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Topic: Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

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	Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		Amendment XVIII (the Eighteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution, with the passage of the Volstead Act (which defined "intoxicating liquors"), established Prohibition.
		After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
		This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
	www.encyclopedian.com /ei/Eighteenth-Amendment-to-the-United-States-Constitution.html (204 words)

	United States Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America and is the oldest written national constitution still in force.
		The United States has states so this means that the 13 states (representing as little as 4% of national population) could block an amendment desired the remaining 37 states (representing as much 96% of the national population).
		Amendments to the Constitution subsequent to the of Rights cover a wide range of The majority of the seventeen later amendments from continued efforts to expand individual civil political liberties while a few are concerned modifying the basic governmental structure drafted in in 1787.
	www.freeglossary.com /United_States_Constitution (3405 words)

	The Constitution of the United States of America
		The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.
		The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.
		The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.
	www.midnightbeach.com /jon/US-Constitution.htm (4025 words)

	Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Amendment XIV (the Fourteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution is one of the post- Civil War amendments and includes the due process and equal protection clauses (Section 1).
		With the adoption of this amendment and section in particular southern states were legally obligated to recognize certain of freed slaves.
		The Fourteenth Amendment And The States: A Study Of The Operation Of The Restraint Clauses Of Section One Of The Fourteenth Amendment To The Constitution Of The United States
	www.freeglossary.com /Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution (783 words)

	FindLaw: U.S. Constitution: Amendments
		The amendment was rejected by Georgia on July 24, 1919; by Alabama on September 22, 1919; by South Carolina on January 29, 1920; by Virginia on February 12, 1920; by Maryland on February 24, 1920; by Mississippi on March 29, 1920; by Louisiana on July 1, 1920.
		The amendment was rejected by a convention in the State of South Carolina, on December 4, 1933.
		Proclamation was by the Archivist of the United States, pursuant to 1 U.S.C. Sec.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /data/constitution/amendments.html (3849 words)

	United States House of Representatives - Amendments to the Constitution
		The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Mississippi, December 4, 1865.
		The fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-ninth Congress, on the 13th of June, 1866.
		The twenty-first amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 20th day of February, 1933, and was declared, in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, dated on the 5th day of December, 1933, to have been ratified by 36 of the 48 States.
	www.house.gov /house/Constitution/Amend.html (2086 words)

	Eighteenth Amendment
		At the gathering's conclusion, the League's superintendent, Purley Baker, presented an amendment to the United States Congress and to the House of Representatives.
		This amendment would be the basis for the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
		Smith, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the state legislature's approval of Prohibition could not be overturned by the referendum.
	www.ohiohistorycentral.org /entry.php?rec=1493 (647 words)

	Crabbe Act
		In 1919, the Ohio legislature ratified the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
		In 1920, the United States Supreme Court rejected the referendum's outcome in Hawke v.
		Following the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919, the Ohio government implemented stringent measures to enforce Prohibition within the state's borders.
	www.ohiohistorycentral.org /entry.php?rec=1497 (323 words)

	Utah History Encyclopedia
		Utah did not enact prohibition legislation until 1917, when it became the twenty-fourth state to adopt statewide prohibition; however, since most of the other twenty-four states already had passed local option laws, Utah was one of the last states to pass legislation regulating the manufacture and consumption of alcohol.
		Smith's revelation came the same year that the United States Temperance Union with one million members was established to campaign for total abstinence from liquor because of the social and economic ills created by drunkenness.
		Although both Utah law and the U.S. Constitution outlawed alcohol, it was still produced, sold, and consumed during the period of prohibition from 1917 to 1933, and public officials were often frustrated in their attempts to enforce the law.
	www.media.utah.edu /UHE/p/PROHIBITION.html (1181 words)

	The United States Constitution - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net
		Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
		Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.
		Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
	www.usconstitution.net /const.html (5218 words)

	Introduction
		After such a submission three-fourths of the states would need to ratify such a proposal before any such change or repeal could be made, Therefore, so long as thirteen of the forty-eight states stand firm for the Eighteenth Amendment there can be no repeal of that portion of the Constitution.
		In hindsight, abolition of the Eighteenth Amendment appears inevitable, the logical outcome of a foolish, unpopular reform.
		Their thirst for restoration of what they considered social and constitutional righteousness combined with an effective political effort and fortunate timing to produce the constitutional reversal of 1933, one of the most improbable and unexpected political events of its time--and one of the most significant.
	www.druglibrary.org /schaffer/history/rnp/RNPI.html (979 words)

	Boom and Bust, 1921-1933 Lesson 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Explain the reasons why the Constitution was amended in 1919 to prohibit the distribution, sale, and consumption of intoxicating beverages.
		Explain the reasons why the Constitution was amended in 1933 to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment.
		Describe the parallels between legal and illegal forms of gambling in the United States today and the enactment and repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
	www.eduref.org /Virtual/Lessons/crossroads/sec5/Unit_09/Unit_09L2.html (358 words)

