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Topic: Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors

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	Muhammad Ali of Egypt Summary
		Mohammed Ali, the son of humble Turkish parents, was born in the Aegean seaport of Kavalla in Macedonia.
		Muhammad Ali was born in the town of Kavala, in the Ottoman Empire (within the present borders of Greece).
		The Mosque of Muhammad Ali in Cairo, Egypt.
	www.bookrags.com /Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt (2756 words)

	Ali Egypt
		The reign of Muhammad Ali and his successors over Egypt was a period of rapid reform and modernization that led to Egypt becoming one of the most developed states outside of Europe.
		Muhammad Ali, dissatisfied with the treaty concluded with the Wahhabis, and with the non-fulfillment of certain of its clauses, determined to send another army to Arabia, and to include in it the soldiers who had recently proved unruly.
		Ali's intentions for Sudan was to extend his rule southward, to capture the valuable caravan trade bound for the Red Sea, and to secure the rich gold mines which he believed to exist in Sennar.
	www.the-world-in-focus.com /Africa/Egypt/History/aliegypt.html (1195 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Muhammad Ali of Egypt
		Muhammad Ali was born in the town of Kavala (in present day Greece) in an Albanian family.
		Ali's reign in Sudan and that of his descendants is known in Sudan for its brutality and heavy-handedness.
		Ali died in August 1849 and was buried in the imposing mosque he had commissioned, the The Mosque Muhammad Ali, in the Citadel of Cairo.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt (2387 words)

	Nubia 2 - Crystalinks
		Muhammad 'Ali was interested in the gold and slaves that the Sudan could provide and wished to control the vast hinterland south of Egypt.
		Under his initiative trade routes were protected and expanded, Khartoum was developed as the administrative capital, and a host of agricultural and technical improvements were undertaken.
		Muhammad 'Ali, suspecting Abu Widan of disloyalty, recalled him to Cairo in the autumn of 1843, but he died mysteriously, many believed of poison, before he left the Sudan.
	www.crystalinks.com /nubia2.html (4335 words)

	Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors - WikiLeasing.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Muhammad Ali, dissatisfied with the treaty ccncluded with the Wahhabis, and with the non-fulfillment of certain of its clauses, determined to send another army to Arabia, and to include in it the soldiers who had recently proved unruly.
		Ali's intentions dor Sudan was to extend his rule southward, to capture the valuable caravan trade bound for the Red Sea, and to secure the rich gold mines which he believed to exist in Sennar.
		Muhammad Ali, who had been granted the honorary rank f grand vizier in 1842, paid a visit to Istanbul in 1846, where he became reconciled to his old enemy Khosrev Pasha, whom he had not seen since he spared his life at Cairo in 1803.
	www.wikileasing.com /6/Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_and_his_successors.html (4428 words)

	Muhammad Ali of Egypt
		Muhammad Ali, a young officer who had been second in command only to his rival Kadeem Muhad Rasheek, was sent by the Ottoman government to evacuate the French, stepped in to fill this vacuum by establishing a local power base of village leaders, clerics, and wealthy merchants in Cairo.
		Muhammad Ali of Egypt, then in command of an Albanian regiment, became the head of the Albanians, but his party was the weaker, and he therefore entered into an alliance with the Mameluke leaders Ibrahim Bey and Osman Bey al-Bardisi.
		Muhammad Ali's great strength lay in the devotion of the citizens of Cairo, who looked on him as a deliverer from their afflictions; and great numbers armed themselves having the sayyid Omar and the sheiks at their head and guarding the town at night.
	libraryoflibrary.com /E_n_c_p_d_Mehemet_Ali_(Egypt).html (11028 words)

	Ali Egypt 3
		But Muhammad Ali was not to be confounded by such tricks of bodily uncompliance, and with that view he set up a special corps of disabled musketeers declaring that one can shoot well enough even with one eye.
		Muhammad Ali, who had been granted the honorary rank of grand vizier in 1842, paid a visit to Istanbul in 1846, where he became reconciled to his old enemy Khosrev Pasha, whom he had not seen since he spared his life at Cairo in 1803.
		This made the succession to the throne of Egypt descend to the eldest of the male children and in the same manner to the eldest sons of these successors, instead of to the eldest male of the family, following the practice of Turkish law.
	www.the-world-in-focus.com /Africa/Egypt/History/aliegypt3.html (1235 words)

	The Mosque of Muhammad Ali at the Citadel
		Muhammad Ali tore down the remains of Mamluk palaces and their dependencies, which were luckily described only a short time before by Napoleon's scholars as the most impressive buildings in Cairo despite their dilapidated condition.
		Muhammad Ali, who was more eager to build modern factories than religious foundations, then erected this mosque, where he is buried, as a monument to himself.
		In its architecture, Muhammad Ali Pasha, viceroy and effectively king of Egypt, as well as the founder of Egypt's modern era, achieved a radical break with all traditional characteristics of Cairo architecture from the Mamluk to the late Ottoman period.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/muhammadalimosque.htm (1661 words)

	Clinton Goveas :: Wikipedia Reference
		The current city is Egypt's leading port, a commercial and transportation center, and the heart of a major industrial area where refined petroleum, asphalt, cotton textiles, processed food, paper, plastics and styrofoam are produced.
		The 14th century Arab historian Ibn Khaldun ridiculed one where sea-monsters prevent the foundation, but were thwarted when Alexander descends in a glass box, armed with exact knowledge of their appearance, and goes on to erect metal effigies on the beach which succeed in frightening the monsters away.
		In July 1882 the city came under bombardment from British naval forces and was occupied (See Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors).
	www.clintongoveas.com /wikipedia/?title=Alexandria (3621 words)

