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Topic: Egg, avian

	Avian Embryo
		The avian egg, in all its complexity, is still a mystery.
		Oviposition is the act of pushing the egg from the oviduct.
		Eggs do not hatch for reasons which may or may not be the fault of the person caring for the eggs.
	www.msstate.edu /dept/poultry/avianemb.htm (6024 words)

	Definitions Relating to Poultry Incubation and Embryology Projects - Incubation and Embryology - University of Illinois ...
		Avian - Of, relating to, or characteristic of birds; derived from birds.
		Avian egg - The mass of material constituting the bird egg - the shell, shell membranes, albumen, and yolk - that is designed by nature to nourish and protect the true egg.
		Egg - The microscopic cell of the female; the true egg; the female germ cell.
	www.urbanext.uiuc.edu /eggs/res02-definitions.html (1600 words)

	Egg Quality
		The shell is separated from the albumen (egg white) by the shell membranes, and the yolk is separated from the albumen by the yolk membrane (vitelline membrane).
		Eggs with stained shells are unattractive in appearance and cause eggs to be downgraded to B quality or dirty depending on the severity of the stain.
		When a stale egg is broken out, the yolk is flattened and often displaced to one side and the surrounding thick albumen has become thinner, resulting in a large area of albumen collapsed and flattened to produce a wide arc of liquid.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /BODY_PS020 (4874 words)

	"Housing, husbandry, care & welfare of selected birds (quail, pheasant, finches, ostrich, dove, parrot & others) ...
		Avian mortality was high for about a decade beginning during the mid-1920s, diminished substantially by the 1940s and was at low to moderate levels until the 1990s when it reached the highest levels reported.
		Abstract: Avian pneumovirus (APV) is a Paramyxovirus that belongs to the genus Metapneumovirus, and is associated with catarrhal inflammation of upper respiratory tract in turkeys.
		Small to large numbers of eggs or larvae were found in faecal samples from 7 of 9 birds on the same site, with the highest counts found in birds from the same paddock as the bird which died.
	www.nal.usda.gov /awic/pubs/Birds/dis.htm (11327 words)

	MECHANISMS OF AVIAN EGG RECOGNITION: POSSIBLE LEARNED AND INNATE FACTORS
		Catbird eggs are immaculate with a blue- green ground color whereas cowbird eggs usually have a whitish ground color and are heavily mottled with brown and gray spots.
		If egg recognition has a learning component, greater tolerance in the early stages of the nesting cycle would be expected whether the birds learn the appearance of their eggs anew with each breeding attempt, or whether the learning occurs only in completely naive individuals during the first nesting at- tempt of their lives.
		When new egg variations appeared, the hosts would reject their own eggs, unless the genetic change producing the new egg type was accompanied by another genetic change permitting the individual to recognize innately the new egg type as its own.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v091n04/p0796-p0807.html (9155 words)

	Winged Wisdom Pet Bird Magazine - The Incredible Bird Egg- Pet Birds
		The avian egg goes through three major stages in its life, the process of forming the egg, incubation after the egg is laid and finally the hatching of the chick.
		The yolk components of the egg - proteins and lipids - are manufactured in the liver and transported by the blood to the ovary.
		The egg shell is thinner at hatch because the chick has absorbed most of the calcium from the inner shell lining.
	www.birdsnways.com /wisdom/ww36eiv.htm (1369 words)

	Winged Wisdom Pet Bird Magazine - Avian Reproduction - Egg Binding In Breeding and Pet Birds
		Egg binding, or the obstruction of the uterus or oviduct by an egg, is a common problem seen in female birds.
		If this is not possible due to the large size of the egg, ovocentesis or aspiration of the egg's contents, followed by collapse of the egg and removal of the shell may be necessary.
		If an egg is visible and not encased in membranes, but stuck to the bird, the owner may be able to apply warm water or KY Jelly as a lubricant and gently remove the egg.
	www.birdsnways.com /wisdom/ww35eiv.htm (892 words)

	Hyperimmune Egg Patents: United States Patent # 5,932,250
		It is a further object of the invention to provide avian eggs or egg fractions which, when consumed by humans and other warm-blooded animals, will not increase the levels of cholesterol or lipids in animals ingesting these eggs or egg fractions.
		It is a further object of the invention to provide avian eggs and egg fractions having beneficial effects upon disorders of the vascular system, especially atherosclerosis and the development of atheromatous lesions.
		The invention also specifically provides avian eggs, fractions, and egg products which, upon consumption by an animal on a high-cholesterol diet and further consuming untreated eggs, markedly reduces the percentage of atheromatous lesions in the animal compared to the percent found in animals on a high-cholesterol diet and consuming equivalent amounts of normal untreated eggs.
	www.hyperimmuneegg.org /patents/5,932,250.htm (1050 words)

	Egg Production: Avian Female Reproductive Question
		These droppings may have a stronger than normal odor, and they may be "sloppy." By this I mean that the three portions of the dropping, the urine, urates and feces, are poorly defined, and the feces may have the appearance of diarrhea.
		To facilitate the passage of an egg through the cloaca, hormones are produced that cause the muscles of the pelvic floor to relax.
		There are many causes of egg-binding: problems related to the oviduct (the muscular organ that the egg moves through), including infections, tears and muscle problems, excessive egg laying, systemic disease, nutritional deficiencies or excesses, obesity, lack of adequate exercise and muscle tone, genetic predisposition and other conditions.
	www.exoticpetvet.net /avian/eggbound.html (1186 words)

