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Topic: Egypt in the European imagination

	EGYPT - LoveToKnow Article on EGYPT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		One of the most interesting phenomena of Egypt is the mirage, which is frequently seen both in the desert and in the waste tracts of uncultivated land near the Mediterranean; and it is often so truthful in its appearance that one finds it difficult to admit the illusion.
		In Upper Egypt the chief towns are nearly all in the narrow valley of the Nile.
		But, besides the graves of her native saints, Egypt boasts of those of several members of the Prophets family, the tomb of the sayyida Zeyneb, daughter of Ali, that of the sayyida Sekeina, daughter of Hosain, and that of the sayyida Nefisa, great-granddaughter of Hasan, all of which are held in high veneration.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /E/EG/EGYPT.htm (22275 words)

	European Religions
		Jewish communities in Egypt were Hellenized under Alexander the Great in the 4th Century BCE, Greek replacing Aramaic as their language, and some Jews formed communities in Greece.
		Egypt fell soon after, and the first Muslim incursions into Europe began with the invasions of Spain in 711 and the establishment of an independent Muslim state there in 750.
		Though the classical religions of the Mediterranean - Egypt, Greece and Rome - had been well documented, with written records from ancient times and temples being self-evident, this was not the case in Northern Europe; written documentation is rare and places of worship seem to have been in natural surroundings rather than buildings.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/europe/geness.html (1795 words)

	History of ancient Egypt - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lower Egypt is to the north and is that part where the Nile Delta flows into the Mediterranean Sea and Upper Egypt is to the South from the Libyan Desert down to just past Abu Simbel.
		Egypt has long had ties with Libya, and the first king of the new dynasty, Shoshenq I, was a Meshwesh Libyan who served as the commander of the armies under the last ruler of the 21st Dynasty, Psusennes II.
		The facts are obscure as to weather Ramesses II defended Egypt against the Sea People because they were invading or they were people fleeing to Egypt in the middle of a war.
	www.grohol.com /wiki/History_of_Ancient_Egypt (4009 words)

	Discovering Ancient Egypt
		Since Egypt's ancient history stretches back' for well over four thousand years, some of the Egyptians were themselves students of their own past, although they were prompted by the desire to discover religious wisdom rather than to reconstruct and understand earlier events.
		He theorized that the invasion into Egypt of the Hyksos (he erroneously interpreted their hieroglyphic name to mean Shepherd Kings or Captive Shepherds, whereas it has since been shown that it should be translated as 'chieftains of foreign lands') was actually the descent into Egypt and sojourn there of the Hebrews in the biblical account.
		Coptic played an important role in early Christianity in Egypt: it was the medium for the translation of biblical texts and was still used as the language of the Christian inhabitants of Egypt long after the Arab invasion in the 7th century AD, when Arabic became the official language of the country.
	www.uwm.edu /Course/egypt/0100/discoverersA.html (9887 words)

	Middle East Study Guide
		Geopolitically, Egypt was placed at the vortex of "the scramble for empire." Technically, Egypt was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire.
		Egypt's importance as a site of colonial power was underlined in 1798 when Napoleon landed on its shores; along with the obligatory soldiers needed for conquest, Napoleon brought with him scores of scientists and scholars.
		The European imagination was awakened to this part of the world that became synonymous with the mystical and the exotic.
	www.sdsmt.edu /online-courses/is/hum375/mideastguide.html (7747 words)

	A Confederate Soldier in Egypt: Part I, Chapter VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		There was that sort of wretchedness which made Egypt a pest-house, but the improvement of the people and the forced observance of sanitary precautions in the fourteen years of the reign of Ismail had effaced many sad and sorrowful pictures.
		Hakekeyan Bey, an Armenian, who resided in Egypt from early infancy, was sent to Oxford by Mehemet Ali, and returned profoundly versed in the science and literature of Europe.
		Near the Citadel the Khedive, with all the dignitaries and military of Egypt, en grande tenue, places in the keeping of the military sheik, who is naked and mounted on a dromedary, with his bushy head uncovered, the beautifully gold-embroidered carpet ( mahmal) to be placed upon the tomb of the Prophet.
	home.earthlink.net /~atomic_rom/soldier/csie1c8.htm (6654 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of African and European Addresses, by Theodore Roosevelt, et al
		It was with this primary object of establishing order that you went into Egypt twenty-eight years ago; and the chief and ample justification for your presence in Egypt was this absolute necessity of order being established from without, coupled with your ability and willingness to establish it.
		Roosevelt reached Egypt, he found the country in one of those periods of political unrest and religious fanaticism which have during the last twenty-five years given all Europe many bad quarters of an hour.
		It is in effect a cry of "Egypt for the Moslem!" The Nationalist party had by no means succeeded in affecting the entire Moslem population, but it had succeeded in attracting to itself all the adventurers, and lovers of darkness and disorder who cultivate for their own personal gain such movements of national unrest.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/13930/13930-h/13930-h.htm (18148 words)

