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Topic: Egyptian burial rituals and protocol

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	Egyptian burial rituals and protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Ancient Egyptian burial rituals, mummies were buried with their earthly riches, pets, and sometimes even their slaves, as the Egyptians believed those were necessary to guide and serve the deceased in the afterlife and make it more comfortable.
		A comprehensible knowledge of Ancient Egyptian religion is indispensable for anyone who wishes to grasp the essence of the Ancient Egyptian civilization.
		To the Ancient Egyptians the diversity of beliefs and gods was acceptable, consequently each divine power was approached by a variety of images related to nature, animal, and human life.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Egyptian_burial_rituals_and_protocol (1073 words)

	Mummy Encyclopedia Article, Information, History and Biography @ VariedTastes.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Egyptian culture believed the body was home to a person's Ka which was essential in one's afterlife.
		From the first dynasty onwards, the ancient Egyptians were, unmistakeably trying to preserve the bodies of the dead, so their spirit had a body to guide them to the afterlife.
		Notably fine examples are exhibited at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, at the Ägyptisches Museum in Berlin, and at the British Museum in London.
	variedtastes.com /encyclopedia/Mummy (2876 words)

	Egyptian art, ancient - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Egyptian art, ancient (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Ostraca are fragments of pottery or limestone that were widely used in antiquity as a surface for drawing or (as an alternative to papyrus) for writing, as well as for calculating accounts.
		It is carved from the bedrock of the Giza plateau and stands 58 m/189 ft in height.
		Major collections of Egyptian art are to be found in the National Museum, Cairo, and in the British Museum, London.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Egyptian+art,+ancient (788 words)

	Mummy
		Ginger was buried in the hot desert sand with maybe some stones piled on top to prevent the corpse being eaten by jackals.
		Ginger was buried with some pottery vessels, which would have held food and drink to sustain him on his long journey to the other world.
		However, from the first dynasty onwards, the ancient Egyptians were trying to preserve the bodies of the dead, so their spirit had a body to guide them to the afterlife.
	www.egypt-i.net /topic/mummy.html (779 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Egyptian pyramids
		Egyptian homes were built on the east bank of the river, the land where the Sun rises.
		In this it was only a partial — but nonetheless visually arresting — success; it remains the only Egyptian pyramid to retain a significant proportion of its original limestone casing, and serves as the best example of the luminous appearance common to all pyramids in their original state.
		The Egyptian funeral was a ceremony of a set the complex of beliefs and practices used by Egyptian culture with various monuments, prayers, and rituals undertaken in the dead's honor.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids (3006 words)

	Aksum - Chs. 6-10. by Dr. Stuart Munro-Hay.
		The formal protocol of the Aksumite kings on their inscriptions is interesting both as an indication of which titles the Aksumite rulers decided, for one reason or another, to adopt, and as a guide to the official version of the kingdom's status at different periods.
		The ritual of cutting the cord affirms his legitimate descent through the recent kings right back to the very founders of the kingdom, while the presence of the abun and church hierarchy, the army and nobles, confirms their acceptance of his right to rule.
		The Ethiopian mediaeval coronation ritual as a whole, the last trace of Aksum's former function as the capital of the country, allows us to see the ruins of the city's monuments, through the eyes of the Portuguese and the native chroniclers, as a living and vital part of the mediaeval Ethiopian monarchy's most important ceremony.
	users.vnet.net /alight/aksum/mhak3.html (20390 words)

	Mummy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Another possible source for the name is the Egyptian Coptic languageCoptic word ''mum'', for wax/ of which the use in Egyptian embalming was in fact documented.
		However, from the first dynasty of EgyptFirst dynasty/ onwards, the ancient Egyptians were trying preserve the bodies of the death, so their spirit had a body to guide them to the afterlife.
		Atop Egyptian antiquities official is demanding the St. Louis Art Museum return the museum's mummy mask amid allegations that the mask (one of the museum's most prized antiquities) was stolen from Egypt in the late 1980s.
	www.infothis.com /find/Mummy (1918 words)

