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Topic: Eighth Amendment to the Pakistani Constitution

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President of Pakistan

Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Eighth Amendment to the Pakistani Constitution
		The Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan was passed in 1985.
		The Constitution (Eighth Amendment) Act, 1985 was an amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan passed in 1985.
		In 1997, however, the constitution was amended to repeal the main provisions of the Eighth Amendment, stripping the president of the power to dismiss the prime minister and dissolve the parliament.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Eighth-Amendment-to-the-Pakistani-Constitution (477 words)

	Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		(Redirected from Eighth Amendment to the Pakistani Constitution)
		The Constitution (Eighth Amendment) Act, 1985 was an amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan passed in 1985.
		In 1997, the Thirteenth Amendment was passed, stripping the President of the power to dissolve the National Assembly and call for new elections, effectively reducing the Presidency to a figurehead.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_Pakistani_Constitution (310 words)

	UNHCR - Human Rights Briefs: Women in Pakistan
		Although a clause in the constitution guaranteeing the rights of women had been incorporated into the shariah, women feared that this measure would not guarantee the rights acquired through the family law reforms which are not part of the constitution (Asia Watch and the WRP 1992, 40).
		Pakistan's current constitution was enacted in 1973 but was substantially modified in the context of the Islamization of Pakistani society, especially under the regime of General Zia Ul-Haq (1979 to 1988).
		The amendment provides for the detention of women in courthouse lock-ups and stipulates that they may be transferred to police stations for the purposes of interrogation only, pursuant to a court order.
	www.unhcr.org /home/RSDCOI/3ae6a83c18.html (8658 words)

	Pakistan - MSN Encarta
		Pakistani banks were nationalized in 1974, but in the early 1990s the country transferred two banks to private ownership and issued licenses for ten new commercial banks.
		The 1973 constitution was the result of consensus among the political parties that were represented in the parliament.
		In 1997, however, the constitution was amended to repeal the main provisions of the Eighth Amendment, stripping the president of the power to dismiss the prime minister and dissolve the parliament.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761560851_7/Pakistan.html (924 words)

	Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 1997 was an amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan passed in 1997, during the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, leader of the Pakistan Muslim League party.
		The combined effect of the two amendments was to remove all checks and balances on the Prime Minister's power, since there was no longer any legal remedy to throw him out of office.
		The Fourteenth Amendment increased this perception, and contributed to the overwhelming popular support for General Pervez Musharraf's coup in 1999.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan (264 words)

	President of Pakistan - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		According to the Constitution, the President is chosen by an electoral college consisting of the Senate, National Assembly, and the provincial assemblies.
		The constitution was revised, and the President became the ruler of Pakistan.
		This constitution was completed in 1973, and reduced the presidency to a figurehead position, giving power to the Prime Minister.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/President_of_Pakistan (689 words)

	DAWN - Opinion; 05 January, 2004
		Article 63 of the Constitution was amended to prescribe revised grounds for the disqualification of National Assembly members and the duty of the Chief Election Commissioner in the event of a member's disqualification.
		This amendment erases the change in the Constitution deemed to have been effected by the order of 2002 whereby the judges' retirement age was raised by three years.
		Now that the controversial seventeenth amendment has been passed, and the dust has settled on the ramparts of Islamabad, it would be interesting to see this latest development in the context of the continuing struggle for the establishment of a democratic system and the restoration of the 1973 Constitution, shorn of all the controversial amendments.
	www.dawn.com /2004/01/05/op.htm (3767 words)

	The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 1997
		Amendment of Article 58 of the Constitution - In the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, hereinafter referred to as the Constitution, in Article 58, in clause (2) sub-clause (b) shall be omitted.
		Amendment of Article 101 of the Constitution - In the Constitution, in Article 101, in clause (1) for the words "after consultation with" the words "on the advice of" shall be substituted.
		Amendment of Article 243 of the Constitution - In the Constitution, in Article 243, in clause (2) in sub-clause (c) the words "in his discretion" shall be omitted.
	www.pakistani.org /pakistan/constitution/amendments/13amendment.html (253 words)

