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Topic: Eighty Years War

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	War Finance
		War finance precedes the rise of the nation-state, has dominated the history of the nation-state these past several centuries, and no doubt will play the major role in determining the economic course taken during the transitions now going on around the world from command to market economies.
		The Persian Wars of the 5th century B. pitted the combined navy and army of Xerxes against the loose alliance of the Ionian and Phoenician fleets and the Greek city state navies and armies organized by Themistocles of Athens.
		This was due in the early years of the war to the continued depression and in the later years to the enormous increases in total output, the combined result of improved technology, construction of new capital facilities, and the much higher participation rate of the population in the labor force.
	www.business.uiuc.edu /lneal/Econ238/war.htm (11506 words)

	Eighty Years' War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Eighty Years' War, or Dutch Revolt or Revolt of the Netherlands (1566
		Many of the characteristics of this war were precursors of the modern concept of "total war", most notably the fact that Dutch civilians were considered to be important targets.
		Of all these conflicts, the Eighty Years' War was the most prolonged and had a major effect on the Spanish finances and the morale of the Spanish people, who saw taxes increase and soldiers not returning, with little successes to balance the scales.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eighty_Years'_War (5510 words)

	The Eighty Years War
		The most accepted opinion is that the Rebellion or the Eighty years war starts with the ransacking of churches and convents (Beeldenstorm) in 1566.
		In the years between 1579 and 1589 he restored royal authority and the Catholic religion in all districts south of the major rivers and in great parts of Overijssel, Drenthe and Groningen.
		In the last thirty years the Eighty years war coincides with the Thirty Years war.
	www.cuci.nl /~pattie/HOL.htm (1137 words)

	All but war is simulation
		War is a way of producing the literal contents of history, "history as such." Yet can we be so sure that we know what war is? For example, and on the one hand, it seems that war is contained as an exception within the political situation.
		A war must be declared from the normative state of peace and serves certain clear historical and political agendas.
		The point is neither to glorify war nor to vilify it – both reactions leave the role of war unexamined – but to understand the centrality of war to our basic concepts of culture and history, and to examine specific military histories in the institutions of American culture.
	www.as.wvu.edu /~sbaldwin/war.html (993 words)

	Galusha Anderson: Preacher and Educator pt 1
		The book is one of the most valuable records of these years in the city, with many of the major players in the events of the war years appearing in its pages.
		The whole two years of the pastorate were marked by mutual love and uninterrupted spiritual and material progress.
		After seven years in the Newton professorship, which we will discuss under another head, my father was greatly perplexed by simultaneous calls to the First Church of Cambridge, the First Church of Rochester, and the Strong Place Church of Brooklyn.
	www.civilwarstlouis.com /History/galushaanderson1.htm (4748 words)

	Eighty Years\' War (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab3.cs.columbia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Eighty Years' War, or Dutch Revolt from 1568 to 1648 was the secession War in which the proto-Netherlands first became an independent country and in which the region now known as Belgium became established.
		The Battle of Heiligerlee, commonly regarded as the beginning of the Eighty Years' War, was fought on 23 May 1568.
		On January 30, 1648, the War ended with the Treaty of Munster, which was part of the Peace of Westphalia that also ended the Thirty Years' War.
	eighty-years-war.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (1368 words)

	[No title]
		Spain's problems were worsened by the ability of its opponent in that longest and costliest war, the Northern Netherlands, to borrow large sums at lower interest rates.
		The Dutch, English, and French were frequent opponents, with the Eighty Years War, which began as the Dutch Revolt, being the longest and costliest war (Parker 1985).
		Several issues important to the ultimate result of Spain's wars were present throughout and do not necessarily provide strong answers to the question of why Spain fought well for decades against the Dutch, then lost control over time and eventually conceded a partial defeat.
	eh.net /Clio/Conferences/ASSA/Jan_96/motomura.shtml (3001 words)

	Peace of Westphalia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Thirty Years' War lasted from 1618-48 and was a general European war fought mainly in Germany - Bavaria was at one time overrun by Protestant enemies.
		The general results of the war may be said to have been a tremendous decrease in German population; devastation of German agriculture; ruin of German commerce and industry; the breakup of the Holy Roman Empire, which was a mere shell in the succeeding centuries; and the decline of Hapsburg greatness.
		The war ended the era of conflicts inspired by religious passion, and the Peace of Westphalia was an important step toward religious toleration.
	www.visi.com /~tomcat/travelogue/europe/westphalia.shtml (426 words)

	Wikinfo \| 1576
		End of the Fifth War of Religion Once again, the Protestants are granted freedom of worship.
		November 4 - Eighty Years' War: In Belgium, Spain captures Antwerp (after three days the city was nearly destroyed).
		November 8 - Eighty Years' War: Pacification of Ghent - The States-General of the Netherlands meet and unit to oppose Spanish occupation.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=1576 (234 words)

