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Topic: Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

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	Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland introduced the controversial constitutional ban on abortion.
		It was effected by the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1983, which was approved by referendum on 7 September 1983 and signed into law on the 7 October of the same year.
		The Eighth Amendment was adopted during the Fine Gael-Labour coalition government of Garret FitzGerald but was in fact drafted and first suggested by the previous Fianna Fáil government of Charles J. Haughey.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland (1164 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Co... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Amendment XIV (the Fourteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution is one of the post-Civil War amendments and includes the due process and equal protection clauses.
		This section overrode the provisions of the Constitution that counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for purposes of allotting seats in the House of Representatives and the Electoral College.
		Thus, on July 28, Seward was able to certify unconditionally that the amendment was part of the constitution without having to endorse Congress's assertion that the withdrawals were ineffective.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Co... (1642 words)

	THE CONSTITUTION OF IRELAND
		This unofficial text of the Constitution is based on the text published prior to the referendum and voted on by the people in 1937 together with the subsequent amendments passed by the Oireachtas and voted on in referendum.
		A crucial Article of the 1922 Constitution was Article 50, which provided for the amendment of the Constitution by the Oireachtas, without reference to the people, for a period of eight years from the date of the coming into effect of the operation of the Constitution.
		The Draft Constitution Bill was recommitted to a Committee of the entire House on 9th June, 1937 in respect of amendments and finally, on 14th June, 1937, the final stage of the Bill was moved in the House.
	www.johnpghall.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /constit.htm (5960 words)

	BUNREACHT NA hÉIREANN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Amendments effected since the Constitution was enacted in 1937 up to the time of printing of this edition (November 2002) are listed below.
		of this Constitution be exercised by or on the authority of the Government.
		All crimes and offences prosecuted in any court constituted under Article 34 of this Constitution other than a court of summary jurisdiction shall be prosecuted in the name of the People and at the suit of the Attorney General or some other person authorised in accordance with law to act for that purpose.
	www.taoiseach.gov.ie /upload/publications/297.htm (7893 words)

	A.G. v. X [1992] IESC 1; [1992] 1 IR 1 (5th March, 1992)
		It was submitted that the Eighth Amendment and the legal consequences which flow from it, including the jurisdiction of the courts to prohibit persons from leaving the country to obtain an abortion, amounted to a derogation by Ireland from those principles which is permitted on the grounds of public policy.
		The Eighth Amendment establishes beyond any dispute that the constitutional guarantee of the vindication and protection of life is not qualified by the condition that the life must be one which has achieved an independent existence after birth.
		When a conflict of constitutional rights arises, it must be resolved by having regard to (a) the terms of the Constitution, (b) the ethical values which all Christians living in the State acknowledge and accept, and (c) the main tenets of our system of constitutional parliamentary democracy.” 139.
	www.uc3m.es /uc3m/inst/MGP/NCR/ireland21.htm (15960 words)

	Irish Republic - Constitution
		The provisions of this Constitution which relate to the exercise and performance by the President of the powers and functions conferred on him by or under this Constitution shall subject to the subsequent provisions of this section apply to the exercise and performance of the said powers and functions under this Article.
		Ireland affirms its adherence to the principle of the pacific settlement of international disputes by international arbitration or judicial determination.
		Every proposal, other than a proposal to amend the Constitution, which is submitted by Referendum to the decision of the people shall for the purposes of Article 27 hereof be held to have been approved by the people unless vetoed by them in accordance with the provisions of the foregoing sub-section of this section.
	www.uhb.fr /Langues/Cei/constit.htm (9850 words)

	Consequences of the 1983 anti - abortion referendum in Ireland
		The Eighth Amendment, from it's introduction to the constitution, has been used to attack the rights of women in Ireland, and a number of fundamental freedoms applying to the population in general.
		Once the 1983 amendment in the constitution the anti-abortion fundamentalists who had campaigned for it moved on to further restrict the civil and legal rights of Irish women.
		Since the 1983 amendment did not define the 'start of life' they claimed that it covered 'life from conception' and that therefore these forms of contraceptives should be covered by the amendment, and hence banned.
	struggle.ws /darg/pr/conseq1983.html (629 words)

	ICL - Ireland Index
		Dec 1997: The Taoiseach announces that the All-Party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution is to consider cabinet confidentiality with a view to facilitating another referndum on the matter.
		The Minister of Justice expects legislation implementing the bail referendum amendment to be passed by March, 1997.
		23 Dec 1992: Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/ei__indx.html (1258 words)