	The Enterprise Mission - Millenium
		New York has been a magnet for all things Egyptian lately, and it also holds a significant place in the overall "Cydonia" connections of these ceremonies by occupying the crucial "Cydonia latitude" on Earth, sharing the monumental location of 41° N latitude with the Face and City.
		The Egyptians originally believed that when the Pharaoh died, he was transported to Sirius (a belief later transposed to the constellation of "Sah" -- Osiris/Orion), where he "became a star" and passed into the next life, to join the gods in their abode.
		This venerable shrine to our first "President of the Westerners" was dedicated on July 4th (a well used NASA "Ritual date"), 1848, with the laying of a cornerstone in a solemn Masonic ceremony commemorating Washington's place as the first of many Scottish Rite Freemasons to become President.
	www.enterprisemission.com /millenn.htm (5377 words)

	Case Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Once the body was completely prepared for burial in the tomb, the organs, now in canopic jars, would be placed in the tomb as well as other items such as food and furniture the mummy would need in the afterlife.(5) Relevant case: Cedar.
		Although Ancient Egyptian mummies are on display in museums across the world, the British Museum in London holds the second largest collection next to the National Museum in Cairo.
		The mummies are the ever-popular centerpiece of the museum's vast Egyptian collection, recently given greater prominence with the opening of the Roxie Walker galleries of Egyptian funerary archaeology in May of 1999.
	www.american.edu /TED/mummy.htm (4045 words)

	cciv243.CIHAGChapter.html
		Pride of place in the city's ritual observances was assigned most frequently to citizens and their sons, but some festivals were restricted to citizen women and others gave them important roles.
		Similar protocols obtained for other festival occasions, and especially in those in which a pompê or ritual procession was part of the celebration.
		Girls and women of citizen status enjoyed a variety of privileges in the ritual sphere, and in all likelihood they derived some measure of civic pride from these perquisites of status, and felt themselves to be, as they were, a distinct and distinguished social group.
	mkatz.web.wesleyan.edu /cciv243/cciv243.CIHAGChapter.html (8046 words)

	Afterlife Encyclopedia Article, Information, History and Biography @ 209.197.89.145 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In what we know of Egyptian religion, afterlife is very important.
		The believer had to act well and know the rituals explained in the Egyptian Book of the Dead.
		If the corpse was properly embalmed and entombed in a mastaba, the defunct would relive in the Fields of Yalu and accompany the Sun god on its daily ride.
	209.197.89.145 /encyclopedia/Afterlife (2789 words)

	Aksum - Chs. 11-16. by Dr. Stuart Munro-Hay.
		That horses were valued possessions in at least one of the lands under Aksumite hegemony is shown by the burial of horses, in elaborate silver and jewelled harness, at the tombs of the `X-Group' monarchs at Ballana (Kirwan 1973).
		In the central area of the towns, and in country mansions, the landowners and rulers of the dominant class would have led a rather more pleasant way of life, surrounded by households comprising slaves and servants living in the outer wings of their houses where the domestic offices probably were.
		The discovery of two skeletons thrown into the pit at the base of Stele 137 at Aksum, and the fact that among the platforms and in some tombs were found animal bones, either burnt or not, may indicate that certain sacrificial ceremonies were enacted during funerals or dedications of stelae (Munro-Hay 1989).
	users.vnet.net /alight/aksum/mhak4.html (20396 words)

	King David, Abishag and the 18th Dynasty
		He realized that the promiscuity of a matrilineal (Egyptian) society would make this possible and that David would not be beyond doing this for later he would not hesitate to take the life of a woman's husband to make her his own wife (2.Sam.
		The terms 'father' and 'son' need not be taken literally in these circumstances; 'father' was often used by the ancient Egyptians as a respectful form of address for a variety of older men and could therefore be used in a reference to an adoptive father or stepfather, patron or even ancestor.
		The surviving vestiges of the Egyptian compound, with its royal residence and tombs, has been unearthed in the area of St. Etienne [Stephen's] monastery, the Anglican 'Garden Tomb' and the German convent school, just to the north of the Damascus Gate.
	www.specialtyinterests.net /david_abishag.html (14638 words)