	HUNTINGTON'S CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS 3 - Congo Times News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Thus Thales of Miletus visited “Egypt to confer with the priests and astronomers,” according to one of his biographers, and he seems to have “learnt geometry from the Egyptian.” Geometry and astronomy are the two disciplines most often mentioned by Greek writers in connection with the priests of Egypt.
		To this period belong the movements of the Hebrew patriarchs to and from Egypt recorded in the Old Testament (Gen. 12:10 ff.) later Egypt was to be invaded and occupied by the Asiatic hordes known as the Hyksos.
		Egypt’s influence on Old Africa, and Africa’s on old Egypt, are seen to have had a fertile past, even a crucial one: a past, moreover, in which continental Africa’s part was certainly the earlier, and Egypt, as part of Africa, the receiver as well as the giver.
	www.congotimes.com /news/ubbhtml/Forum9/HTML/000094.html (12298 words)

	The Spell of Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The wonders of Egypt man has made seem to increase in stature before the spirits' eyes as man learns to know them better, to tower up ever higher till the imagination is almost stricken by their looming greatness.
		I can imagine the most determined atheist looking at the Sphinx and, in a flash, not merely believing, but feeling that he had before him proof of the life of the soul beyond the grave, of the life of the soul of Khufu beyond the tomb of his Pyramid.
		But Egypt is the favored land of a spring that is already alert at the end of November, and in December is pushing forth its green.
	www.harvestfields.netfirms.com /horror/005/164.htm (18172 words)

	Horizon & Co (Horizon Holidays) - Sophisticated small group luxury travel around the world
		The Theatre of London and Stratford - Imagine the hush of a theatre as the lights dim and the idle chatter of the elegantly dressed patrons dies away.
		The land of imagination and longing - Imagine the narrow cobbled streets, open market squares, and majestic cathedrals of a medieval city left untouched since the Tartar raids of the 13th century.
		A group of old men are clustered at one end around a game of boules, drinking pastis and arguing passionately about a nuance in the rules, while at the other end, a pair of young lovers succumb to their mutual attraction.
	www.horizon-co.com /Destination/id_17.ashx (2244 words)

	Egypt Travel Tips- Country
		Few places on earth capture the imagination of both young and old the way Egypt does with its parched desert landscape dissected by its one eternal river.
		Egypt is two hours in advance of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT +2) and operates Daylight Savings Time (+1 hour) from the last Friday in April until the last Friday in September.
		Arabic is the official language in Egypt and the majority of the population are of Muslim faith.
	www.aldokkan.com /travel_tips/egypt_tip.htm (907 words)

	European Studies Program - Courses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As multiple "outsider" -- woman, foreigner, sorceress, demi-goddess, abandoned wife --, Medea embodies "otherness" in manifold ways: she is the representative of the conflict between barbarism and civilization, between the supernatural and the natural, the magical and the commonsensical, madness and reason.
		The goal of the course is to identify artistic innovations that characterize European art from the Renaissance to the French Revolution, and to situate the works of art historically, by examining the intellectual, political, religious, and social currents that contributed to their creation.
		After the canonization of the notion of artistic genius in the Italian Renaissance and the subsequent imaginative license of artists known as Mannerists, phenomena sponsored throughout Europe by the largesse of merchants, courtiers, aristocrats, princes, and Churchmen alike, a crisis occurred in European society -and art- in the second half of the sixteenth century.
	www.amherst.edu /~esp/courses.html (1745 words)