	The 80 Years' War, Dutch Revolt - Timeline Index
		The preconditions leading to the war consist of the removal of the ruler from the political center at Brussels (Emperor Charles V. and especially his son Philip II.
		Piet Pieterszoon Hein (Heyn) was a Dutch naval officer and folk hero during the Eighty Years' War between the Netherlands and Spain.
		In the last years of the sixteenth century, the Spanish troops were driven out of the Republic.
	www.timelineindex.com /content/view/833 (520 words)

	The Thirty Years War: The Peace of Westphalia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The reason was the de facto end of Spain’s war against the Dutch The two ancient enemies had reached a preliminary peace treaty and the Dutch war efforts were slackening.
		What was to be the last campaigning season of the war opened in March, 1648 with Turenne and Wrangel uniting their forces in Ansbach for an attack against Bavaria.
		Each of the combatants had experienced abrupt reversals of fortune during the course of the war: thus neither was willing to proceed on the assumption that the Emperor’s dire military straits would continue.
	www.pipeline.com /~cwa/Westphalia_Phase.htm (1942 words)

	List of wars - Questionz.net , answers to all your questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Pike and Shot * 1568 - 1648 Eighty Years' War (war of Dutch independence) * 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada * 1618 - 1648 Thirty Years' War.
		Series of civil wars in Poland and wars with Sweden, Prussia, Russia and Transylvania, which ended its status as European power and which begun march of Russia to power status.
		War between US-led coalition including government of South Vietnam and coalition including Viet Cong and North Vietnam.
	www.questionz.net /War/List_of_wars.html (602 words)

	warofourfathers.com
		From beginning to end, the Japanese-American war was waged with a barbarism and a racial hatred that was staggering in scope, savage almost beyond belief and catastrophic in consequence.
		The generals running the country would not quit, but instead were ready to fight to their last men - and women and children, come to that - who were being trained in the summer of 1945 to fight with sharpened bamboo sticks against invading Americans.
		They had led their country into war that they could not possibly win and carried it out with a brutal disregard for the dictates of decency and of the law of war.
	www.warofourfathers.com /foreword_ambrose.html (599 words)

	World History 1550- 1575 AD
		The Religious Wars that had gone on incessantly between England, France, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire are ended by the Treaty of Cateau- Cambresis.
		The next year French troops in Scotland try to assert the claim of Mary against Elizabeth, who the Catholics claim is illegitimate (Elizabeth was the daugther of Henry and Anne Boleyn whose marriage to Henry was consider null by the Catholics).
		A war that lasted for eighty years broke out when Flemish opponents to the Spanish inquisition were beheaded.
	www.multied.com /dates/1550ad.html (1053 words)

	Sint Maartens Zeevaarders Syndicaat
		Piet Pieterszoon Hein (or Pieter Pietersen Heyn) (November 25, 1577 – June 18, 1629) was a Dutch naval officer and folk hero during the Eighty Years' War between the United Provinces and Spain.
		Hein was born in Delfshaven (now part of Rotterdam), the son of a captain, and he became a sailor while he was still a teenager.
		He died the same year, fighting the (in)famous Dunkirker Raiders, the enormous fleet of Habsburg commerce raiders and privateers operating from Dunkirk trying to intercept all Dutch trade.
	members.cox.net /potbs/piet_heyn.html (537 words)

	Of War, Islam, And Isreal
		Surely, this was an immensely-frustrating disappointment to the Palestinians after years of effort and compromise to achieve and implement the Oslo Accords.
		A large population, outsizing its resources, almost certainly is the major underlying reason for the immense slaughters and numberless coups and civil wars of Western Africa in recent years, a region whose population growth has been high but whose usable resources are limited.
		Nearly thirty years later, in 1982, he was still at it when Lebanese militia forces under his control murdered and dumped into mass graves, using Israeli-supplied bulldozers, between two and three-thousand civilians in the refugee camps called Sabra and Shatila.
	www.rense.com /general21/time.htm (2775 words)

	IGN: Freelancer
		This led to repeated attempts by Rheinland mining companies to expand past Frankfurt, most famously in the conflict that came to be known as the Eighty Years War and which had lasting consequences for all of Rheinland.
		During the Eighty Years War Daumann's operation flourished, as the Rheinland Military needed a bottomless supply of material to continue the fight.
		Following the war's ignoble end and the dramatic drop in demand for metals, workers were fired by the thousands, with 20 year veterans often receiving nothing more than a one way ticket to New Berlin on a commercial transport.
	pc.ign.com /articles/386/386979p2.html (835 words)

	WWW-VL: Military History: WWI History: The Great War: First World War: World War One: WW1
		Medical Diaries and Biographies includes accounts of Flanders, the Battles of the Somme and Passchendaele, German South West Africa, the American Red Cross in Siberia, the Imperial Russian Army Medical Corps and on board the HMS Carnarvon, during WW1.
		From the start of the First World War, CEF units were required to maintain a daily account of their "Actions in the Field." This log was called a War Diary.
		The War Diaries are not personal diaries, rather they are a historical record of a unit's administration, operations and activities during the First World War.
	vlib.iue.it /history/mil/ww1.html (956 words)

