônio Egas Moniz was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology, in recognition of his creation of the prefrontal leucotomy, This had the effect of making lobotomy a respectable procedure, and as a result, in the ensuing three years, more lobotomies were performed than in all previous years.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /n02/historia/lobotomy.htm (1425 words)

	Egas Moniz, António
		With Walter Hess he was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the development of prefrontal leucotomy (lobotomy) as a radical therapy for certain psychoses, or mental disorders.
		As the University of Lisbon's first professor of neurology (1911-44), Egas Moniz introduced and developed (1927-37) cerebral angiography (arteriography), a method of making visible the blood vessels of the brain by injecting into the carotid artery substances that are opaque to X rays.
		Egas Moniz observed that certain psychoses, particularly schizophrenia and severe paranoia, involve recurrent thought patterns that dominate normal psychological processes.
	www.britannica.com /nobel/micro/186_81.html (318 words)

	AllRefer.com - Egas Moniz (Medicine, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Egas Moniz[e´gush mO´nEsh] Pronunciation Key, 1874–1955, Portuguese neurologist and diplomat.
		From 1903 he served in the Cortes several times and was Portuguese minister (1917) in Madrid and secretary for foreign affairs (1918–19).
		Moniz was author and coauthor of more than 300 medical works.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Moniz-Eg.html (229 words)

	Brain Busters
		Egas Moniz was particularly fascinated by the idea of the behavioral changes in Fulton’s chimps and posed the shocking question, "If the frontal lobe removal prevents the development of experimental neurosis in animals and eliminates frustrational behavior, why would it not be possible to relieve anxiety states in man by surgical means?" (1).
		Moniz and Freeman thought that by cutting the nerve fiber connections between the frontal cortex and thalamus which conducts sensory information in the brain, these repetitive patterns would be eliminated (4).
		They started with Moniz’s original method, which he called the "pre-frontal lobotomy" which involved the insertion of a wire knife (leukotome) into many holes in the brain and then, with a few swinging motions, massacring the brain matter and presumably alleviating the psychotic symptoms in the patient (4).
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro01/web1/Goff.html (1226 words)

	Daily Cow #4 News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Caracas-Egas Moniz, the Portueguese neurologist who pioneered frontal lobotomies in the 1930's, died yesterday of a brain hemorrhage while eating a hamburger at a picnic.
		Moniz, known as the "Cow Butcher", began his frontal lobotomy experiments on cows in 1928 and was believed to have lobotomized over 2 million bovines during World War II.
		The Museum of Bovine (MOB) located in Passaic, New Jersey is trying to extradite Moniz's brain for exhibition in their holocaust wing next to their McDonald's exhibit.
	home.att.net /~dailycow1/news4e.htm (106 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Science -- Patients' kin want lobotomy Nobel withdrawn
		Egas Moniz, the inventor of the lobotomy and Avanca's most famous son, could be stripped of his Nobel prize because of a battle being waged overseas, residents hear.
		Fifty years after Moniz's death in 1955, relatives of lobotomy patients in the United States have launched a campaign which they say is meant to shame the Nobel Foundation into breaking precedent by withdrawing the scientist's 1949 award.
		Moniz was shot late in life by a former patient, and crippled.
	signonsandiego.com /news/science/20050914-0500-science-lobotomy.html (876 words)

	SFAAC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A intervenção cirúrgica concebida por Egas Moniz teve aplicação no tratamento de certas psicoses e a breve trecho foi internacionalmente reconhecida e praticada e correspondeu a um empreendimento científico intensificado, sobretudo, a partir de 1933.
		Egas Moniz foi, também, uma figura da política portuguesa.
		Egas Moniz foi membro de diversas instituições científicas nacionais e estrangeiras e foi distinguido honorificamente, em Portugal e no estrangeiro, como o exemplifica o facto de ser Comendador da Legião de Honra e de lhe ter sido atribuída a Grã-Cruz das Ordens da Instrução Pública.
	www.aac.uc.pt /~sfaac/art_cab14_p24.php (1129 words)