	Napolean
		Both historians and his contemporaries were and are a little too captivated by this figure; world history and world civilizations like to linger over this man, often at the price of dealing sufficiently with other aspects of world history.
		Not only did the invasion of Egypt fail, it also brought Russia into war with France, for Russian itself was turning its eyes on acquiring territory in northern Africa.
		In addition, Napoleon was highly responsible for this, for France controlled many European territories, such as Italy, Germany, and Holland, even though these territories were not under the direct control of the Empire.
	www.wsu.edu:8000 /~dee/REV/NAPOLEAN.HTM (2790 words)

	Review of "The Secret Lore of Egypt"
		This is an excellent survey for all esotericists and scholars interested in the role of Egypt in the development of western esoteric thought and practice.
		The Romans regarded Egypt as a lure for exotic, exciting travel and exploration while also holding little receptivity to actual Egyptian religion that was then carried to Rome as a maginalized, poorly understood cult.
		He discusses the pre-Theosophical formation of the 1875 "Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor" and the Egyptosophic occultism of Helena Blavatsky, showing her creative imagining of Egypt berfore her turn to the east and to occultism Buddhism, granted to her by invisible masters.
	www.esoteric.msu.edu /VolumeV/Reviews/HornungReview.html (1722 words)

	THE JEWS OF EGYPT
		From 969, the Fatimid caliphs ruled Egypt as part of what was known as the Ayyubid empire (969-1250), and the Jews continued to flourish in cultural and political spheres, gaining recognition at court and the right to self- rule ( Patai 129).
		At the same time, Egypt was home to the largest body of Karaites, descendants of eighth century Jews who split from the main body of Judaism.
		By the end of the Six-Day War in 1967, only 800 Jews were left in Egypt, and in 1980 less than 300 were known to exist in the country which had been the home of generations of Jews for over three thousand years (Patai 195).
	www.sefarad.org /publication/lm/046/14.html (2201 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Chronicles \| Good guys, bad guys (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		To Egyptians, Europeans were to be loathed for being occupiers and envied for leading a modern lifestyle.
		In the latter half of the 19th century, however, the influx of Europeans increased rapidly from a trickle to a gush, dissipating whatever good feeling had been imparted by their early 19th century predecessors.
		Now Europeans had come to dominate the country's economic life, to the extent of occupying key positions within the ministries of trade and finance.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2004/694/chrncls.htm (3244 words)

	bt - Full Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As the European Union enters a difficult watershed moment in its internal affairs, Egypt and the partner countries in the EU’s ten-year Euro-Mediterranean Partnership ponder their own new administrative spiderweb.
		To consolidate its image worldwide, DP went beyond lending its yellow and red color combination to its subsidiaries; it initiated dozens of changes unifying their operations as a result of extensive market research before and after the new identity was rolled out over the period of a year.
		When Telecom Egypt started getting into rebranding mode five years ago, a competition was launched where amateurs presented ideas for logos, with the winner receiving a LE 10,000 prize as an incentive.
	www.businesstodayegypt.com /article.aspx?ArticleID=4958 (4973 words)

	Articles - Tutankhamun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It should be noted that when Tutankhaten succeeded Akhenaten to the throne, Amenhotep III had been dead for some time; the duration is thought by some Egyptologists to have been seventeen years, although on this, as on so many questions about the Amarna period, there is no scholarly consensus.
		Tutankhamun ruled Egypt for eight to ten years; examinations of his mummy show that he was a young adult when he died.
		A now-famous letter to the Hittite king Suppiluliumas I from a widowed queen of Egypt, explaining her problems and asking for one of his sons as a husband, has been attributed to Ankhesenamun (among others).
	www.sonicplayer.net /articles/Tutankhamun (1771 words)

	Arabic News Weekly Edition for Politics, 5/27/2002
		Egypt's ambassador to the US Nabil Fahmi underlined the importance of President Hosni Mubarak's projected visit to Washington in the light of the dangerous situation in the occupied Palestinian lands.
		Egypt's former ambassador to Israel and Shura Council member Mohamed Bassiouni underlined Sunday the importance of President Hosni Mubarak's visit to Washington at this time when the United States is evaluating the Middle East scene to come up with certain steps to solve the Palestinian issue.
		Egypt's President Hosni Mubarak yesterday received an invitation from Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien to attend a meeting of the major industrialised nations in June.
	www.arabicnews.com /ansub/Weekly/Politics/20020527.html (5000 words)