	New England International and Comparative Law Annual - 1999 - IRELAND'S STRUGGLE WITH ABORTION
		The campaign culminated in a constitutional amendment, approved by a greater than two-to-one margin, that recognized the right to life of the unborn.
		The Eighth Amendment, codified as article 40.3.3, provides that "The State acknowledges the right to life of the unborn and, with due regard to the equal life of the mother, guarantees in its laws respect, and, as far as practicable, by its laws to defend and vindicate that right."
		The 1992 constitutional amendments made clear the anti-abortion amendment of 1983 could not be used to terminate the freedom to travel if parents decided to take their daughter abroad for an abortion, and in fact there had been numerous instances of such.
	www.nesl.edu /intljournal/vol5/yorke.htm (6623 words)

	The Right to Keep and Bear Arms
		When I became chairman of the Subcommittee on the Constitution, I hoped that I would be able to assist in the protection of the constitutional rights of American citizens, rights which have too often been eroded in the belief that government could be relied upon for quick solutions to difficult problems.
		Following adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, however, the Supreme Court held that that Amendment's prohibition against states depriving any persons of their federal "privileges and immunities" was to be given a narrow construction.
		Indeed, the debates over the Constitution constantly referred to the organized militia units as a threat to freedom comparable to that of a standing army, and stressed that such organized units did not constitute, and indeed were philosophically opposed to, the concept of a militia.
	www.barefootsworld.net /senate82.html (6904 words)

	EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Unless we put into the Constitution the bedrock principle that equality of rights cannot be denied or abridged on account of sex, the political and judicial victories women have achieved with their blood, sweat, and tears for the past two centuries are vulnerable to erosion or reversal at any time now or in the future.
		The constitutional principles by which reproductive laws are upheld or struck down are primarily the right of privacy and equal protection.
		14th Amendment, passed in 1868, guaranteed all "persons" the right to "equal protection under the law." However, the second section of the amendment used the words "male citizens," in describing who would be counted in determining how many representatives each state gets in Congress.
	www.flnow.org /ERA.htm (4450 words)

	The Embarrassing Second Amendment
		To put it mildly, the Second Amendment is not at the forefront of constitutional discussion, at least as registered in what the academy regards as the venues for such discussion --law reviews, [13] casebooks, [14] and other scholarly legal publications.
		Professor Cress, for example, argues that state constitutions regularly use the words "man" or "person" in regard to "individual rights such as freedom of conscience," whereas the use in those constitutions of the term "the people" in regard to a right to bear arms is intended to refer to the "sovereign citizenry" collectively organized.
		That is, those who would limit the meaning of the Second Amendment to the constitutional protection of state-controlled militias agree that such protection rests on the perception that militarily competent states were viewed as a potential protection against a tyrannical national government.
	www.firearmsandliberty.com /embar.html (8242 words)

	Constitution - Ratification
		Any bill not amending the constitution can be given to a referendum on demand of a majority of the members of parliament or not less than 1/3 of the members of senate, Art.
		The law, the 28th Amendment of the Constitution Bill, had to be passed by both houses before it could be put to the people in a referendum.
		Nevertheless Ireland will pursue its plans to hold a referendum on the EU constitution and will ratify it without setting any date or putting forward the required laws to enable the vote.
	www.unizar.es /euroconstitucion/Treaties/Treaty_Const_Rat_Ireland.htm (883 words)

	User:Iota - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		My areas of particular interest are institutions of government, electoral systems, constitutional history and constitutional law–the more obscure the topic the better.
		To play my part in combating systemic bias I hope in future to contribute lots of good articles on topics to do with non-Anglophone countries.
		Legality of the enactment of the Constitution of Ireland
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/User:Iota (156 words)

	2003 - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		February 1 - In Northern Ireland, The Protestant UDA Belfast leader John Gregg is killed by a loyalist faction.
		March 12 - Iraq disarmament crisis: British prime minister Tony Blair proposes an amendment to the possible 18th U.N. resolution, which would call for Iraq to meet certain benchmarks to prove that it was disarming.
		The amendment is immediately rejected by France, who promises to veto any new resolution.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/2/0/0/2003.html (4928 words)