	Pakistan Link - Letter & Opinion
		The government and the opposition are locked in a battle concerning the amendments made in the constitution by President Parvez Musharraf.
		The amendments were basically meant to dilute the powers of the Prime Minister and strengthen those of the President.
		All the amendments were incorporated in the 1973 Constitution as Eighth Amendment on March 20, 1985, by the partyless Majils-e-Shoora (assembly).
	www.pakistanlink.com /opinion/2003/Aug03/15/06.html (1060 words)

	Legal systems - Wex
		First, constitutions aspire to regulate the allocation of powers, functions, and duties among the various agencies and officers of government and to define the relationship between these and the public.
		The basic constitutional instruments are presumably those of 1707: the Treaty of Union and Acts of Union of the English and Scottish Parliaments.
		The British constitution is indistinct in that there is no way to tell whether 'ordinary' laws are in conflict with those forming part of the constitution (although since 2 October 2000 the courts may declare that a particular statute (though still valid) is incompatible with the Human Rights Act 1998 (http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1998/19980042.htm).
	supct.law.cornell.edu /wex/index.php/Legal_systems (7584 words)

	PAKISTAN (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Constitutional debates among the ulama and political leaders as to who was a Muslim led to anti-Ahmadiya riots in 1953.
		The Eighth Amendment provided that laws and orders passed during martial law, including the new Islamic laws and amendments granting the president increased power over the National Assembly and judiciary, be exempt from review by any court.
		With this amendment, the laws began to shift from a concern for form of the expression and its the effect on a community, to the subject of the expression itself and the threat it posed to the integrity of the religion itself, apart from societal consequences.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1993/pakistan (8693 words)

	The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 798
		In 1977 a martial law proclamation deleted secular face of the constitution and inserted a phrase that a fundamental state principle is "absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah".
		The dictator in his last ditch attempt to cling to power did not even blink to incite a riot in which the Hindus were attacked, their houses and temples torched and looted.
		Of course, it was election time again and the hunger for power made the AL forget the constitution the party had written in 1972.
	www.thedailystar.net /2006/08/24/d6082401033.htm (1089 words)

	Pakistan: A Political History
		The Pakistani people were obviously interested in participating in the democratic process and disregarded the urge to boycott, 52.9% cast ballots for the National Assembly and 56.9% cast ballots for the provincial elections.
		By 1999 the eighth amendment was stripped of the constraints that empowered the president to dissolve the National Assembly or dismiss the prime minister.
		He had forced out the chief justice of the supreme court and the army chief soon after the eighth amendment was revised, he was cracking down on the press that did not support him and his family's firm, Ittefaq Industries, was doing abnormally well in times of economic slowdown, which led to suspicions of corruption.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~sga/readings/pak_pol_hist_jalal.htm (4535 words)

	Pakistan - Be Pakistani "www.pakpk.com"
		The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan adopted in 1985 provides for a federal parliamentary system with a president as head of state and a popularly elected prime minister as head of government.
		The president, in keeping with the constitutional provision that the state religion is Islam, must be a Muslim.
		The chairman of the Senate, under the constitution, is next in line to act as president should the office become vacant and until such time as a new president can be formally elected.
	www.pakpk.com /gstructure.html (1213 words)

	Untitled Document
		Although she was successful in advancing the democratization process in Pakistani politics and was able to achieve warmer relations with the United States and, for a short while, with India as well, Benazir's first term in office is usually looked back upon, by both foreign and domestic observers, as ineffectual--a period of governmental instability.
		Pakistanis called this state of affairs the Kalashnikov culture because the flood of available automatic weapons gave long-standing ethnic and political rivalries a deadly new significance.
		He modified the Pakistani constitution twice: the Thirteenth Amendment was passed so that the President could no longer dismiss the Prime Minister; the Fourteenth Amendment imposed so-called party discipline on members of Parliament.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~qzpaienj/worldpolitics/democracy.htm (2042 words)