	Adventures with an Ice Pick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Eventually, to much surprise, it was Egas Moniz who stood up and asked the question that Freeman, for one, had been desperate to put.
		Freeman and Watts Moniz had altered his prescribed technique since the first leucotomy, and six holes were now cut in the patient's head.
		Moniz's award sealed the future of tens of thousands of psychiatric patients, for it squashed many of the existing reservations about the operation, and more people were lobotomized in the three years after he received the prize then in the previous 14 years.
	www.lobotomy.info /adventures.html (5939 words)

	Chipped -- Egas Moniz and psychosurgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Since the 17th century scientists had been trying to use dyes to illuminate the microscopic or the merely obfuscated; there had been saffron dies, dyes made of crushed crocus, silver nitrate dies that glossed the veins of a leaf's body, but no one had yet seen into the skull of a human.
		That night, the last night of life with an intact brain, she went to sleep in the narrow ward bed, and Moniz, he stayed up in his palatial house, the windows ablaze, the sea a dark inked line outside.
		Moniz published his findings in 1937 in The American Journal Of Psychiatry, and so it was that lobotomy made its way to the United States.
	skinnersbox.org /sbclient/chapter10 (914 words)

	Egas Moniz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (November 29, 1874 - December 13, 1955) was a Portuguese physician and neurologist.
		Egas Moniz became an invalid due to a gunshot to his spine, fired by one of his patients.
		Reproduced with permission Moniz, Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz, Egas de:António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz pt:Egas Moniz sv:Egas Moniz
	egas-moniz.search.ipupdater.com (258 words)

	Re: Egas Moniz
		I think the confusion comes in the first paragraph when it says Moniz was disappointed that he would not win a Nobel for his work with radioactive tracers in the 1930s.
		This is from the first paragraph (Notice THIS work in the last sentence): "By the 1930s he was already known for his successful refinement of techniques enabling doctors to visualize blood vessels in the brain by using radioactive tracers.
		He had hoped and perhaps expected to receive the Nobel Prize for this work, and was disappointed when he realized he would not." Here's the last two sentences of the fifth paragraph of the article: "In the United States the number of lobotomies performed per year went from 100 in 1946 to 5,000 in 1949.
	www.mail-archive.com /tips@fre.fsu.umd.edu/msg11061.html (240 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| John Sutherland: Should they de-Nobel Moniz?
		Moniz - despite the lack of surgical expertise - went to work on the (unconsenting and mainly female) inmates of Lisbon's asylums.
		Moniz trumpeted to the world the beneficial effects of lobotomy.
		The operation was popularised in the US by Walter Freeman who trundled round the states in his "lobotomobile", demonstrating his "ice pick and hammer technique" to any hospital that would let him into their operating theatre.
	www.guardian.co.uk /g2/story/0,3604,1274065,00.html (672 words)

	About Lobotomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Egas Moniz, an ambitious Portuguese neurosurgeon, invented the lobotomy in 1935 at a hospital in Lisbon. The first procedure was called “prefrontal leucotomy” and the instrument he used was named a leucotome, from the Greek leuco, meaning “white matter”, and tome meaning “knife”.
		James Watts and Carlyle Jacobsen of Yale University, who described their experiments that involved destroying the frontal lobes of two chimpanzees. They reported, not surprisingly, that the animal’s learning capacity was severely diminished, but they also related that their emotional states had been seriously altered.
		In 1949 Egas Moniz’s long desired dream came true and he was awarded half of the Nobel Prize.
	www.psychosurgery.org /index_files/Page627.htm (107 words)

	Encyclopedia: Egas-Moniz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Egas Moniz - Copyright Nobel Foundation File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version.
		November 29 is the 333rd (in leap years the 334th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.
		Walter Rudolf Hess (March 17, 1881 - August 12, 1973) was a Swiss physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for mapping the areas of the brain involved in the control of internal organs.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Egas_Moniz (1164 words)

