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Topic: Egyptian chronology

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	Egyptian chronology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first problem the student of Egyptian chronology faces is that they used no single system of dating: they had no concept of an Era similar to Anno Domini, Anno Hajirae — or even the concept of named years like limmu used in Mesopotamia.
		The most important of these is with the Assyrian and Babylonian chronologies, although synchronisms with the Hittites, ancient Palestine, and in the final period with ancient Greece are also used.
		Synchronisms with inscriptions relating to the burial of Apis bulls begin as early as the reign of Amenhotep III and continue into Ptolemaic times, but there is a significant gap in the record between Ramesses XI and the 23rd year of Osorkon II.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Egyptian_chronology (995 words)

	Middle Bronze Symposium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Before discussing the evidence available for the chronology of the Middle Bronze Age in Palestine it should be noted that the 40 years controversy of the high and low chronology for the Middle Kingdom in Egypt, is of minor significance for our discussion.
		The Egyptian pottery is identical according to all specialists of Egyptian pottery with that of complex 7 at Dahshur, which was dated by Arnold ca.
		Egyptian imports in Palestine are rarely attested prior to the final phase of the MBIIA, and it is only in the MBIIA-B and particularly in the early MBIIB that large numbers of scarabs are found in cemeteries such as Rishon Leziyon, Tel Aviv harbor, Jericho and Megiddo.
	www.tau.ac.il /humanities/archaeology/projects/mbsg/bentorlecture.html (3742 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Egypt
		The ancient Egyptians never had eras in the usual sense of the word, i.e., epochs from which all successive years are counted regardless of political or other changes in the life of the nation.
		the Egyptians proper), Laabim (the Libyans), Naphtûchim (the inhabitants of No-Phtah, or Memphis), Patrûsim (the inhabitants of the To-rêsi, i.e.
		The earliest specimens of Egyptian literature are the so-called Pyramid Texts engraved on the walls of the halls and rooms of the pyramids of Unis (Fifth Dynasty) and Teti II, Pepi I, Mernere, and Pepi II (Sixth Dynasty).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/05329b.htm (18227 words)

	The Star Sothis and Egyptian Chronology
		It is Egyptian chronology that provides the standard or rule according to which the kings and dynasties, with their law-giving and building programs, wars and peace treaties, are to be allocated to their respective centuries.
		Thus, since Egyptian chronology is, by and large, the measuring rod for the histories of the other ancient nations, there may well be good reason for re-assessing its capacity to align with the other nations (Mesopotamia, for instance).
		The Sothic theorists claim that during early Egyptian history, at the parallel of Memphis, the rising of Sothis occurred on the 19th of July (Julian); coinciding with the flooding of the land by the Nile (13).
	www.specialtyinterests.net /sothic_star.html (15941 words)

	Egyptian (from chronology) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The systems of chronology used to record human history, which are closely related to calendar systems, vary in scope, accuracy, and method according to the purpose, degree of sophistication, and skills of the peoples using them.
		The Egyptian cobra belongs to the family Elapidae (also called the cobra family), distinguished by hollow, immovable front fangs through which the snake squeezes venom when it bites.
		As anesthesia was unknown, the patient was rendered unconscious by means of a blow on the head with a mallet.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-58744?tocId=58744 (735 words)

	Ancient Egyptian Chronology: Dynasties
		Egypt is protected by natural boundaries on all sides; the Mediterranean Sea to the North; the Sahara Desert to the West; the Nubian Desert and Swamps to the South; and the Red Sea and Sinai Peninsula to the East.
		Egypt was ripe for invasion because of (A) complacency; (B) Erosion of central authority; (C) Egyptian army was ill-equipped and unprepared for war.
		Result of Hyksos invasion was to revitalize Egyptian spirit and eventual recapture of the Egyptian throne from the invaders.
	www.crystalinks.com /egypt3.html (1560 words)

	Egyptian Chronology by Laura Knight-Jadczyk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		For our present purposes, the Egyptian chronology is only important insofar as it enables us to sort out those matters that might lead to the identification of the Ark of the Covenant and its possible wherabouts during certain periods of the past.
		Despite all of the problems and reasons to discard the entire chronology based on the Sothic dating in conjunction with the Biblical chronology, all of Egyptian chronology is based on this Sothic cycle inferred from Censorinus, even if there has been much argument about when said cycle is supposed to have begun.
		Egyptian astronomy had much less influence on the outside world for the very simple reason that it remained through all its history on an exceedingly crude level which had practically no relations to the rapidly growing mathematical astronomy of the Hellenistic age.
	www.cassiopaea.org /cass/biblewho5.htm (13828 words)

