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Topic: Eighth century BC

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	GradeSaver: ClassicNote: Biography of Homer
		We do not even know the century in which he lived, and it is difficult to say with absolute certainty that the same poet composed both works.
		Eratosthenes gives the traditional date of 1184 BC for the end of the Trojan War, the semi-mythical event which forms the basis for the Iliad.
		At various times over the centuries, scholars have suggested that he was only a transmitter, or that he never existed, and the epics attributed to him were the patchwork effort of generations of bards.
	www.gradesaver.com /classicnotes/authors/about_homer.html (753 words)

	Unit 3B - Latter Prophets
		Pre-Exilic Prophets of the Eighth Century BC It wasn't until the eighth century BC that the oracles of Hebrew prophets began to be recorded, even though there were many Hebrew prophets before that time.
		Pre-Exilic Prophets of the Seventh Century BC The prophets Jeremiah, Zephaniah, Nahum, and Habakkuk are often categorized together because they all prophesied before the Exile during the times when the Babylonians dominated the Ancient Near East.
		Zechariah was a contemporary of the prophet Haggai and was known as both the son of Berechiah (Zechariah 1:1, 7) and the son of Iddo (Zechariah 1:1, 7; Ezra 5:1; 6:14).
	www.calbaptist.edu /jcate/CST100/Unit3B.htm (5144 words)

	A Brief History of Persian Empire
		In the 17th century BC when the Kassites began to take over Babylon, they also dominated Elam, as Aryans came through Iran on their way to India bringing Indo-Iranian languages in the first half of the second millennium BC.
		Elam clashed with Assyria in the thirteenth century BC but reached its height of power in the twelfth century BC when Shutruk-nahhunte I overthrew the Kassites in Babylon, and his son took the statue of Marduk to Susa.
		In 465 BC Xerxes was assassinated in the royal bedchamber by a conspiracy led by Artabanus, Megabyzus, and the eunuch chamberlain Aspamitres.
	www.parstimes.com /library/brief_history_of_persian_empire.html (7498 words)

	Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus :: www.trncgov.com :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It was conquered by the Egyptians in the sixth century BC and held until 525 BC, when, retaining its petty kingdoms, it became absorbed into the Persian Empire.
		In 499/8 BC a revolt to assist the Greeks of Ionia in their struggle against Persia was suppressed.
		At the division of his Empire, Cyprus passed to the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt; it became a Roman Province in 58 BC, was early converted to Christianity and on the partition of the Roman Empire fell under the rule of the Byzantine Emperor.
	www.trncgov.com /history_2.htm (814 words)

	Saturnian Cosmology - Quetzalcoatl
		The exact year in the eighth century BC when this race between Venus and Mars (or the ballgame involving the Moon) happened has never been certain, although a date (780 or 776 BC) can be inferred from the date of the first Olympic Games in Greece.
		The Shang ends in 1125 BC, but the report is from the Chou dynasty, and may be apocryphal, in which case I would presume it was created by the Chi or Eastern Chou, and dated after the eighth century BC, when extensive historical records first appear.
		The snakes being trampled are described in Vedic literature in the 7th and 8th century BC as contemporaneous companions of Mars.
	saturniancosmology.org /quet.php (14617 words)

	Monte Polizzo: The Stanford project
		The dominant concept in the archaeology of Iron Age Sicily is "Hellenization." This is the theory that between the eighth century BC, when the first settlers from Aegean Greece arrived, and the later fourth century, when Timoleon of Corinth brought another major wave of immigrants from Aegean Greece, the native populations of Sicily became Greek.
		The eighth century BC (the coming of the Phoenicians and Greeks) and the third century BC (the coming of the Romans) assume particular importance.
		The sixth through fourth centuries BC saw a dramatic acceleration in state-formation and integration in the Mediterranean basin with the expansion of Persian, Athenian, Carthaginian, Syracusan, and finally Roman empires.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/archaeology/MountPolizzo/objectives.htm (1413 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2005.04.17
		He demonstrates that the horse was kept primarily for its meat in the fifth-third millennia BC (indeed until the later second millennium BC in parts of Europe) and used to a lesser extent as a pack animal, not for riding, though he does not dispute that very occasional riding did occur (22).
		Chapters 5 ('Plunder') and 6 ('The Iranian Empires') concern the rapid development of effective mounted raiding in the late eighth and seventh centuries BC by the Kimmerians and Skythians, who capitalized on the developments in horse control, and their influence on the cavalry of the expansionist Medes and Persians.
		One feels that Drews could have made his point about the arrival of effective cavalry in the eighth century BC in fewer than four chapters, and that the real meat of the book, the two chapters on the dominance of Kimmerian-Skythian and Median-Persian cavalry, is unfortunately brief.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2005/2005-04-17.html (1340 words)

