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Topic: Eighth centuries

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	Dissertation
		By the reign of Bridei, son of Maelcon, in the late sixth century, the Picts comprised of an united kingdom.
		Believed to be the "Brecbennough of St. Columba", a sacred battle ensign of the Scottish army, the reliquary is dated to the eighth century and shows a combination of the Pictish and Irish styles, a combination which appears in manuscripts such as the Lindisfarne Gospels.
		In the eighth century sprinkler in the Bergen museum the method of reconciling vegetable scrolls and animal form is found: the animal's form coils into itself, taking the place of the branch and forming a continuous entwinement of scroll shaped animal bodies (F. Henri, Irish art I.E.C.P.,1965).
	www.mythril.demon.co.uk /home/docs/celtic.htm (5415 words)

	[No title]
		Kutheiyir ibn Ali Juma, a well-known poet of the seventh and eighth centuries at Medina.
		The eighth Khalif of the Ommiade dynasty, a rival in piety and single-mindedness of Omar ben Khettab.
		The descendants of Umeyyeh and kinsmen of the reigning house.
	www.wollamshram.ca /1001/Payne/tnon/p02_Footers.htm (1641 words)

	The West Sudanic Empires
		Both the Sanhadja Confederation, at its height from the eighth to the tenth century, and the Almoravid Empire, from the eleventh to the twelfth century, were weakened by internecine warfare, and both succumbed to further invasions from the Ghana Empire and the Almohad Empire, respectively.
		At its height, from the eighth to the end of the tenth century, the Sanhadja Confederation was a decentralized polity based on two distinct groups: the nomadic and very independent Berber groups, who maintained their traditional religions, and the Muslim, urban Berber merchants, who conducted the caravan trade.
		Ghana, the earliest of the Sudanic empires, flourished in present-day eastern Mauritania from the fourth to the thirteenth century.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/WestSud.html (2841 words)

	The Berzin Archives - Buddhism among the Turkic People
		In the early eighth century, a princess from the Eastern Turk royal family married the emperor of Tibet and was responsible for the invitation to Tibet of many Buddhist monks from Khotan in southern East Turkistan.
		One branch of the Western Turks, the Turgish tribes, was responsible for the spread of Buddhism to Kyrghyzstan and southeastern Kazakhstan during the later part of the seventh and early eighth centuries.
		One branch of the Qarluqs, the Qarakhanids, established a kingdom in eastern Kyrghyzstan and the Kashgar region of southwestern East Turkistan in the mid-ninth century.
	www.berzinarchives.com /islam/buddhism_turkic.html (863 words)

	Ethiopian History
		During the sixth and seventh centuries, the Axumite state lost its possessions in South West Arabia and much of its Red sea coast line and gradually shrank to its core area, with the political center of the state shifting farther and farther Southward.
		As early as the mid-seventh century, the old capital at Axum had been abandoned; thereafter, it served only as a religious center and as a place of coronation for a succession of kings who traced their lineage to Axum.
		Beginning in the thirteenth century, one of the chief problems confronting the Christian kingdom, then ruled by the Amhara, was the threat of Muslim encirclement.
	www.ethemb.se /ee_eth_hist.html (2299 words)

	Liturgica.com \| Liturgics \| Western Latin Liturgics \| Chant Development \| Old Roman Chant
		By the fourth century psalm verses were sung several times during Mass, but the selection of texts was fluid, not fixed to a part of the Mass or a particular feast day.
		During the fourth century, the communion antiphon was sung during communion.
		At some point during the seventh century, it appears that the Roman Schola, the singers of papal Masses, undertook to compose distinct chants for each part of the Mass throughout the year.
	www.liturgica.com /html/litWLMusDev2.jsp?hostname=liturgica (1031 words)

	§9. Lives of Saints; Visions; Minor writings. V. Latin Writings in England to the Time of Alfred. Vol. 1. From the ...
		The poem is dedicated to Egbert, who was bishop of Lindisfarne in the first quarter of the ninth century, and is constructed on the model of Alcuin’s versified history of the saints of the church of York.
		Much light may eventually be thrown by this class of literature upon the intellectual as well as the religious surroundings of the clergy and monks of the eighth and ninth centuries.
		It was the north which gave birth to Bede, the one writer of that age whose works are of first-rate value, and to Alcuin, whose influence was supreme in the schools of the continent.
	www.bartleby.com /211/0509.html (1051 words)

