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Topic: Einkorn wheat

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Wheat

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	NOVA Online \| Ice Mummies \| The Iceman's Last Meal
		The meal was a simple affair, consisting of a bit of unleavened bread made of einkorn wheat, one of the few domesticated grains used in the Iceman's part of the world at this time, some other plant, possibly an herb or other green, and meat.
		Einkorn has low levels of gluten, so the bread made with it was probably hard, somewhat like a cracker, and rather tough on the teeth.
		In addition to the einkorn, the cells of at least one other plant, possibly some herb, were present in the sample, and Oeggl concluded that they, too, had been part of his meal.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/icemummies/iceman.html (1148 words)

	Einkorn wheat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Einkorn wheat is a wild species of wheat, Triticum boeoticum (the spelling baeoticum is also common).
		Einkorn is a diploid species with a shattering ear and small seeds, making it difficult to harvest.
		Einkorn wheat was one of the earliest cultivated varieties of wheat.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Einkorn_wheat (140 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Wheat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Wheat is also planted strictly as a forage crop for livestock and as a hay.
		Wheat is widely cultivated as a cash crop because it produces a good yield per unit area, grows well in a temperate climate even with a moderately short growing season, and yields a versatile, high-quality flour that is widely used in baking.
		Wheat may suffer from the attack of insects at the root; from blight, which primarily affects the leaf or straw, and ultimately deprives the grain of sufficient nourishment; from mildew on the ear; and from gum of different shades, which lodges on the chaff or cups in which the grain is deposited.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Wheat (1581 words)

	International Starch Institute: Wheat Starch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The common wheats grown in northern Europe, Russia, the United States, and Canada are spring and winter wheats, planted either in the spring for summer harvest or in autumn for spring harvest.
		Wheat crops are generally rotated with maize, hay, and pasture in regions with moderate rainfall and are rotated with oats and barley, or bare fallowing in drier regions.
		Einkorn wheat is classified as Triticum monococcum, emmer and durum wheats as Triticum turgidum, and bread wheat as Triticum aestivum.
	www.starch.dk /isi/starch/wheat.htm (750 words)

	Alternative Wheat Cereals as Food Grains: Einkorn, Emmer, Spelt, Kamut, and Triticale
		Einkorn is thought to have originated in the upper area of the fertile crescent of the Near East (Tigris-Euphrates regions).
		The wild and cultivated einkorn are differentiated by the brittleness of the rachis.
		Einkorn along with emmer and spelt are often referred to as "the covered wheats," since the kernels do not thresh free of the glumes or the lemma and palea when harvested (Fig.
	www.grainfields.com /alternativegrains/alternativegrains.htm (7144 words)

	Wheat (Triticum spp
		Einkorn wheat hybridizing with one of the goat grasses, Aegilops sp.
		Wheat plants affected by stem rust are severely weakened but not usually destroyed, and the grain yield is significantly reduced.
		Wheat is the most often traded of all edible commodities because it is easy to transport and stores so very well; it is nearly imperishable.
	www.unlv.edu /Faculty/landau/wheat.htm (2000 words)

	Alternative Wheat Cereals as Food Grains: Einkorn, Emmer, Spelt, Kamut, and Triticale
		The wild and cultivated einkorn are differentiated by the brittleness of the rachis.
		Einkorn along with emmer and spelt are often referred to as "the covered wheats," since the kernels do not thresh free of the glumes or the lemma and palea when harvested (Fig.
		The yields of einkorn ranged from 4160 to 120 kg/ha, 1992; 1290 to 130 kg/ha, 1993; 2160 to 220 kg/ha, 1994; and 2400 to 720 kg/ha in 1995.
	newcrop.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/proceedings1996/V3-156.html (7126 words)

	Cereal (Grain) Photos #1
		In addition to cereal grains (rice, wheat, barley, oats and corn), grasses are the source of bamboo shoots used in Asian foods, the primary source of sugar (sucrose) from sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), alcoholic beverages from barley malt (beer) and fermented rice (sake), and bamboo timbers for construction and scaffolding.
		Wheat and rye are crossed together to produce the hybrid triticale.
		The original diploid (2n=14) emmer wheat was probably sterile because it contained only 2 sets of chromosomes, one from the einkorn parent (n=7) and one from the goat grass parent (n=7).
	waynesword.palomar.edu /ecoph12.htm (1676 words)