	PthreeA
		The alphabet was introduced to the ancient Greeks in the eighth century BC, but the oral tradition that had existed up to that point continued beyond not only the introduction of reading and writing, but through the Hellenistic age, through the time of the Roman Empire, and well into the middle ages.
		The second century sophists, in a revival of Greek rhetorical practices in the Roman Empire, were in the habit of writing letters to dead philosophers, writers, poets, but presumably they were not in the habit of wasting their time on complete unknowns.
		Finally, a fifth century AD physician, Theodorus Priscianus, was known to recommend the work of one of the romance writers, Iamblichus, to men with sexual problems, but beyond that seemed to have no opinion of the work or genre.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/popculture/PthreeA.html (4640 words)

	The earliest use of iron in China
		There seems to be little room for doubt that iron was known here by the eighth century BC, but I would tend to be wary of the dates which are earlier than this, for they are difficult to fit in with what we know of iron in Siberia and China proper.
		Perhaps the most famous is a lump of cast iron from a grave dated to the early fifth century BC in Luhe, Jiangsu, in the territory of the ancient state of Wu.
		This hypothesis is strengthened somewhat by the fact that the earliest cast-iron implements known, the implement caps found in Chu graves of the fourth century BC and later, have clear bronze prototypes found in the Wu region.
	staff.hum.ku.dk /dbwagner/EARFE/EARFE.html (7232 words)

	Magnesia-on-the-Maiandros (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The city of Magnesia was founded in the eighth century BC on the banks of the Maiandros river by Greek colonists from Magnesia in Thessaly.
		This large religious structure was redesigned in the third century BC by the Greek architect, Hermogenes.
		After the Peace of Apameia (189/8 BC), which removed Asia Minor west of the Tauros Mountains from Seleukid control, Magnesia became an independent city although in practice it was necessary for her to recognize the power of Attalid Pergamon.
	www.seleukids.org /Magnesia.htm (506 words)

	Rome: From Republic to Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Starting as early as the eighth century BC they planted their colonies in Sicily and fringed Italy with settlements from Brindisi around the heel and toe of the country to as far northward as Naples and Cumae.
		The usually accepted view is that in the eighth century BC they landed on the west coast, north of Rome, in that part of Italy which is still called Tuscany after them.
		It was in 168 BC that Aemilius Paullus crushed Perseus, King of Macedonia, at the battle of Pydna in northern Greece.
	mars.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/11republic.html (2793 words)

	The Alekseev Manuscript - Chapter VIII - Iron Age in Eurasia
		In the fifth century during the rule of the Persian Sassanian dynasty, Merv is the seat of a Christian archbishopric of the Nestorian Church.
		In the middle of the eleventh century Merv is overrun by the Turkish tribes of the Ghuzz from beyond the Oxus.
		By the third century BC the Sarmatae appear to have supplanted the Scyths in the plains of south Russia where they remain dominant until the Gothic and Hunnish invasions.
	www.drummingnet.com /alekseev/ChapterVIII.html (8583 words)

	Phrygia, Gordion, and King Midas in the Late Eighth Century B.C. \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Assyria, 1365–609 B.C. Geography of Anatolia and the Caucasus
		He ruled in the last decades of the eighth century B.C. One of the large royal buildings uncovered at Gordion was probably his palace.
		Phrygia and the Greek world were closely connected, as demonstrated by the Phrygian borrowing of the Greek alphabet (possibly during Midas' reign), Greek knowledge of Phrygian music, and the fact that Midas is said to have married an eastern Greek princess—a typical expression of a royal alliance.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/phry/hd_phry.htm (814 words)