	Doyle Clan - The Vikings in Ireland
		In the late eighth century Ireland shared once again a common historical experience with Britain and the continent, namely attacks from Scandinavian sea pirates who came to be known as Vikings.
		It was compiled in the twelfth century on behalf of the descendants of Brian Bóruma.
		From the mid-tenth century historians are justified in speaking of the Hiberno-Norse rather than the Vikings of Ireland, such was the level of integration and inter-marriage into Irish society.
	www.doyle.com.au /vikings_in_ireland.htm (3357 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073.
		If we judge by the number of works, the seventh, eighth and tenth centuries were the least productive; the ninth was the most productive; there was a slight increase of productiveness in the eleventh over the tenth, a much greater one in the twelfth, but again a decline in the thirteenth century.
		The contrast between the literary poverty of the middle ages and the exuberant riches of the sixteenth or nineteenth century is still greater; but of course the invention of the art of printing and all the modern facilities of education must be taken into account.
		In France the eighth and ninth centuries produced the seeds of a new culture which were indeed covered by winter frosts, but not destroyed, and which bore abundant fruit in the eleventh and twelfth.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc4.i.xiii.v.html?bcb=0 (902 words)

	Chapter 3: A History of Spain and Portugal
		In the eighth century, of course, the notion of Spanish as distinct from Muslim or Moorish scarcely existed for the independent northern mountaineers.
		The conditions of Castilian frontier society in the eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries precluded the growth of the degree of social subjection and hierarchy that were already established in Galicia.
		During the second half of the century the throne was occupied by a series of weak rulers whose ineptness encouraged particularism and dissension.
	libro.uca.edu /payne1/payne3.htm (9026 words)

	Valiant In Fight - Chapter 3: The Enemy In The Sanctuary
		In the middle of the eighth century, in return for the pope's support in his accession to the throne, Pepin, the new King of France, overthrew the last Arian kingdom, that of the Lombards, and presented territory in central Italy to the pope.
		It is during these centuries, as the visible church went farther and farther from the scriptural pattern and became more and more distinct from the true church, that there begin to appear traces of the communities of true believers keeping themselves separate from the great worldly church.
		In the fifth century she was referred to widely as "Mother of God," a title, in the Greek east rendered by the single epithet theotokos, which played a considerable part in the Christological controversies of these centuries.
	www.vor.org /rbdisk/valiant/html/chapter03.htm (7191 words)

	Western Music - Early Christianity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Despite three centuries of persecution, the early church persevered and, as the Roman Empire declined, the church grew in power.
		Until the tenth century it was the main (and often only) unifying force and channel of culture in Europe.
		During the seventh and early eighth centuries, control of western Europe was distributed among the Lombards, the the Franks, and the Goths.
	www.uky.edu /~ldnels00/exams/chapter1b.html (737 words)

	List of Published Texts
		By the eleventh and twelfth centuries the poet-historians had elaborated in full the concept of a monarchy of all Ireland and had projected it into the pre-christian past so that, for their contemporaries, the kingship of Ireland—the political unity of Ireland in one form or another—took on the character of an immemorial tradition.
		By the eighth century the practice seems to have deteriorated to a mere expedient for replenishing the coffers of the king and his monastic relatives.
		The type of society that was emerging in Ireland in the eleventh and twelfth centuries was one that was moving rapidly in the direction of feudalism,[134] and indeed bears some striking resemblance—in conservatism as well as in innovation—to European society in the first age of feudalism.
	www.ucc.ie /celt/nation_kingship.html (15185 words)

	The early Middle Ages - Bukhara History
		It served as a capital for the Bukhar-khudat kingdom (fifth through eighth centuries), the Samanids (ninth and tenth centuries), the Sheybanids (sixteenth century), the Ashtarkhanids (seventeenth and eighteenth centuries), and the Mangits (eighteenth through twentieth centuries).
		According to Firdaw-si's Shahname, Siyavush (Avestan "Siyavar-shan"), a famous hero and son of the king Key-Kawus (Kawius), was the founder of the Bukhara citadel known as the Ark. Siyavush came to Afrasiab, the king of Turan, to escape prosecution by his father.
		The final phase of this coinage (second through fourth centuries A.D.) were coins of an independent type in which the image of Euthydemus was replaced with an image of a Bukhara ruler wearing a tiara, accompanied by a Soghdian legend.
	www.advantour.com /uzbekistan/bukhara/history/004.htm (1955 words)

