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Topic: Egypt under Mehemet Ali and his successors

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	Egyptian History F
		Mehemet Ali as undisputed master of Egypt, and his efforts henceforth were directed primarily to the maintenance of his practical independence.
		Mehemet Ali, dissatisfied with the treaty concluded with the Wahhabis, and with the non-fulfilment of certain of its clauses, determined to send another army to Arabia, and to include in it the soldiers who had recently proved unruly.
		Mehemet Ali's life was endangered, and he sought refuge by night in the citadel, while the soldiery committed many acts of plunder.
	www.a-1hotels.com /eg/history/html/egyptian_history_f.html (4390 words)

	Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The reign of Muhammad Ali and his successors over Egypt was a period of rapid reform and modernization that led to Egypt becoming one of the most developed states outside of Europe.
		Ali's intentions for Sudan was to extend his rule southward, to capture the valuable caravan trade bound for the Red Sea, and to secure the rich gold mines which he believed to exist in Sennar.
		In Egypt in the 19th century the overall pattern of the population growth was explicitely non-Malthusian and can be characterized as hyperbolic, whereby the increase in population was accomponied not by decreases of the relative population growth rates, but by their increases.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_and_his_successors (4648 words)

	Egypt - Public Instruction
		Nearly a quarter of a century later, however, the ambition and military necessities of Mehemet All supplied the impulse to a revival which, although discouraged by Abbas Pasha and only feebly assisted by Said, has attained proportions during the present reign that fairly entitle it to be called the intellectual renaissance of Egypt.
		Under the reactionary Abbas the whole were closed, and for nearly six years public instruction in Egypt was again reduced to the elementary curriculum of the mosque colleges and primary schools.
		Under her auspices, and at her private cost, an old palace in one of the most populous quarters of Cairo was purchased, in great part rebuilt and adapted to the necessities of school life, with accommodation for 200 boarders and 100 outside pupils.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles36/egypt-10.shtml (4973 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Egypt
		In ancient Egypt the tuft of papyrus was the coat of arms or symbol of the Northern Kingdom.
		Under the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty, chiefly under Usertasen III (the Sesostris of the Greeks), the conquest was achieved, and the valley of the Upper Nile as far as the Second Cataract was organized into an Egyptian province.
		Tachos (360-359), his successor, attempted to invade the Syrian territory, but, as a result of rivalries and dissensions between himself and his namesake Tachos, whom he had appointed as regent, he was supplanted by Nectanebo II (358-342), a cousin of Tachos the regent, and took refuge with Artaxerxes II, at whose court he died.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/05329b.htm (18427 words)

	Egypt - Egypt And The Porte
		Although the settlement of 1840-1 had made Egypt virtually independent, the official relation of its ruler to the Porte was still nominally that of a provincial vali, or governor-general, whose powers were indeed larger, but his grade little if at all higher, than that of the governor of Baghdad.
		to 675,000 he received the title and rank of Khédivel-Misr (King of Egypt) commonly called Khedive--and the succession to the throne was made direct from father to son, instead of descending to the eldest agnate of the family of Mehemet Ali, as had been fixed by the treaty of 1840.
		The right even of Mehemet All to this status was constructively affirmed by the French courts nearly fifty years ago ;f and that of Ismal Pasha was similarly recognised by our own tribunals even before the last firmans had further ratified and increased his powers.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles36/egypt-4.shtml (1287 words)

	about (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The history of Egypt is the longest continuous history, as a unified state, of any country in the world.
		Egypt's peculiar geography made it a difficult country to attack, which is why Pharaonic Egypt was for so long an independent and self-contained state.
		Once Egypt did succumb to foreign rule, however, it proved unable to escape from it, and for 2,300 years Egypt was governed by foreigners: Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks and British.
	fancy.zecilia.se /egypthistory/about.html (234 words)

	Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Middle East is the territory that comprises today's Egypt, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Israel, the Gulf States, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Oman.
		The Phoenicians propagate the phonetic alphabet in the Mediterranian
		Egypt under Mehemet Ali and his successors: 1805 to 1882
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_History (1121 words)

	Ali Pasha: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		Ali refused to comply, thus keeping Turkish troops engaged against himself while they were needed against the Greeks, who had begun their fight for independence.
		Ali was assassinated by an agent of the Turks; his head was exhibited at Constantinople.
		He was the eldest son of Muhammad Ali, governor of Egypt under the Ottoman Empire...withdraw from the country.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/ali_pasha.jsp (1813 words)

	THE SAUDIS: The Middle East Mafia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Egyptian armies under Mehemet Ali's son, Tusun, recaptured Mecca and Medina, in the course of which Saud ibn-Saud was killed.
		Ali was murdered by a Kharijite in revenge for his defeat of the breakaways.
		The sons of Ali, Hassan and Hussein, are revered as the 2nd and 3rd Imams.
	www.sullivan-county.com /bush/saudi_mafia.htm (7660 words)

	Egyptian Pyramids - Your source for links, books, videos and other useful information on Egypt and the pyramids.
		Although Egypt remained under the Abbasid Caliphate, the Tulunids and the Ikhidis were able to establish semi-independent dynasties.
		Egypt was conquered by the Ottomans in 1517, but it was always a difficult province for the Ottoman Sultans to control.
		The reign of Mehemet Ali and his successors was a period of rapid reform and modernization.
	www.egyptianpyramids.com /links/ancient_egypt.html (724 words)

	Cairo Egypt
		Cairo is the thirteenth most populous metropolitan area in the world, and is located on the banks and islands of the Nile River in the north of Egypt, immediately south of the point where the river leaves its desert-bound valley and breaks into three branches into the low-lying Nile Delta region.
		Napoleon left Egypt after his fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Aboukir Bay in August 1798, leaving General Kléber in charge.
		The first hints of westernization began under the successors to Mehemet Ali with the introduction of a railway connection to Alexandria in 1851.
	www.egypt-i.net /Cairo (421 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Special \| The making of a modern hero (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Muhammad Ali (1805-2005) is a special series published fortnightly by Al-Ahram Weekly in anticipation of the international symposium commemorating the bicentennial of Muhammad Ali Pasha's acendancy to power, to be held in Egypt on 10 November.
		In spite of this diversity, all concur that it was Mohamed Ali who demolished the economic-socio-political structure that had existed for ages and erected upon its ruins a new structure that permitted for the rise of new social classes and forces entirely different from those that had prevailed under the Mameluke-Ottoman order.
		Shukri argues that as Egypt had not entered the phase of industrialisation, which would permit for the relaxation of the state's grip over the economy, it was virtually inevitable that Mohamed Ali pursue mercantile/monopolist policies.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2005/742/sc3.htm (2851 words)

	Muhammad Ali (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Muhamamd Ali is noted for establishing the modern Egypt as an independent country.
		Muhammad Ali reached his position by his own skills, and his position was under threat both from the Ottoman sultan as well as from Egyptian groups.
		1818: Under the leadership of his adopted son, Ibrahim Pasha, the Wahhabis are defeated.
	www.lexicorient.com /e.o/muhammad_ali.htm (539 words)

	Cairo, Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Cairo is located on the banks and islands of the Nile River in the north of Egypt, immediately south of the point where the river leaves its desert-bound valley and breaks into three branches into the low-lying Nile Delta region.
		The city was taken by the Ottoman Empire under Selim in 1517, but the ruling Mameluks quickly returned to power as nominal vassals to the Ottoman Sultan.
		The death rate per kilometre traveled in Egypt is over 40 times as high as the European average and twice as high as the nearest comparable Middle Eastern country.
	www.creekin.net /c3316-n58-cairo-egypt.html (1660 words)