	Main page frame
		While winter wheat is grown in the yellow region, the blue region is the growing region of spring wheat.
		Since wheat is a perfect flowered plant (male and female organs in the same flower), the male organs (anthers) have to be removed (emasculation) from the flowers of the parent designated as female, living the pistil (female organ) intact.
		Since wheat is a self pollinated, perfect flowered plant, the first requirement for producing hybrid wheat seed on a large scale is a mechanism for producing male sterility.
	www.geocities.com /eehakki/wheat.htm (7441 words)

	Ancient Wheats and New Perspective
		Einkorn, Emmer, Khorasan/Kamut and Spelt are among the earliest cultivated wheats and commonly are referred to as “ancient wheats.” Except for Khorasan/Kamut, each of these wheat crops produces hulled or covered grains at harvest, i.e.
		Emmer and Kamut/Khorasan (durum relative) are tetraploid wheats having 28 chromosome, and spelt (bread wheat ancestor) is a hexaploid wheat with 42 chromosome.
		Ancient wheats also were used in alternative and folk medicine for the treatment of a wide range of health conditions such as ulcerous colitis, elevated serum cholesterol, hypertesion, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, depression and cancer.
	www.medicinalfoodnews.com /vol09/issue2005/wheat.htm (813 words)

	Wheat - an introduction - Citizendium
		Wheat was a key factor enabling the emergence of city-based societies at the start of civilization because it was one of the first crops that could be easily cultivated on a large scale, and had the additional advantage of yielding a harvest that provides long-term storage of food.
		Wheat grain is a staple food used to make flour for leavened, flat and steamed breads, cookies, cakes, pasta, noodles and couscous; and for fermentation to make beer, many different alcoholic spirits including grain whiskey and vodka, and recently, biofuel.
		In domesticated wheat, grains are larger, and the seeds (spikelets) remain attached to the ear by a toughened rachis during harvesting.
	en.citizendium.org /wiki/Wheat (4368 words)

	Cultivated Species, Durum Wheat, Emmer Wheat.
		As with spelt, genes contributed from goatgrass give bread wheat greater cold hardiness than most wheats, and it is cultivated throughout the world's temperate regions.
		It is not, however, good for cakes, which should be made from soft wheat or they will be tough, because of the high gluten content of durum.
		Einkorn wheat: Einkorn wheat was one of the earliest cultivated forms of wheat, alongside emmer wheat.
	www.wavethewheat.com /speciesofwheat.php (320 words)

	Einkorn wheat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		the southern Levant and that einkorn was one of the original domesticates...
		indicate domestication of einkorn, emmer, and barley in the...
		known wheat and barley genetic linkage maps (http:// wheat.pw.usda.gov/) and used to...
	hallencyclopedia.com /Einkorn_wheat (414 words)

	Cereal Breeeding Research Darzau - Einkorn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Compared to durum wheat, which is used for pasta, einkorn with 1-2 mg ß-carotene per 100mg showed double to triple contents in the dry matter of harvest from Darzau.
		Concerning the relationships to wheat, it could be of interest for people with allergies to notice that einkorn is used as a source for resistence to diseases and pests in wheat.
		Because of this transfer of resistence from einkorn into wheat during the 20th century, some similarities in proteins of modern wheat and einkorn can be expected in some cases.
	www.darzau.de /en/projects/einkorn.htm (3608 words)

	Athena Review: Plant Domestication, Old World: Initial site of einkorn cultivation
		This is the question archaeologists are asking in response to the recently published results of an investigation on the origins of domesticated einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum monococcum) by a multidisciplinary set of European researchers.
		Einkorn, the first wheat crop of Old World, Neolithic agriculture, is a hulled wheat that typically produces one grain per spikelet.
		Wild einkorn is so morphologically similar to the cultivated form that it does not constitute an independent species, but is designated as a subspecies, boeoticum, of T.
	www.athenapub.com /einkorn1.htm (827 words)