	We know about Death rituals Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Jewish Death Rituals According to Jewish Law The body of the deceased is washed thoroughly.
		The ancient Egyptians were fortunate in inhabiting the fertile valley of the Nile.
		A description of the death rituals and ceremonies in the most common cultures of the Dutch society.
	www.1death73.info /katrina-death-toll/death-rituals.html (790 words)

	MUMMY FACTS AND INFORMATION
		His body had been stolen from a burial cave near the town of Natubling in the between 1918 and 1920.
		Museum curator Orlando Abinion said the mummy was stolen by a Christian pastor between 1918 and 1920 and wound up as part of a sideshow in a Manila circus; the mummy changed hands a number of times until 1984, when an antiques collector donated it to the National Museum.
		Although analyzing the hair of Ancient Egyptian mummies from the Late Middle Kingdom has revealed evidence of a stable diet http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10091248&itool=iconabstr, Ancient Egyptian mummies from circa 3200 BC show signs of severe anemia and hemolitic disorders http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11148985&itool=iconabstr.
	www.witwib.com /index.php?s=mummy (3490 words)

	Ancient Egypt / Egyptians and Christianity by Lisa Bargeman Book Extract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Egyptian Origin of Christianity focuses on the ceremonial parallels between the modern Roman Catholic Church and ancient Egyptian ceremony.
		Her contribution to scholarship is not the originality of the idea of the Egyptian Origin of Christianity, but her skill in juxtaposing texts from the Bible and from the Egyptian Book of the Dead, which makes it possible to impugn the authenticity of her thesis." - from review by Harrison Ola.
		Egyptian influences and religious concepts filtered into the Hellenistic world as a result of trade and cultural contacts between Egypt and other countries in antiquity….
	www.ancientnile.co.uk /lb.php (1537 words)

	Trafford Publishing: The Egyptian Origin of Christianity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Her contribution to scholarship is not the originality of the idea of the Egyptian Origin of Christianity, but her skill in juxtaposing texts from the Bible and from the Egyptian Book of the Dead, which makes it impossible to impugn the authenticity of her thesis."
		Egyptian serdab-statues were locked away behind closed doors and kept in barely-illumined rooms.
		Of Egyptian derivation are such fasts as those to and from fish, resulting from legend of holy sacrament; "Osiris...was torn [apart] by Set...When Isis reassembled the pieces...[part of the body] had disappeared, eaten by a letos-fish.
	www.trafford.com /02-0318 (1333 words)

	ANCIENT EGYPT : Amun and the One, Great & Hidden
		The Neolithic period is the interval between the emergence of farming villages on the banks of the Nile and the initiation of the Egyptian nation-state (ca.
		In the Ancient Egyptian mind, duality was the fundamental condition of every state of being, whether it be that of a deity or any other being.
		Egyptian texts usually refer to Pharaoh, during his life and after his death, by his throne name.
	www.maat.sofiatopia.org /amun.htm (13077 words)

	Chapter Seven: A Case Study in Mourning: Jewish Religion
		This chapter is about the tradition, the origin and some of the changes in the burial and mourning practices of Judaism.
		From the moment of death until the burial, the body is not to be left alone.
		Without some formed ritual for mourning, it is difficult to see how someone can move through the complex of feelings surrounding death to find a reintegration of the living and the dead.
	www.nyu.edu /classes/gmoran/0-CH7.htm (5981 words)

	MODULE 4: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN
		Most communities have their own rituals, which are practiced to respond to or achieve certain social needs and goals, such as protection or purification.
		Female genital mutilation is a widespread ritual, which is also known as a "rite of passage." It is usually practiced when young girls are entering womanhood.
		Such rituals usually interact with other elements of the specific culture, such as religion, which confers sanctity and sacredness on the ritual, so that, in the long term, the boundary between what is religious and what is ritual becomes vague.
	wwwserver.law.wits.ac.za /humanrts/edumat/IHRIP/circle/modules/module4.htm (3479 words)