	Thirty Years' War
		The Spanish, seeking to outflank the Dutch in preparation for the soon-to-be-renewed Eighty Years' War, took the Rhine Palatinate.
		Upon Frederick V's death in 1632, his son Karl I Ludwig, Elector Palatine (1610-1680) inherited his exiled father's pretensions to the Palatinate, and was, in fact, restored to his patrimony as part of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 at the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War.
		But he was not restored to the imperial electorate of which his father had been deprived in 1623—instead he received a new Electoral title, while the original one remained in the possession of the Electors of Bavaria.
	www.comedyontap.com /jhause/30years.html (785 words)

	Alternate names for Battles or Wars - History Forum
		In United States the War between the United Kingdom and the United States is called "the War of 1812", but in Canada, its called the war of defense.
		The Eighty Years War is called the Dutch Revolt by the Spanish, I think.
		The War of the League of Augsburg (1689-1697) is sometimes called The Nine Years War.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=1651 (575 words)

	Fortress Bourtange Photo Gallery by Jos Mecklenfeld at pbase.com
		The Eighty Years’ War marks the beginning of the fortress’ history.
		The Spanish, the adversaries of the Dutch during the war, used the road to bring supplies to the city of Groningen, which was in Spanish hands.
		A little over a century after Bourtange lost its military status, the town council of Vlagtwedde, in an attempt to revive the community, decided to reconstruct the fortress to the way it was in the year 1742, when the fortress was at its largest.
	www.pbase.com /reddevil1909/fortress_bourtange (311 words)

	Belgium in the XVIIth Century quiz -- free game
		In 1604 a city near the Belgian coast was captured by Archduke Albert's troops, after a three-year siege.
		A Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 settled both the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War.
		The Thirty Years' War was ended by a treaty signed at Osnabrück.
	www.funtrivia.com /playquiz.cfm?qid=211658 (343 words)

	BRILL
		The great European conflict known as the Thirty Years War was only the final phase of a war in the Netherlands which was to last 80 years.
		In the course of this the Dutch rose up successfully against their Spanish rulers and established a Republic in the early 16th century which was the envy of its contemporaries.
		Articles cover military matters such as changes in strategy and tactics and issues such as the financing of the war, effort, the navy, privateering and the arms trade.
	www.brill.nl /m_catalogue_sub6_id2831.htm (635 words)

	War and Changing Political Institutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is the assignment page for the topic "War and Changing Political Institutions" for J. Owens's sections of the lower-division undergraduate course, History 101, Foundation of Western Civilization.
		1625-1649), Archbishop William Laud (1573-1645), War of the Solemn League and Covenant/or The Bishops' War (1638-1640), Long Parliament (1640-1660), New Model Army, Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658), Commonwealth, Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), Leviathan (1651), James II of England and Scotland (r.
		What were the major elements of the "western way of war" (quoting Geoffrey Parker) that allowed Europeans to dominate global affairs from the British victory at the Battle of Plassey (1757) until 1914?
	www.isu.edu /~owenjack/westciv/wcsyl.21.html (373 words)

	Amazon.com: Eighty Years and More: Reminiscences 1815-1897 (Women's Studies): Books: Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Elizabeth Cady Stanton's Eighty Years and More does both and much more --This text refers to the Hardcover edition.
		Eighty Years and More: Reminiscences, 1815-1897 (Classics in Women's Studies) by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
		Although neither women lived to see the amendment pass, there are no signs of regret for all the years of dedication.
	www.amazon.com /Eighty-Years-More-Reminiscences-1815-1897/dp/1555531377 (1094 words)

	Hugo Grotius - Theopedia
		Grotius lived in the times of the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands and the Thirty Years' War between Catholic and Protestant European nations; it is not surprising that he was deeply concerned with matters of conflicts between nations and religions.
		Himself a Calvinist, he was a moderate who had many contacts with Catholics and hoped for a reunification of the Christian churches.
		In 1625 he published his book De jure belli ac pacis libri tres (Of laws of war and peace) where he presented his theory of "just war" and argued that all nations are bound by the principles of "natural law."
	www.theopedia.com /Hugo_Grotius (397 words)

	Updates to Gone Cardboard - Previews of upcoming games from Gamefest.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Revolution: The Dutch Revolt simulates the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Netherlands.
		The Catholics were eventually allowed to retain some of their influence, while the local Nobility, initially catholic but with local sympathies, succeeded or failed according to their willingness to accept the changed circumstances.
		Revolution: The Dutch Revolt was more than 15 years in the making, and marks Francis Tresham´s long-awaited return to the forefront of game design.
	gamefest.com /news/gonecardboard_detail/A242_0_7_0_C (461 words)

	English Civil War- Any computer simulations available? \| Gamers With Jobs
		That's a period/conflict that I'm interested in, on both strategic and tactical levels; but I don't believe there are any computer games out there in the market that address it (or the Thirty Years' War or the Eighty Years' War either).
		Europa Universalis 2 covers that era on the strategic level (and 200 years either side of it).
		Cossacks: European Wars is of the correct era, but it's an RTS, so it may not be what you want.
	www.gamerswithjobs.com /node/16378 (616 words)

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