	HBNewsletter Autumn 2003: Avian Egg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		When the egg is laid, cell division stops until proper environmental conditions are established for incubation.
		The head is positioned towards the large end of the egg, beak under the right wing and feet drawn up toward the head.
		This twitching motion, (providing the chick is positioned correctly) along with its egg tooth, will pierce the air cell and the allantois begins to dry up as the chick uses its lungs.
	www.holisticbirds.com /hbn03/autumn03/pages/egg.htm (1020 words)

	Amos Ar
		The avian egg: water vapor conductance, shell thickness and functional pore area.
		Anisotropic gas diffusion in the shell membranes of the hen's egg.
		Gas pressures in the air cell of the ostrich egg prior to pipping as related to oxygen consumption, eggshell gas conductance, and egg temperature.
	www.tau.ac.il /~aarah/pub.html (1873 words)

	Avian Reproduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Egg size also influenced the physiology of developing Emu embryos, such that late-term embryonic metabolic rate was positively correlated with egg size and embryos developing in larger eggs consumed more yolk during development.
		The familiar color of a chicken’s egg yolk (a) is in stark contrast to the richly pigmented egg yolk of a lesser Black-backed Gull, Larus fuscus (b).
		Eggs that are laid on the ground or in open nests in trees, rather than in cavities, often exhibit cryptic coloration.
	www.biology.eku.edu /RITCHISO/avianreproduction.html (4215 words)

	Altweb: ECVAM Reports
		In the opinion of the workshop participants, the wider use of egg yolk antibodies is being hampered by problems with keeping the chickens and with antibody extraction.
		According to some reports, FCA does not influence egg production as much as the antigen itself, as has been shown, for example, for substances from Ascaris suum (10); the results of this study indicated that the egg laying capacity was influenced primarily by events other than immunisation.
		Various protocols for raising antibodies in chickens and extracting them from eggs have been reported in the literature, but these are difficult to compare with respect to the type and dose of antigen used, and the route and frequency of injection.
	altweb.jhsph.edu /publications/ECVAM/ecvam21.htm (4703 words)

	Avian Embryology Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A bird egg composed of the shell, shell membranes, albumen, and yolk containing the true egg or ovum.
		The two whitish cords attached to the yolk of an egg which hold the yolk in the center of the albumen.
		The section of the oviduct between the infundibulum and isthmus where the thick white of an egg is formed.
	www.msstate.edu /dept/poultry/aeterms.htm (489 words)

	Incubation and Embryonic Development, Bulletin 633, The Avian Egg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		This happens because the egg is at the hen's body temperature when it is laid.
		Air is drawn through the pores and forms an air cell at the larger end of the egg.
		Other main parts of the egg are the albumen (egg white) and the yolk.
	ohioline.osu.edu /b633/b633_1.html (281 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Heat Inactivation of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Viruses in Egg Products
		Interpretive Summary: Avian influenza and Newcastle disease are poultry diseases caused by viruses that are susceptible to killing by heat.
		Technical Abstract: Avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses are heat label viruses, but exact parameters for inactivation at egg pasteurization temperatures have not been established.
		By contrast, the most resistance to inactivation was HPAI virus in dried egg whites and homogenized whole egg products at 55°C. This study demonstrated inactivation of AI and ND viruses at existing egg pasteurization temperatures and processing times.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=162449 (374 words)

	ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION APPLIED TO SMALL NUMBERS OF ALTRICIAL BIRD EGGS
		AR, A. and H. Water in the avian egg: overall budget of incubation.
		SAUNDERS, D.A. and G.T. Egg dimensions and egg weight loss during incubation in five species of cockatoo, and the use of measurements to determine the stage of incubation of birds' eggs.
		The pattern of gaseous exchange in the fertile egg during the closing states of incubation.
	www.hagen.com /hari/docu/incuref5.html (691 words)

	Hyperimmune Egg Patents
		The invention is based on the inventors' discovery that eggs and egg products obtained from hyperimmunized chickens more...
		The present invention is directed to improved methods for the isolation and purification of egg yolk immunoglobulin or derivatives more...
		The invention is based on the inventors' discovery that eggs and egg products obtained from hyperimmunized chickens, when fed to a warm-blooded animal more...
	www.hyperimmuneegg.org /patents (1501 words)

	USPOULTRY Avian Influenza Information
		World Health Organization: Avian Influenza Frequently Asked Questions
		Egg Consumption and Avian Influenza - Information from the Egg Safety Center
		Transcript of Technical Briefing Regarding Avian Influenza by U.S. Department of Agriculture
	www.poultryegg.org /AvianInf/avian.html (287 words)

	Kemp's Koops Poultry Supplies Supply Bird Egg Chicken Gamebird Exotic Avian Bird Egg Incubators and Brooders / ...
		Please don't confuse this with other similar units that only hold 3 eggs.
		This incubator comes with auto egg-turning trays for most all eggs.
		Poultry, Chicken, Gamebird and Exotic Avian Supplies and Incubators for hatching fertile eggs.
	www.poultrysupply.com (287 words)

	ARS : Joan R Beck
		Swayne, D.E., Beck, J.R. Microassay for Measuring Thermal Inactivation of H5n1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus in Naturally-Infected Chicken Meat.
		Beck, J.R., Swayne, D.E., Davison, S., Casavant, S., Gutierrez, C. Validation of Egg Yolk Antibody Testing As a Method to Determine Influenza Status in White Leghorn Hens.
		Validation of Egg Yolk Antibody Testing As a Method to Determine Influenza Status in White Leghorn Hens - (Abstract) - (12-Feb-02)
	www.ars.usda.gov /pandp/people/people.htm?personid=359 (608 words)

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