	Voyage of Bran-Conception of Happy Otherworld
		He regards the language to be recovered from the eleventh century transcript of the verse, as coeval with the earliest recorded glosses, in other words, to belong, possibly, to the eighth or even to the seventh century; the prose is younger in appearance, and may possibly have suffered from change.
		The incursions of the Northmen, which began in the last years of the eighth century, and were at their height throughout the greater part of the ninth century, were certainly not favourable to Irish letters.
		It is also certain that by the end of the tenth century at the latest this wizard Mongan was identified with the historical son of Fiachna, whose death at the hands of an Arthur of Britain is assigned to the year 620.
	www.as.wvu.edu /english/clc/vob/bcritc2.html (1862 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH*
		The six centuries which intervene between the downfall of the West Roman Empire (476) and the age of Hildebrand (1049–1085), are a period of transition from an effete heathen to a new Christian civilization, and from patristic to scholastic theology.
		Exegesis was cultivated by Oecumenius in the tenth, Theophylact in the eleventh, and Euthymius Zygabenus in the twelfth century.
		It lasted till towards the middle of the eleventh century when the Berengar controversy on the eucharist roused the slumbering intellectual energies of the church, and prepared the way for the scholastic philosophy and theology of the twelfth century.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/history/4_ch13.htm (10666 words)

	Encyclopedia of African History
		Expansion of the trans-Saharan caravan trade, with the Arab conquest of North Africa in the seventh and eighth centuries, was a major stimulus to the creation of political organization south of the Sahara.
		From the eighth century on, North African Arabic writers make increasingly precise references to kingdoms in the Western Sudan straddling the Sahel-Saharan fringes: Takrur in the far west on the Senegal, Ghana further east in the open Sahel, and Gao, the nucleus of the later Songhay empire, on the Niger bend.
		After the destruction of Taghaza in the sixteenth century, Taodeni (Taghaza al Ghizlan) took its place and in the mid-twentieth century was still producing several thousand tons of salt a year.
	www.routledge-ny.com /ref/africanhist/tuareg.html (1373 words)

	Order of Nazorean Essenes
		Conze have speculated that the tension between the saffron robbed Elders of the monastic community and the white garbed leaders of the Buddhist lay community, was one factor in the historical development of the Mahayana.
		Only a century after the passing away of the Lord Buddha, at or around the council at Vaishali there was a schism between the Sthaviras or Elders and the Mahasanghikas or adherents of the Greater Assembly, which included many leaders who were not monks.
		In the West in past centuries this was the perverse fantasy of celibate clerics and paranoid authorities-- a dark conspiracy against God and civil authority.
	essenes.net /Bonpo5.html (3686 words)

	Saint Thomas Christians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Eusebius, as we have noted, was not an entirely reliable chronicler, and he was writing at a time when the role of the apostles, in various mission fields around the known world, was being elaborated.
		In the fourth century, it is said, the Metropolitan Bishop of Edessa had a vision in which the apostle asked him to help his Indian flock.
		The Persian emperor Saphur II had begun persecuting Christians in his empire in the middle of the fourth century, and it is possible that a substantial group took flight to India, among other places, as Zoroastrian Parsees did centuries later when Muslims conquered Persia.
	hometown.aol.com /didymus5/ch16.html (1850 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Art and Science of Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		By the 10th century, at a time when no city in western Christendom was larger than 10,000 souls, Córdoba boasted a cosmopolitan population of half a million, sustained by one of the most advanced water systems in the world.
		In the 10th century, the chief hydraulic engineer of Merv (now in Turkmenistan) commanded 10,000 workers who built and maintained irrigation canals and dams, and the resulting series of 10 norias and attached mills stands out today as one of the hydrological wonders of the country.
		A century later, enormous floating mills, built of teak and iron, were moored midstream in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to take advantage of the constant current to grind up to 10 tons of corn a day.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/200603/the.art.and.science.of.water.htm (5392 words)

	New Page 3
		The conversion of the Kagan of the Turks is attributed to this Bishop.
		In the seventh and eighth centuries, Nestorian Christianity spread through southern Kazakhstan and Semiretchinsk (Turkmenistan) and later in the ninth and 10th centuries led to the founding of the Metropolitan See of Karluki.
		One of the greatest missionary-diplomats of the 13th and 14th centuries was the Italian, Giovanni da Montecorvino (1247-1328 or 1333).
	www.ewtn.com /library/CHISTORY/KAZAKHST.HTM (1758 words)