	ANISTORITON: An Essay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Since the Mediterranean trade routes in the ninth and eighth centuries were primarily controlled by Phoenician traders,(23) it was inevitable that the traders from Hellas would come into contact both with Phoenicians and eventually with their script.
		Greek speakers arriving in the ninth or eighth century at Paphos or Salamis, or even Kition, Amathous or Kourion, would see writing and be told, in Greek, of its uses; such writing would be both syllabic Greek and quasisyllabic Phoenician.
		The patterns of the further transmission of this new phonetic script in the eighth century BC indicate that these visiting Hellenes were traders from Euboea, one of the most flourishing Hellenic regions and founder of the majority of the Hellenic colonies in the eighth and early seventh centuries BC.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/e014.htm (3684 words)

	Byzantine Empire outline history
		Serious overcrowding in the Greek homelands in the eighth century BC led several city-states to attempt to establish trading colonies to the east and to the west throughout the Mediterranean basin.
		As the sway of the kingdom of Macedon expanded in the second half of the fourth century BC under the leadership of Philip II (382-336 BC) and of his son Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) Byzantium was brought within its orbit.
		As the centuries passed a formerly insignificant settlement called Rome became the focus of an expanding empire such that Byzantium featured as one of many acquisitions of territory made by the Roman Empire before 100 BC.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /history/byzantine_empire.html (763 words)

	Assyrian Dominance (745 BC - 640 BC)- Old Testament History
		However, from a purely historical perspective (which, of course, is a rather modern rational construct) the tiny nation of Israel flourished from the 12th century to the 8th century BC because there were no other regional powers sufficient to challenge it.
		century BC was relatively prosperous for both the Northern Kingdom of Israel and the Southern Kingdom of Judah.
		The new Assyrian king, Sargon II who came to power about the time Samaria fell in 722/1 BC, was occupied in the northern, eastern, and western provinces of the Assyrian Empire quelling revolts and consolidating his reign.
	www.cresourcei.org /othassyrian.html (4209 words)

	About the Celts - History of The Celtic Invasion of Rome
		By circa 300 BC, the Celts ruled a swath of Europe from the North Sea to the Black Sea and beyond.
		By the second century bc, the Celts learned to mount a heated iron tire which would contract and secure itself to the wheel.
		Celts were often hired as mercenaries—In 369-368 BC some 2,000 Celtic soldiers were hired by Dionysius I of Syracuse and sent to Greece to help his ally Sparta against Thebes.
	www.reachone.com /jfsmith/aboutthecelts.htm (432 words)

	The Academy of American Poets - Homer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Historians place his birth sometime around 750 BC and conjecture that he was born and resided in or near Chios.
		By the eighth century BC written text had been almost entirely forgotten in Greece.
		Both The Iliad and The Odyssey conform to the diction of a purely oral and unwritten poetic speech that was used before the end of that century.
	www.poets.org /poet.php/prmPID/288 (371 words)

	Monte Polizzo: The central question, what was Hellenization?
		The eighth century BC is normally seen as a watershed in world history.
		In this grand narrative, the Hellenization that began in the eighth century BC was an epochal turning point.
		In the sixth century BC, both Phoenicians and Greeks had settled around the shores of western Sicily, where they rubbed shoulders with indigenous peoples whom the Greeks called Elymians and Sicans.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/archaeology/MountPolizzo/hellenization.htm (1505 words)

	Department of Ancient History
		This unit covers the Olympics from its beginning in the eighth century BC to the Athens 2004 Olympic Games as a unique way to explore the ancient Mediterranean world, the spread of Greek culture under the Roman Empire and the modern uses of antiquity by the Enlightenment and Greek nationalists.
		It follows the fortunes of his successors in the third and second centuries BC, treating the 'Hellenisation' of native peoples, and reactions to cultural change, down to the early first century AD, under the Roman empire.
		The age of Constantine was a watershed in European history; this unit traces developments in politics, religion and literature from the fourth to the mid-sixth centuries in the Eastern and Western empires.
	www.anchist.mq.edu.au /undergrad03.htm (2373 words)