	A Biblical Interpretation of World History, Appendix 1
		This gives the impression that either Egypt's chronology is a mighty tree, too strong to be uprooted or shaken, or the Egyptians had excellent press agents.
		He started by looking for Egyptian references to Moses and/or the Exodus, and noticed something peculiar: though Egypt and Israel are next to one another, the Israelites would often record an event that would not be mentioned in Egypt, but centuries earlier the Egyptians recorded a nearly identical event.
		His view is that the accepted Egyptian chronology may be correct up to the end of the XII dynasty, but only by coincidence.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /worldhis/Histapp1.html (5167 words)

	Associates for Biblical Research: Biblical Archaeology
		Rohl attempts to lower Egyptian chronology by several hundred years for the period before 664 B.C. The sacking of Thebes by Ashurbanipal in 664 B.C. is accepted as a fixed date by Rohl and becomes the starting point for his revised chronology (119).
		A revised Egyptian chronology would directly affect the dating of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages in Palestine since the dating of those periods is dependent upon synchronisms with Egyptian history.
		Biblical chronology, on the other hand, remains unchanged since it is derived from synchronisms with Assyria in the Divided Kingdom period and then calculated backwards using the internal chronological data of the Bible.
	abr.christiananswers.net /rohl.html (2926 words)

	Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Though their hegemony was short-lived, the Hyksos left a lasting impact on Egypt; they introduced the composite bow, the khopesh sword, the horse and the chariot as well as many Canaanite gods and religious concepts.
		Despite their contributions and relatively peaceful reigns they were hated as foreigners by Egyptians such as Manetho, who fulminates about them at length.
		He is sometimes regarded as having produced anti-semitic material - technically accurate in that his extensive and highly critical coverage of the Hyksos invasion 1300 years before his time was widely repeated and distributed.
	www.hostkingdom.net /egypt.html (2522 words)

	The New Egyptian Chronology
		Rohl has launched an all-out assault on the authenticity of accepted Egyptian chronologies, and a vitally important by-product of that as sault has been the discovery of new archeological evidence that substantiates the Old Testament narratives about the birth of Israel.
		The second adjustment Rohl makes in the biblical chronology is to lengthen the time of the wilderness wanderings, the conquest of Canaan, and the period of the Judges from 220 years to 417 years.
		So there you have it the New Chronology producing evidence all over the landscape that substanti ates the biblical records concerning the origins of the Jews, their formation as a nation in Egypt, their exodus and wanderings, and their conquest of Canaan.
	www.lamblion.com /articles/other/religious/RI-19.php (3082 words)

	Egyptian New Kingdom, Babylonia, Assyria, Hittites, etc.
		The chronology for the period before the Canon of Kings, 1400 down to 700, is secured by the "Assyrian Kinglist" and a reported eclipse of the sun that can be dated to 15 June 763 BC.
		In the earlier chronologies, there is the inconvenience that the events of the reign of Ramesses II do not match up with the corresponding Hittite dates for these events.
		The pyramids were not all that big by Egyptian standards, but they are all in stone, unlike the mudbrick pyramids of the XII Dynasty, and there are more of them than in Egypt itself, thanks to the longevity of the regime.
	www.friesian.com /notes/newking.htm (7966 words)

	CREATION AND CATASTROPHE CHRONOLOGY
		This chronology is found in Genesis 5 and 11 where the genealogy of the 21 patriarchs from Adam to Abraham is given.
		If the short chronology is used from the Temple destruction to Abraham, these dates will reduce by a further 352 years to become 2305 BC for the flood, and 3961 for Creation.
		Egyptian historical dates are precise from the very commencement of the 12th Dynasty under the usurper Amenemhet I in 1991 BC.
	www.ldolphin.org /barrychron.html (9834 words)

	Debate Topics: Historical
		The only Egyptian architectural remains ever to be found in Jerusalem now date in the new chronology to the Late Bronze Age II A/B. Previously, it was considered a mystery as to where they had come from and who had been responsible for them.
		In the new chronology of Egypt, the pharaoh on the throne of Egypt was Neferhotep I of the 13th Dynasty.
		Now that the chronologies have begun to be amended and the sojourn in Egypt placed in the 12th and 13th Dynasties, we have a wealth of archaeological evidence corroborating the biblical account.
	debate.org.uk /topics/history/rohl-1.htm (10052 words)

	Egyptian Chronology
		The Middle Kingdom is well known for being the highpoint in Egyptian literature and it also saw a revival in the quality of art.
		This period of instability lasted two centuries and was brought to an end by a Theban family, one of whom (Ahmose) finally expelled the Hyksos.
		When the Greeks defeated the Persians at Marathon in 490 BC, the Egyptians took advantage of the distraction and in 486 BC they revolted.
	homepage.powerup.com.au /~ancient/chron.htm (1983 words)