	Einkorn wheat -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Einkorn wheat is a wild species of (Annual or biennial grass having erect flower spikes and light brown grains) wheat, Triticum boeoticum.
		Einkorn is a ((genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number) diploid species with a shattering ear and small seeds, making it difficult to harvest.
		It was first domesticated approximately 9000 years ago.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/ei/einkorn_wheat.htm (149 words)

	Triticum (wheat genus)
		Wild grasses are adapted to dispersing their seeds by releasing them once ripe but grasses under cultivation, such as wheat, need to have seeds that are retained and only break off during the threshing process.
		Einkorn Wheat was grown extensively during the Neolithic period but from the Bronze Age on, its importance wained in favour of the Emmer and Bread wheat varieties.
		Greece), on the Balkan Peninsula and in central Europe and remained the main cereal crop through the Neolithic period and into the Bronze Age although Einkorn Wheat was often grown as well.
	www.museums.org.za /bio/plants/poaceae/triticum.htm (1013 words)

	Einkorn's Debut
		The wild progenitor of einkorn wheat, one of the first crops to be domesticated (ca.
		The wild einkorn from that area proved to be distinct from other wild types and may be the forebear of the domestic variety.
		The weedy einkorn, closely related to both wild and cultivated types, appears to be an intermediate form with some characteristics of cultivation (the stem is somewhat tougher than in wild plants, the seeds are intermediate in weight, and there are comparable numbers of seeds as in cultivated plants).
	www.archaeology.org /9801/newsbriefs/einkorn.html (325 words)

	Gluten-Free Diet: Grains and Flours
		GRAHAM flour (WHEAT) Graham flours are WHEAT flours, not to be confused with gram flour from chickpeas.
		Gliadin and glutenin are the prolamins for WHEAT, zein for corn, hordein for BARLEY, secalin for RYE, and avenin for OATS.
		No form of WHEAT starch is considered appropriate for a zero tolerance level gluten-free diet in the United States and Canada.
	www.csaceliacs.org /gluten_grains.php (3049 words)

	Einkorn wheat - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Einkorn wheat - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This page was last modified 06:33, 25 May 2005.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Einkorn wheat contains research on
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Einkorn_wheat (154 words)

	The Origins of Agriculture
		Moreover, they reveal that cultivated einkorn plants, as botanists had suspected, are remarkably similar genetically and in appearance to their ancestral wild varieties, which seems to explain the relatively rapid transition to farming indicated by archaeological evidence.
		Archaeologists said that radiocarbon dating was not yet precise enough to establish whether einkorn or emmer wheat or barley was the first cereal to be domesticated.
		There were no native wild wheats and barley in the Americas that might have led to an earlier introduction of agriculture there.
	www.spelt.com /origins.html (1855 words)

	AGRICULTURE:
		Botanists already knew that cultivated einkorn's ancestor was a very similar wild cereal that still grows in natural habitats in the crescent (3).
		For einkorn (and probably for the other founder crops as well), that transition required changes in only a few genetic loci, which account for the few morphological changes distinguishing the crop from wild einkorn (1).
		When it hybridized with cultivated emmer wheat spreading east from the crescent, the result was bread wheat, the most valuable single crop in the modern world.
	www.unl.edu /rhames/courses/orig_agri_tur.html (3949 words)

	Ataxia Alternatives
		Besides wheat and flour, particular ingredients to watch for are food starch, anything with the word malt in it (malt flavoring, vinegar, and so on), textured vegetable protein, and soy sauce.
		Donald Kasarda Ph.D., a research chemist specializing on grain proteins, of the United States Department of Agriculture, found that all maltodextrins in the USA are made from corn starch, using enzymes that are NOT derived from wheat, rye, barley, or oats.
		He cautions, however, that there is no guarantee that a manufacturer won't change their process to use wheat starch or a gluten-based enzyme in the future.
	www.ataxiaalternatives.com /gluten-free (1547 words)

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