	Pakistan - Benazir Bhutto Returns
		Although the new president retained the constitutional authority vested in the Eighth Amendment to dismiss the popularly elected National Assembly as well as the prime minister, he appeared willing to support Benazir in curbing the power of his office.
		Leghari promised not only to support a constitutional amendment to annul the extraordinary presidential powers granted by the Eighth Amendment but also to challenge restrictive laws that related to Islamic religious courts and to women's rights.
		In order to amend the constitution, however, a three-quarters majority in the parliament is needed--a formidable task, considering the strength of Benazir's opposition and the unproven staying power of her coalition.
	countrystudies.us /pakistan/80.htm (613 words)

	The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Editorial
		HILE a debate on reforming the Indian Constitution is on, it may be relevant to make an assessment of the significant step taken, rather silently through an innocuous amendment to the Rules of Procedure in 1994-95, to reform the functioning of Parliament by introducing the system of standing committees related to various ministries.
		The necessity to constitute standing committees arose out of the experience over the years that demands for grants of a majority of ministries were being guillotined and passed without discussion because of a lack of time to consider them even after extending the as it is long budget sessions lasting 10 to 12 weeks.
		Mr David Cushman Coyale in his study on the US Constitution had observed: “The floor is the market place but the goods that come are manufactured elsewhere, mainly in the committees and lobbies.” After the constitution of the standing committees, this dictum has become so true in the case of Indian Parliament as well.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2000/20001001/edit.htm (5233 words)

	Rediff on the NeT: Pak president stripped of powers to dismiss elected govt
		The Pakistani senate and national assembly have unanimously adopted a constitutional amendment, stripping the president of powers to dismiss the prime minister, dissolve the national assembly and appoint provincial governors.
		The amendment, which enjoyed over two thirds majority in both the houses, has restored to the prime minister's office all democratic powers which it was deprived of by the late General Zia-ul Haq when he had introduced the Eighth Amendment to the constitution.
		The bill's passage has now restored the provisions of the 1975 constitution by which the prime minister can appoint governors, services chiefs and joint chiefs of staff through his recommendations to the president.
	www.rediff.com /news/apr/01pak.htm (308 words)

	GlobaLex - A Legal Research Guide to Pakistan
		The 1973 constitution was the result of a consensus among the political parties then represented in parliament.
		The Objectives Resolution of the preamble of the Constitution was made a part of its substantive provisions by the insertion of Article 2A in 1985, thereby requiring all laws to be brought into consonance with the Quran and Sunnah.
		Part IX of the Constitution is entitled “Islamic Provisions” and provides for the eventual Islamization of all existing laws, reaffirming that no laws repugnant to the injunctions of Islam are to be enacted.
	www.nyulawglobal.org /globalex/Pakistan.htm (6278 words)

	The Constitution of Sri Lanka: Reforms
		There was another Third Amendment to the Constitution passed by the Parliament on 6th January 1981 to make provision for two Members for one and the same electorate (Kalawana in the Ratnapura District) which did not become law as the Supreme Court declared that the amendment should be approved at a Referendum.
		The bill is a further amendment to the 17th Amendment to the Constitution which provides for the Constitutional Council of Sri Lanka.
		The both amendments to the Constitution were been challenged before the Supreme Court in terms of Article 121 (1) of the constitution.
	www.priu.gov.lk /Cons/1978Constitution/ConstitutionalReforms.htm (1847 words)