	Stand up for womens' rights...: Vote No to Maastricht
		It is the Eighth Amendment that was used to grant an injunction preventing a 14 year old from travelling to Britain.
		It is because of the Eighth Amendment that Dublin Corporation banned Womens Health books from the libraries.
		It is because of the Eighth Amendment that Cosmopolitan, Company and other womens' magazines censor the ads.
	struggle.ws /ws92/maas35.html (1591 words)

	Attorney General v. X.
		In my view, this preamble makes it clear that rights given by the Constitution must be considered in accordance with concepts of prudence, justice and charity, which may gradually change or develop as society changes and develops and which fall to be interpreted from time to time in accordance with prevailing ideas.
		The remaining issues under domestic and constitutional law which were submitted on this appeal, as distinct from being formulated in the notice of appeal, can briefly be summarised as follows.
		He further submitted that the Court, in determining the mother’s rights under the Eighth Amendment, should have regard to the decisions of this Court in G. v.
	www.ucc.ie /law/irlii/cases/846p_92.htm (6904 words)

	General
		In 1983 the Irish government adopted an amendment, approved by popular referendum, to the Irish constitution.
		Leaving the referral untouched, the supreme court decided that the failure to issue an injunction was an appealable decision.
		Because Ireland is a member of the European Community (now European Union), the European Court of Justice is empowered to evaluate whether Ireland's domestic laws are in conformity with European Community law.
	www.hrw.org /hrw/about/projects/womrep/General-229.htm (848 words)

	Dublin Abortion Rights Group - Irish pro - choice group active in Ireland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		We called for people to vote 'no' to the attempt to restrict abortion rights only to cases where a woman's life, but not her health, was threatened by a pregnancy.
		The repeal of the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution, and of the 1861 Act which makes abortion a crime.
		However we realise that particularly in rural Ireland this information can be hard to come by and some women may look up our page specifically for such contacts.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/darg.html (789 words)

	The European Constitution - An Explanatory Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The European Constitution provides a blueprint for a more dynamic and effective European Union.
		The European Constitution was agreed by the Heads of State and Government of the European Union's twenty-five Member States on 18 June 2004 and signed in Rome on 29 October 2004.
		In order to enter into force, it must be ratified by each Member State according to its constitutional requirements.
	www.europeanconstitution.ie (275 words)

	Akerbeltz.org - Official Status for Gaelic
		In contrast to Ireland, and especially to Wales, where the indigenous Celtic languages have been linchpins of national identity, Gaelic has not played an important rôle in Scottish nationalist politics.
		The Irish government has never enacted appropriate implementing legislation to give full force to the constitutional provision, or indeed to explain what the unique and elusive terms “the first official language” and “a second official language” mean.
		Under the Swiss Constitution of 1938, Rumantsch was designated, along with German, French, and Italian, as one of four “national” languages, but not one of the three “official” languages.
	www.akerbeltz.org /rannsachadh/officialstatus.htm (7725 words)

	Dáil Éireann - Volume 428 - 23 March, 1993 - Written Answers. - Protocol Relating to Eighth Amendment of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		- Protocol Relating to Eighth Amendment of the Constitution.
		Spring): Protocol No. 17 annexed to the Treaty on European Union and to the Treaties establishing the European Communities provides that nothing in those Treaties or in the Treaties or Acts modifying or supplementing them shall affect the application in Ireland of Article 40.3.3º of the Constitution.
		Protocol Relating to Eighth Amendment of the Constitution.
	historical-debates.oireachtas.ie /D/0428/D.0428.199303230028.html (102 words)

	EIGHTH AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION ACT, 1983. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		1 Amendment of Article 40 of the Constitution.
		WHEREAS by virtue of Article 46 of the Constitution any provision of the Constitution may be amended in the manner provided by that Article:
		AND WHEREAS it is proposed to amend Article 40 of the Constitution:
	www.irishstatutebook.ie /ZZAM8Y1983.html (67 words)

	Twenty-eighth Amendment of Constitution Bill 2005 As initiated and Explanatory Memorandum - Tithe an Oireachtais (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Twenty-eighth Amendment of Constitution Bill 2005 As initiated and Explanatory Memorandum - Tithe an Oireachtais
		Houses of the Oireachtas - Parliament of Ireland
		Twenty-eighth Amendment of Constitution Bill 2005 As initiated and Explanatory Memorandum
	www.oireachtas.ie /viewpda.asp?DocID=3981&CatID=54 (69 words)

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