	Webshots AP News Headlines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Lobotomy was pioneered in 1936 by Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz, who operated on people with severe psychiatric illnesses, particularly agitation and depression.
		Moniz, already widely respected for inventing an early brain-imaging method, gave sketchy reports that many patients benefited and was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1949.
		Then she and group members began urging removal of an article on the Nobel Web site praising Moniz and saying he deserved the prize because there were no alternative psychiatric treatments at the time.
	daily.webshots.com /content/ap/current/h75776636.html (893 words)

	DN Online: Egas Moniz, 50 anos da morte
		Egas Moniz e a sua equipa, em 1927, tornaram visível a rede circulatória do cérebro e localizaram tumores cerebrais.
		Egas Moniz era uma figura de prestígio, na cátedra e nos encontros internacionais em que participava.Também foi parlamentar no fim da monarquia e ministro e diplomata na I República.
		E Egas Moniz, desde sempre, afirmou-se contra a ditadura militar implantada em Maio de 1926.
	dn.sapo.pt /2005/01/13/opiniao/egas_moniz_anos_morte.html (613 words)

	Psychosurgery.org
		Egas Moniz in 1936 came up with the idea of cutting through nerve fibers connecting the brain's frontal lobe — which controls thinking — with other parts of the brain, with the hope mental illnesses would go away once the new nerve connections were formed.
		The report was critical of both Moniz' theories and his practice, in particular of the way Moniz first 20 patients included people who hadn't been ill for very long and were only followed up for a matter of weeks after surgery.
		Moniz died in 1955, and soon after, the procedure began to be discredited.
	www.psychosurgery.org /blog.html (11270 words)

	Egas Moniz - Biography
		Moniz entered politics in 1903 and served as a Deputy in the Portugese Parliament until 1917 when he became Portuguese Ambassador to Spain.
		Moniz discovered cerebral angiography and prefrontal leucotomy and the extent of his work is perhaps best indicated by listing his more important publications:
		Moniz married Elvira de Macedo Dias in 1902; he died in 1955.
	nobelprize.org /medicine/laureates/1949/moniz-bio.html (517 words)

	Nobel Foundation urged to revoke lobotomy inventor's prize - Boston.com - Mass. - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Moniz developed the lobotomy procedure in 1936 as a way to treat people with severe psychiatric illnesses, particularly agitation and depression.
		By the late 1930s doctors were reporting many lobotomy patients were left childlike, apathetic and withdrawn -- not unlike the depiction in the novel and movie "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest." Use eventually waned with the advent of effective psychiatric drugs in the mid-1950s and the growing use of electroshock therapy.
		Johnson's grandmother, Beulah Jones, became delusional in 1949, was lobotomized in 1954 after unsuccessful psychiatric and electroshock treatments, and spent the rest of her life in institutions.
	www.boston.com /news/local/massachusetts/articles/2005/07/14/nobel_foundation_urged_to_revoke_lobotomy_inventors_prize?mode=PF (906 words)

	AllRefer.com - lobotomy (Medicine) - Encyclopedia
		The operation has been performed on mentally ill patients whose behavioral patterns were not improved by other forms of treatment.
		The procedure as pioneered by Nobel laureate Egas Moniz in the 1930s consisted of drilling holes through the skull and severing or interfering with nerve fibers to the midbrain, particularly to the thalamus.
		In a later development, instruments were passed through the eye sockets to sever the connections.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/lobotomy.html (261 words)

	Lobotomy - Psychiatry, Brain Surgery, Torture, Deception, Harmful Force
		After a few ill-fated attempts at the turn of the century, Portuguese neurosurgeon Egas Moniz pioneered this psychiatric nightmare in 1935 by stabbing a long, thin blade into the brains of his victims through holes drilled in their skulls.
		In ironic testimony to the results of his work, Moniz was shot and paralyzed by one of his lobotomy victims in 1939 and, in 1955, was beaten to death by another.
		Though Moniz is credited with the "discovery" of the technique, he was preceded by Gottlieb Burckhardt, the superintendent of a Swiss insane asylum, who was the first person in modern times to publish the results of psychosurgery experiments on humans.
	www.sntp.net /lobotomy/lobotomy.htm (1664 words)

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