	Egyptian chronology
		Motivating and organising these activities were a socio-political and economic elite that achieved social consensus by means of an elaborate system of religious belief under the figure of a (semi)-divine ruler (usually male) from a succession of ruling dynasties and which related to the larger world by means of polytheistic beliefs.
		Under the system that prevailed for most of pharaonic Egypt's history, the country was divided into 42 nomes: 20 comprising Lower Egypt, whilst Upper Egypt was divided into 22.
		Ancient Egypt's foreign contacts included Nubia and Punt to the south, the Aegean and ancient Greece to the north, the Levant and other regions in the Near East to the east, and also Libya to the west.
	libraryoflibrary.com /E_n_c_p_d_Egyptian_chronology.html (5939 words)

	HISTORY
		During a power struggle that followed the expulsion of the French, MUHAMMAD ALI PASHA, an Albanian officer in the Ottoman forces, established himself in a position of power and was recognized (1805) as viceroy of Egypt by the Ottoman sultan.
		Under Muhammad Ali's hereditary successors, Egypt's prosperity declined, despite the construction of the SUEZ CANAL (opened 1869) with the help of a French firm.
		In 1922 the protectorate was ended, and Egypt became a monarchy with FUAD I as king.
	members.tripod.com /~egypt20/egypt/egypt16.htm (1412 words)

	Egypt
		Muhammad 'Ali, an Albanian military commander, succeeded in destroying the power of the Mamluks in Egypt and founded a new dynasty of Egyptian rulers in 1805.
		Muhammad 'Ali's price and prize being unfettered control over Egypt and the Sudan, and hereditary rule by his family.
		His successors assumed the title of Khedive (Viceroy) and succeeded in having this recognised by Imperial Firmans in 1866 and 1873.
	www.4dw.net /royalark/Egypt/egypt.htm (801 words)

	Muhammad Ali
		Muhamamd Ali is noted for establishing the modern Egypt as an independent country.
		Muhammad Ali reached his position by his own skills, and his position was under threat both from the Ottoman sultan as well as from Egyptian groups.
		1818: Under the leadership of his adopted son, Ibrahim Pasha, the Wahhabis are defeated.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/muhammad_ali.htm (539 words)

	Successors
		Hadith of the Twelve Successors - The Hadith of the Twelve Successors is a famous Hadith in Islam.
		Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors - The reign of Muhammad Ali and his successors over Egypt was a period of rapid reform and modernization that led to Egypt becoming one of the most developed states outside of Europe.
		Have been bigamous and all of George's successors would have been bigamous and all of George's successors would have been bigamous and all of George's successors would have been bigamous and all of George's successors would have been bigamous and all of George's successors would have been bigamous and all of George's...
	www.tmadata.com /Successors.html (625 words)

	The Full Image of the City Of Alexandria Egypt
		The Arabs moved the capital of Egypt from Alexandria to Cairo, and by the 1700’s, Alexandria had become a small fishing village.
		After the French departed, Muhammad Ali, an officer in the Turkish army, seized control of Egypt.
		Alexandria regained its importance as a port under the rule of Ali and his successors.
	alexandriaegypt.com /city/islamic.htm (174 words)

	Egypt
		Under the Ptolemies, Egypt flourished as a center of Greek culture.
		Egypt was ruled by several governors during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras of Islamic history.
		Under the Fatimid Sultan al-Hakim, the original city of Fustat was destroyed by fire.
	mec.sas.upenn.edu /marhaba/egypt.htm (1817 words)

	Muhammad Ali of Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1823, Muhammad Ali began to conscript peasants from Upper Egypt and trained them in the Napoleonic fighting style under a French officer, Colonel Sèves (Süleyman Paşa).
		A new fleet was built, a new army was raised and on 31 October 1831, under İbrahim Paşa, Muhammad Ali's eldest son, the Egyptian invasion of Syria began.
		...[the] attachment and veneration of all classes in Egypt for the name of Muhammad Ali are prouder obsequies than any of which it was in power of his successor to confer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt (2819 words)

	Amazon.com: A Short History of Modern Egypt: Books: Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		In under l50 pages, Professor Afaf Marsot has managed to give a coherent picture of Egypt since the Arab-Muslim conquest in the year AD 639...
		The history of Egypt from the Arab conquest in 639 to the present day introduces the reader to the central paradox of Egyptian identity - the alienation of the Egyptian from his rulers, who until 1952 were foreigners, and the continuity of an area with fixed boundaries which has existed for millenia.
		During the reign of Umar, the second caliph of the Arabs, Arab armies under the leadership of Amr ibn al-As invaded and conquered Egypt in 639 AD.
	www.amazon.com /Short-History-Modern-Egypt/dp/0521272343 (1201 words)

	Nubia - Part 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		By September 1882, the Mahdists controlled all of Kordofan and at Shaykan on Nov.
		5, 1883, destroyed an Egyptian army of 10,000 men under the command of a British colonel.
		Although Azhari had campaigned to unite the Sudan with Egypt, the realities of disturbances in the southern Sudan and the responsibilities of political power and authority ultimately led him to disown his own campaign promises and to declare The Sudan an independent republic with an elected representative Parliament on Jan. 1, 1956.
	www.eritreaplanet.com /049/0010404.htm (4502 words)

	Egyptian hieroglyph information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Hieroglyphs emerged from the preliterate artistic traditions of Egypt.
		Hieroglyphs continued to be used under Persian rule (intermittent in the 6th and 5th centuries BC), and after Alexander's conquest of Egypt, during the ensuing Macedonian and Roman periods.
		It appears that the misleading quality of comments from Greek and Roman writers about hieroglyphs came about, at least in part, as a response to the changed political situation.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Egyptian_hieroglyph (1386 words)

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