	Aegypt, O Aegypt
		John Crowley's neglected 1985 novel "Aegypt" (first in a trilogy) is a convenient compendium of European imaginative ideas about the East, of which "Egypt" is only a tiny part...hence it is a novel of "deep time" in general.
		"Aegypt," the concept, was discarded as egregious tosh, except by the Freemasons and the like, for whom an adroit mixture of Egypt, Enoch, and the discovery of documents in a vault was a way of imaging the growth of the soul through a slow symbolic education.
		Myth may not be just stories of the soul, but stories of the sky as well; likewise, Egypt is both a place in Africa and a location or locution in the European imagination, and that makes for big trouble in intellectual history.
	www.pd.org /topos/perforations/perf21/bess.html (598 words)

	Harvard University Press/Moses the Egyptian/Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		For early writers...Moses invented a religious tradition that was the deliberate antithesis of that of Egypt.
		His primary narrative line is the memory of Egypt in the European scholarly imagination.
		What is striking is not only Assmann's account of the written record of the Moses and Egypt story but his recovery of the reasons for its historical retention...Assmann has produced a learned study whose theses will themselves endure in the scholarly memory.
	www.hup.harvard.edu /reviews/ASSMOS_R.html (778 words)

	Nile Cruise \| Nile Cruises \| Egypt Nile Cruises \| Nilkreuzfahrten Aegypten \| Luxury Nile Cruises
		Most visitors to Egypt make a cruise on the legendary Nile River a requisite excursion in their travel itinerary — sailing on the Nile River in a high standard cruise ship is one of the most relaxing and enjoyable excursion one can take when visiting Egypt.
		In pre-historic times, primeval forests covered the river banks when the river was a vast swamp composed of rushes, papyrus, and weeds.
		However, due to thousands of years of human intervention, the Nile throughout Egypt flows peacefully through green fields—looking much like a rich, well cultivated European plain.
	www.mintravel.com /nile_cruises/nile_cruises.htm (1491 words)

	The Trojan Origins of European Royalty!
		With a little imagination the heroes of Troy can be seen walking the streets and defending the walls against the encircling Greek armies on the plain of the Troad below.
		After leaving the island of Samothrace his ship was probably disabled by the deluge or flood that occurred at the time of the Exodus, and drifted helplessly across the sea to the Troad.
		Hapsburg was the name of a noble and ROYAL German family which, at various periods in European history, was the ruling house of Germany -- as a separate kingdom and also as part of the Holy Roman Empire.
	www.hope-of-israel.org /i000109a.htm (10437 words)

	History of Alchemy from Ancient Egypt to Modern Times.
		He preferred to take up his abode in the mountains of Western China where he persevered in the study of alchemy and in cultivating the virtues of purity and mental abstraction.
		From China we now travel to Egypt, from where alchemy as it is known in the West seems to have sprung.
		It seems that at this time there was a craze for alchemical experiments among the students of Paris and other French towns, and this craze caught Zachare's imagination.
	www.alchemylab.com /history_of_alchemy.htm (7925 words)

	Trans-European Division of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		And lest thou lift up thine eyes unto heaven, and when thou seest the sun, and the moon, and the stars, even all the host of heaven, shouldest be driven to worship them, and serve them, which the LORD thy God hath divided unto all nations under the whole heaven.
		And remember that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt, and that the LORD thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and by a stretched out arm: therefore the LORD thy God commanded thee to keep the sabbath day.
		And what he did unto the army of Egypt, unto their horses, and to their chariots; how he made the water of the Red sea to overflow them as they pursued after you, and how the LORD hath destroyed them unto this day;
	www.ted-adventist.org /bible/deuteronomy.html (16280 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly - Home News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		President Mubarak visited Egypt's top two European economic partners this week.
		Born in Alexandria, he later moved to Cairo where he studied and later taught comparative literature.
		In 1992, he obtained a PhD from the Sorbonne with a thesis on Egypt in the French Imagination.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /1999/418/egypt.htm (444 words)

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