	Timeline
		Lower Egypt has now become a completely polyglot civilization with Palestinians including many Jews, Greeks (who were often mercenaries in the Egyptian army) and others from further afield.
		Nectanebo II (360-343 B.C.) Was defeated by Persians at Pelusium in Delta, last native Egyptian ruler.
		However, Roman Egypt was very peaceful and prosperous and both Roman and traditional Egyptian communities and religious institutions were built or refurbished.
	www.egyptinteractive.com /EgyptTour/Chronology.htm (918 words)

	Chronology
		© 1932, Luzac and Co The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt.
		Chronologie Égyptienne d'après les Textes Démotiques (332 av.
		From AEB : "This study of Egyptian feasts covers the interrelated problems of chronology and Egyptian religious observances."
	www.ptahhotep.com /categories/chronology.html (123 words)

	Egyptian Chronology
		roblems in Egyptian chronology are as ancient as Egypt itself.
		Thus by the third century B.C. virtually all problems connected with Egyptian chronology were already known, though unsolved.
		The following chronology is widely accepted at present by scholars.
	web.clas.ufl.edu /users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Teaching/HIS-SCI-STUDY-GUIDE/0006_egyptianChronolgoy.html (172 words)

	Greek History in the Shadows of Egyptian Chronology
		Furtwängler, one of the great pioneers in the study of pottery decoration was among that school's foremost proponents.[0600] When further excavation revealed still more New Kingdom Egyptian material alongside the youngest Mycenaean vases, and showed that there was hardly enough LH III BC pottery to last from ca.
		We recall that we had two chronologies, one based on internal evidence of Greece itself and the other by comparisons with Egyptian evidence.
		The former had to give in to the latter, not because they were wrong but it had the weaker defenders unable to see their way through the mace of mistakes of the Egyptian evidence.
	www.specialtyinterests.net /pottery.html (5479 words)

	EGYPTIAN GALLERY
		The Joseph and Mary Grimshaw Egyptian Gallery of the Oriental Institute opened to the public on May 29, 1999 following a three year renovation project.
		Detail of a display on Egyptian chronology that exhibits the most characteristic objects from each time period.
		Shown here are objects from the Ptolemaic Period (332-30 B.C.) through the Byzantine era (to the 7th c century B.C.).
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/MUS/GALLERY/EGYPT/New_Egypt_Gallery.html (557 words)

	Manetho - Egyptian Chronology
		Much of Egyptian Chronology is based on Manetho's list of the Dynasties of Kings, but this too only second-hand, primarily through Julius Africanus and Eusebius.
		Indeed, Manetho may be a description of the subject [Latvian MAINITU "changes"] rather than an author at all.
		As Eduard Meyer wrote, no Egyptian source ties the Sothic Year to Sirius.
	www.lexiline.com /lexiline/lexi20.htm (652 words)

	Institute for the Study of Interdisciplinary Sciences
		ISIS was founded in 1985 by a group of scholars of ancient history who felt it was important to develop an interdisciplinary approach to the study of Man's ancient past.
		The topics covered should be of interest to all students of the Ancient World since the editorial perspective is neither regionally orientated nor specific to the study of any one ancient society.
		Contained within the pages of the publications are papers concerning a wide range of subjects such as: comparative history and chronology: scientific dating methods; archaeology; traditional histories; calendars; languages; and contemporary historical documents.
	knowledge.co.uk /xxx/cat/isis (771 words)

	The Synchronized Chronology-Rethinking Middle East Antiquity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Synchronized Chronology resolves the structural problems of Egyptian chronology and then outlines the correct history of the Middle East and Mediterranean from the time of Abraham and his wandering into the Empire of Alexander the Great.
		This resolves a myriad of discrepancies and unlikely assumptions that historians have been forced to swallow, and neatly opens the way to synchronizing Egyptian dynasties with Biblical chronology.
		Several works have appeared in recent years, challenging Egyptian chronology; none is really successful in fixing the multi-layered problems of Biblical chronology, because they try to compress Egyptian history without recognizing duplicated dynasties.
	www.synchronizedchronology.com (286 words)

	[No title]
		There are, IIRC, plenty of pottery/artifact links between the Minoan and Egyptian civilisations and Thera is towards the end of LMIA but before LMIB.
		One of the major arguments of Sturt Manning's book "A Test of Time: The Absolute Chronology of the Aegean Early Bronze Age" is that LMIA corresponds to the Second Intermediate Period not the 18th dynasty.
		The book is very dense, but well worth reading if you want to know the detailed ins and outs of the topic.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/2001/v2001.n045 (1582 words)

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