	The Constitution of the United States of America
		In the light of the cases enumerated in the preceding paragraph, wherein the Twenty-first Amendment was construed as according a plenary power to the States, such extended emphasis on the police power and the commerce clause would seem to have been unnecessary.
		Virginia,\18\ wherein, without even considering that Amendment, a majority of the Court upheld, as not contravening the commerce clause, statutes regulating the transport through the State of liquor cargoes originating and ending outside the regulating State's boundaries.\19\ \15\308 U.S. \16\Id. at 138.
		United States, 495 U.S. 423 (1990) (also upholding application to federal enclaves of a uniform requirement that shipments into the state be reported to state officials).
	www.gpoaccess.gov /constitution/html/amdt21.html (2050 words)

	FindLaw: U.S. Constitution: Eighteenth Amendment
		Cases produced by enforcement and arising under the Fourth and Fifth Amendments are considered in the discussion appearing under the those Amendments.
		The liability became complete upon occurrence of the breach of the express contractual condition and a civil action for recovery was viewed as unaffected by the loss of penal sanctions.
		The Twenty-first Amendment containing ''no saving clause as to prosecutions for offenses therefore committed,'' these holdings were rendered unavoidable by virtue of the well-established principle that after ''the expiration or repeal of a law, no penalty can be enforced, nor punishment inflicted, for violations of the law committed while it was in force.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /data/constitution/amendment18 (741 words)

	Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use there in of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.
		The Twenty-first Amendment was proposed by the United States Congress on February 20, 1933 and was fully ratified on December 5, 1933.
		Heald (2005), by a 5–4 majority, that the 21st Amendment does not overrule the Dormant Commerce Clause with respect to alcohol sales, and states must treat in-state and out-of-state wineries equally.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution (368 words)

	ELS - ERD - Law By Country - United States Substantive Law - Constitution of the United States
		Section 3: "The Senate of the United States shall be composed..."
		Amendment I: Freedom of speech, religion, press, petition and assembly.
		Amendment XXIII: Election rules for the District of Columbia.
	www.law.emory.edu /FEDERAL/usconst.html (693 words)

	United States Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Judgement in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgement and punishment, according to law.
		No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office.
		The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year 1808, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importations, not exceeding 10 dollars for each person.
	www.lib.auburn.edu /madd/docs/usconsti.html (4166 words)

	Jan 16 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Under the terms of this amendment, all aspects related to the "manufacture, sale, and distribution" of alcohol were expressly prohibited, and in the subsequent Volstead Act (1920), the federal government established measures for policing this measure.
		Even after the Eighteenth Amendment was repealed in 1934 with the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment, the community of Eureka decided by popular referendum to remain a "dry" town.
		Seven weeks before Franklin Delano Roosevelt became President of the United States, Eureka College announced its own version of a "New Deal" to permit cash-strapped students to continue attending the institution during the depths of the Great Depression.
	www.eureka.edu /emp/jrodrig/otdieh/jan16.htm (453 words)

	Prohibition: Noble Achievement or Failed Experiment?
		Congress passed a resolution calling for a prohibition amendment and sent it to the state legislatures for ratification in late 1917.
		The demand for alcohol was enormous, but the Eighteenth Amendment had ended the supply.
		On December 5, 1933, Utah became the thirty-sixth state to ratify the repeal.
	www.lib.niu.edu /ipo/2001/ihy010222.html (833 words)

	Twenty-First Amendment
		Utilizing patriotism and morality, the Anti-Saloon League succeeded in getting the Eighteenth Amendment passed by the Congress and ratified by the necessary number of states in 1919.
		Other residents opposed the amendment because many bars, breweries, and distilleries had to close, leaving thousands of people unemployed, once states ratified the amendment.
		That same year, a sufficient number of states, including Ohio, ratified the amendment, ending Prohibition.
	www.ohiohistorycentral.org /entry.php?rec=1406 (537 words)

	CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
		This printed copy of the text of the Constitution and the first twenty-one amendments is an accurate copy of a literal print of the original Constitution and the first twenty-one amendments appearing in
		The Constitution of the United States of America (Annotated) compiled by the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress and published by the Government Printing Office in 1938.
		The Twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Amendments were copied from the resolutions by which the Oregon Legislative Assembly ratified these amendments.
	www.leg.state.or.us /orcons/usconst.html (243 words)

	PA State Archives - RG-32 - Series Titles - Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board was created in November, 1933, in anticipation of the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
		The Board was directed to set up and operate a system of state-operated stores to be the only outlets for the sale of wine and spirits in their original packages.
		The passage of Act 14 in 1987 resulted in numerous operational changes at the Board, including the transfer of its liquor law enforcement powers to the State Police.
	www.phmc.state.pa.us /bah/dam/rg/rg32.htm (179 words)

	Speakeasy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A speakeasy was an establishment that was used for selling and drinking alcoholic beverages during the period of United States history known as Prohibition (1920-1933, longer in some states), when selling or buying alcohol was illegal.
		Speakeasies became more popular and numerous as the Prohibition years progressed, as well as more commonly operated by those with connections to organized crime.
		Although police and United States Federal Government agents would raid such establishments and arrest the owners and patrons, the business of running speakeasies was so lucrative that such establishments continued to flourish throughout the nation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Speakeasy (465 words)

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