	In General -Country, Neolithic Age
		By the Late Bronze Age [1600-1050 BC] these had focussed neighbouring attention on the island, which prospered as a commercial and culture link between East and West.
		In the late eighth century BC by which time Phoenician enterprise had renewed early ties with the Syria coast, the island was divided into a series of independent kingdoms, tributaries of the Assyrian Empire.
		It was conquered by the Egyptians in the sixth century BC and held until 525 BC, when, retaining its petty kingdoms, it became absorbed into the
	www.emu.edu.tr /english/ingeneral/trnc/countryhistory/hist_neolithicage.htm (774 words)

	World InfoZone - Libya Information - Page 2
		The first outsiders to settle in Libya were the Phoenicians in the eighth century BC.
		The Greeks followed the colonists in the fifth century BC and after the Roman conquest of Carthage (also founded by the Phoenicians) the area became a province of Rome.
		By the start of the twentieth century the Turkish Empire was crumbling and Italy took the opportunity to invade Libya in 1911 annexing the country.
	www.worldinfozone.com /country.php?country=Libya&page=2 (849 words)

	The Controversy: Who invented the alphabet, the Phoenicians or the Greeks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This suggestion came to challenge the older view that stated that the initial purpose of the alphabet was to facilitate the rising commercial activities in the Mediterranean between Hellenes and Phoenicians in the eighth century BC.
		Meanwhile, the majority of scholars agree that the adaption occurred in the late ninth or early eighth century BC.
		On Naxos, an eighth-century BC Euboean colony, which held strong trade connections with the rest of the Cyclades as well as with Cyprus and with the Phoenician Levant, archaeological excavations have brought into light an inscribed sherd, dated to ca.
	phoenicia.org /alphabetcontrov.htm (6820 words)

	Spices, Gold and Precious Stones: The South Arabian Spice Trade
		Regardless of whether the Queen of Sheba could have visited King Solomon in the tenth century BC, there are Assyrian sources which suggest that the Sabaeans were already trading in the Near East by the eighth century BC.
		The first mention in the historical texts of the Sabaeans and the goods that were involved in the caravan trade is in an Assyrian text, dating to the mid-eighth century BC, which describes the seizure of a camel caravan by the governor of Suhu and Mari on the middle Euphrates.
		We also know from the eighth century, Assyrian texts of Sargon II (721-705 BC) and Sennacherib (704-681 BC) that "tributes" were arriving from the Sabaeans, in the form of aromatic substances, gold and precious stones.
	www.fathom.com /course/21701787/session2.html (1265 words)

	The Bible Today
		The only answer that explains the facts is that the prophets of the two great centuries worked out a particular interpretation of the course of history, and induced their people to accept it, at least in sufficient numbers to give a new direction to their history for the future.
		This brings us down to the end of the sixth century B.C. The five centuries which followed were a period of great literary activity, during which the bulk of the books of the Old Testament and the Apocrypha took shape (though often on the basis of earlier materials).
		In the second century BC the Greek monarch of Syria, Antiochus Epiphanes, set out to bring his miscellaneous empire into a greater measure of cultural uniformity (the now familiar policy of Gleichschaltung) ; and in furtherance of this policy he attempted to enforce upon his Jewish subjects conformity with the religious observances of the state.
	www.religion-online.org /showchapter.asp?title=689&C=895 (8380 words)

	SA9: Bell
		4 vols: I: From the eighth to the mid-fifth century BC, 1994.
		As far as datable inscriptions go, the hieroglyphic form of the Meroitic alphabet appeared in the second century BC in the name of Queen Shanakdakheto on her temple in Naqa (II, 660).
		The inscription is written in Latin, in Greek and in Egyptian hieroglyphs of the Roman period.
	www.hf.uib.no /i/smi/sa/9Bell.html (1995 words)

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