	A Thousand Miles Up the Nile, by Amelia B. Edwards: Chapter VI
		But in Egypt he has often a wide plain to traverse with his burden, and is therefore scarce in proportion to the difficulty with which he maintains the struggle for existence.
		The scarab race in Egypt would seem indeed to have diminished very considerably since the days of the Pharaohs, and the time is not perhaps far distant when the naturalist will look in vain for specimens on this side of the first cataract.
		In the isthmus of Suez, which is considered the healthiest part of Egypt, an alien population of twenty thousand persons failed in the course of ten years to rear one infant born upon the soil.
	www.touregypt.net /amelia/chapter6.html (5518 words)

	Shih Shun Liu : Extraterritoriality (chapter 8)
		While it was under the protection of France, the latter's attempts to seek the consent of Great Britain to the discontinuance of her consular jurisdiction in Madagascar were unfruitful.
		In Egypt, under Mehemet Ali and his successors, the privileges of the Capitulations received such an extension that they constituted a total departure from the terms of the Capitulations themselves, and, in effect, a gross violation of these treaties.
		Under these circumstances, the régime of extraterritoriality in its modified form is retained by those Powers which have not expressly renounced it [145].
	www.panarchy.org /shihshunliu/chapter8.1925.html (6310 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Alexandria
		Since then, thanks to the efforts of Mehemet Ali and to the great political and commercial events of the nineteenth century, the city of Alexandria has become once more the first port of the Eastern Mediterranean with 235,000 inhabitants.
		Under Dioscurus, successor of Cyril, Eutychianism appeared and the native population saw in it an excellent means of freeing themselves from Byzantium.
		The Melchites, united to Rome, are natives of Egypt and Syria; they are under the Patriarch of Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and all the East, but, as the prelate resides at Damascus, they are governed by a bishop who is vicar of the patriarchate.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01299d.htm (827 words)

	A Thousand Miles Up the Nile, by Amelia B. Edwards: Chapter XVIII
		The Philæ gave a dinner-party and fantasia under the very noses of the colossi, and every evening there was drumming and howling enough among the assembled crews to raise the ghosts of Rameses and all his Queens.
		Feeling sure now that he was on the brink of a discovery, he came back ; fetched away Salame and Mehemet Ali ; and without saying a syllable to any one, set to work with these two to scrape away the sand at the spot where the crack widened.
		Close under this upraised hand, at a height of between three and four feet from the actual level of the floor, there were visible upon the uncoloured surface of the original stucco several lines of free-hand writing.
	www.touregypt.net /amelia/chapter18.html (9456 words)

	Alexandria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		However, upon the founding of Cairo by Egypt's mediæval Islamic rulers its status as the country's capital was ended, and it fell into a long decline, which by the late Ottoman period had seen it reduced to little more than a small fishing village.
		Much favored by the earlier viceroys of Mehemet Ali's house, and removed from the Mameluke troubles, Alexandria was the real capital of Egypt until Said Pasha died there in 1863 and Ismail Pasha came into power.
		The Place Mehemet Ali, usually called the Grand Square, is an oblong open space, tree-lined, in the center of which there is an equestrian statue of the ruler after whom it is named.
	www.governpub.com /Capitals-A/Alexandria.php (4724 words)

	Muhammad Ali of Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Muhammad Ali was born in the town of Kavala (in present day Greece).
		As such Muhammad Ali ordered a campaign to conquer and occupy Sudan in 1820.
		The Mosque of Muhammad Ali in Cairo, Egypt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mehemet_Ali (2147 words)

	Timeline of Middle Eastern History infoTurkish.com Herşey Hakkında Türkçe Bilgi
		The Phoenicians propagate the phonetic alphabet in the Mediterranean
		History of Ancient Egypt: 3000 BC to 332 BC History of Greek and Roman Egypt: 332 BC to 639 AD History of early Arab Egypt: 639 to 1517
		under alt altı altına altında altından altta aşağıda aşağısına az bağlı döneminde dibe emrinde etkisi altında
	www.infoturkish.com /Turkey/Timeline-of-Middle-Eastern-History.html (4395 words)

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