	Egyptian Burial Customs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Ecological funeral Egyptian burial rituals and protocol Eleanor cross Embalming Embalming fluid Entrance...
		It is interesting to note too that Egyptian embalmers left in the heart, preserved the internal...
		are also excellent, and, especially in the case of the former, shed some light on an obscure period of Egyptian history.
	www.funeral-help-now.info /egyptian-burial-customs.php (366 words)

	The Herbal Tradition
		Cloves of garlic have been found in Egyptian burials, including the tomb of Tutankhamun and in the sacred underground temple of the bulls at Saqqara.
		The Egyptians believed that disease and death were neither natural nor inevitable, but was caused by some malign influence which might use any agency, natural or invisible, and very often was part of the spirit world.
		Egyptian, along with other Mediterranean and Indian medicine was therefore strongly magico-religious even though there were many practical cures and remedies using herbs, minerals and various animal parts.
	www.planetherbs.com /articles/herbhist.html (15589 words)

	Mummy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		England, Ireland, Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark have all produced a number of bog bodies, mummies of people deposited in sphagnum bogs apparently as a result of murder or ritual sacrifices.
		Although analyzing the hair of Ancient Egyptian mummies from the Late Middle Kingdom has revealed evidence of a stable diet [1] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieveanddb=pubmedanddopt=Abstractandlist_uids=10091248anditool=iconabstr), Ancient Egyptian mummies from circa 3200 BC show signs of severe anemia and hemolitic disorders [2] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieveanddb=pubmedanddopt=Abstractandlist_uids=11148985anditool=iconabstr).
		Traces of cocaine, hashish and nicotine have also been found in the skin and hair of Egyptian mummies [3] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieveanddb=pubmedanddopt=Abstractandlist_uids=7702279anditool=iconabstr).
	www.comicscomics.com /search.php?title=Mummy (2099 words)

	"Secret Gospels and Lost Christianities" by W. T. S. Thackara
		The prescribed ritual dress in early Christian baptisms was also a linen robe over a naked body.
		With the Roman capture of Jerusalem, destruction of the Second Temple, and widespread repression in 66-70 CE, the scrolls were buried in nearby caves and the community dispersed.
		In the 19th century, as newly-discovered Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Persian, and Asian religious texts began to broaden the western intellectual horizon, interest in Gnosticism once again began to stir, possibly in reaction to what these texts implied about Jewish and Christian origins, scripture, and doctrine.
	www.theosociety.org /pasadena/sunrise/53-03-4/xt-wtst.htm (8450 words)

	THE WEED OF CONTROVERSY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		These were expert horsemen and warriors who practiced cannabis intoxication using vapor baths as well as cures for sickness and burial rituals.
		In Cairo (1253), Egyptian Muslims ordered plants of Cannabis to be burned, but farmers simply moved outside the city to grow the crop.
		In 1324, the Egyptian army was used to destroy the crop in the countryside, but the hashish production survived.
	www.botgard.ucla.edu /html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Cannabis (3865 words)

	[No title]
		The liturgy ordains that the priest shall kiss it at the beginning and during the course of Mass; that he shall cover it with a "Corporal," the image of that winding-sheet in which Our Lord was buried; that he shall surround it with honour.
		All this was not instituted in the same detail during the earliest centuries, but it is a legitimate development of Catholic piety whose growth in intensity throughout the ages which followed we are now about to contemplate.
		In some countries in the Middle Ages this suppression of the "Alleluia" was marked by a ceremony called the "Burial of the Alleluia," held on the Saturday before Septuagesima.
	www.ewtn.com /library/LITURGY/MASS.TXT (18128 words)

	goddesspower's Xanga Site
		Expertise: A spell is a ritual performed to achieve a desired goal.
		The agreement signed in Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, is on a par with the 1982 whaling moratorium and the 1997 Kyoto protocol on climate change.
		This was a magical ritual, intended to bring rain for the crops.
	www.xanga.com /skin.asp?user=goddesspower (11507 words)

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