	UCLA \| Armenian Studies \| Resources
		Until the sixth century, Armenians are present in Constantinople as a small and negligible minority, symbolized by Narses the cubicularios and famous general of Justinian I. From the seventh century on, they start to represent a significant military force and form a political network.
		For the seventh century the most famous instances are the rebellions of Narses against Phocas in 603, of Vahan against Heraclius in 636, of Valentinus Arshakuni in 642 against Heraklonas, son of the emperor Heraklius, of Mezez Gnuni against Constant II in 668.
		For the eighth century, we observe the first successful seizure of imperial power in Constantinople by an Armenian officer, Philippikos-Vardan in 711 and the two-year long rebellion of Artavasdos curopalate, who held Constantinople against the emperor Constantine V from 741 to 743.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /history/centers/armenian/source111.html (10352 words)

	the Archaeology of Sogdiana
		In the eighth and seventh centuries BCE, settlements with semi-huts were replaced by large cities, among them Kok-tepe (with an area of 100 hectares; the name is the modern one) and Samarkand (220 hectares; the ancient town was Afrasiab).
		In the ninth century, Sogdiana lost its ethnic and cultural distinctiveness, although many elements of Sogdian material culture are found in materials dating from the ninth to the eleventh centuries.
		This is why, starting with the ninth century, it is impossible to speak of Sogdian culture on the territory of Sogdiana itself at the same time that it survived until the eleventh century among Sogdian immigrants who resettled in eastern Central Asia and China.
	silkroadfoundation.org /newsletter/december/archaeology.htm (3200 words)

	Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries
		The slaughter of animals for religious feasts, the tinkling of bells to ward off evil during holy rites, the custom of dancing in religious services—these and many other pagan practices persisted in the Christian church for hundreds of years after Constantine proclaimed Christianity the one official religion of Rome.
		He reassesses the triumph of Christianity, contending that it was neither tidy nor quick, and he shows that the two religious systems were both vital during an interactive period that lasted far longer than historians have previously believed.
		This fascinating book also includes new material on the Christian persecution of pagans over the centuries through methods that ranged from fines to crucifixion; the mixture of motives in conversion; the stubbornness of pagan resistance; the difficulty of satisfying the demands and expectations of new converts; and the degree of assimilation of Christianity to paganism.
	yalepress.yale.edu /yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=0300071485 (306 words)

	The Homeric Question
		Hellenists and historians in general use the term Dark Age for the twelfth, eleventh, tenth, ninth, and most of the eighth centuries, or the period that lies between the Mycenaean and Archaic ages, the latter being the opening of the Ionian period that in due course developed into the Classical period.
		If the Mycenaean Age closed with the twelfth century and Homer composed at the end of the eighth, four and a half centuries constitute a hiatus, and separate the poet from the objects he describes.
		The blending of elements testifying to the Mycenaean Age together with elements the age of which could not precede the seventh and certainly not the eighth century is a characteristic feature of the Iliad.
	www.varchive.org /dag/homer.htm (953 words)

	The Sparapetut'iwn in Armenia in the 4-5th Centuries
		Likewise the time of the abolition of the office is unclear since one meets Mamikonean sparapets after the fall of the Armenian Arsacid kingdom (A.D. 428) and during the seventh and eighth centuries.
		In the medieval Bagratid and Arcrunid kingdoms as well as in Cilician Armenia, the sparapetut'iwn was still an important office, although with the removal of the Mamikoneans to the Byzantine empire in the late eighth century, its occupants were drawn from other lordly (naxarar) families.
		He notes that by the fourth century this family had acquired half of Taron centered in the castle of Oghakan on the Arsanias river.
	rbedrosian.com /spar1.htm (1591 words)

	Amazon.ca: Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries: Books: Ramsay MacMullen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Yale historian Ramsay MacMullen investigates the transition from paganism to Christianity between the fourth and eighth centuries.
		The traditional view has been that, during the century after Constantine's conversion, most of the Roman Empire (and lands beyond) converted to Christianity with wholehearted gusto, and pagan beliefs survived only in remote pockets.
		Persecutions continued for many centuries, indicating that the underlying pagan culture was indeed very hearty.
	amazon.ca /Christianity-Paganism-Fourth-Eighth-Centuries/dp/0300071485 (2116 words)

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