	Notes for Part IV, Chapter 1
		(1) Subject to the Constitution, in the performance of his functions, the Governor shall act on and in accordance with the advice of the Chief Minister and such advice of the Chief Minister and such advice shall be binding on him.
		Substituted for the words "the Cabinet or a Minister" by the Constitution (Eighth Amendment) Act, 1985, sections 12 (b) (with effect from November 9, 1985).
		Substituted for the brackets and figure "(3)" by the Constitution (Eighth Amendment) Act, 1985, section 12 (c) (with effect from November 9, 1985).
	www.pakistani.org /pakistan/constitution/part4.ch1.notes.html (635 words)

	t r u t h o u t - Alabama Vote Opens Old Racial Wounds
		Alabama voters made sure of that Nov. 2, refusing to approve a constitutional amendment to erase segregation-era wording requiring separate schools for "white and colored children" and to eliminate references to the poll taxes once imposed to disenfranchise fls.
		The amendment had two main parts: the removal of the separate-schools language and the removal of a passage - inserted in the 1950s in an attempt to counter the Brown v.
		It matters not at all to Killings and her friends that the amendment's opponents say they want to remove the segregated-schools portion of the constitution but cannot abide by guaranteeing a public education and fear mandates for higher education taxes.
	www.truthout.org /docs_04/112904W.shtml (1144 words)

	Notes for Part III, Chapter 2
		Substituted by the Constitution (Eighth Amendment) Act, 1985, section 6(a) for the word "chosen" (with effect from November 9, 1985).
		Substituted by the Constitution (Eighth Amendment) Act 1985, section 8 (a) for the words "forty-five" with effect from November 9, 1985.
		Substituted by the Constitution (Second Amendment) Order, 1985, (P.O.No.20 of 1985) section 2(b) for the words and figure, "is with respect to a matter in Part 11 of the Federal Legislative List or a matter in the Concurrent Legislative List"(with effect from March 19, 1985).
	www.pakistani.org /pakistan/constitution/part3.ch2.notes.html (3853 words)

	Anti-LFO appeal dismissed -DAWN - National; April 11, 2003
		According to Article 189 of the Constitution, any decision of the Supreme Court shall be binding on all other courts in Pakistan to the extent of deciding a question of law or enunciating a principle of law, the LHC observed.
		According to the court, the parliament had accepted the Revival of Constitution Order 1985 with certain modifications that were reflected in the Eighth Amendment to the 1973 Constitution, and the SC did not declare the amendment as supra-constitutional when it became part of the Constitution.
		The court ruled that the SC had declared Article 58(2-b), which was re-introduced by the LFO after being struck down by the Thirteenth Amendment, as a beneficial provision with the observation that this Article provided checks and balances between powers of the president and the prime minister and helped forestall martial law.
	www.dawn.com /2003/04/11/nat46.htm (515 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Ford Has a Better Idea: One Nation Under Allah by Alyssa A. Lappen
		It seemed, however, that from the economic point of view, it did not constitute a heavy imposition, since it was on a sliding scale, approximately one, two, and four dinars, and thus adjusted to the financial capacity of the taxpayer.
		This impression proved to be entirely fallacious, for it did not take into consideration the immense extent of poverty and privation experienced by the masses, and in particular, their persistent lack of cash, which turned the 'season of the tax' into one of horror, dread, and misery.
		Constitutional amendments in 1982, 1984 and 1986 strengthened Sharia’s power while Hudood ordinances established penalties for drinking alcohol (or taking drugs), theft, adultery and false accusation of adultery.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=11513 (4369 words)

	Rediff On The NeT: Miyan Saheb is no Sharif
		Those Pakistani journalists and political analysts who had described Miyan Saheb as a 'status-quo' politician before the Feb 3 elections must now be scratching their heads as to where and how they went wrong.
		The Pakistani masses have been so much disgusted with their unprincipled and self-serving politicians that the majority of eligible voters did not exercise their franchise in the elections held on Feb. 3, 1997.
		The first victim of this amendment was Benazir Bhutto when her government was dismissed and the National Assembly dissolved by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan on August 6, 1990.
	www.rediff.com /news/apr/29fuzail.htm (1602 words)

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