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	Einstein ring - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In observational astronomy a Chwolson ring or Einstein ring is a ring-shaped image on the sky which is caused by gravitational deflection of an intervening object.
		An Einstein ring is a special form of a gravitational lens in which source (such as a quasar) and lens (such as a galaxy) are exactly lined up.
		The chance observing Einstein rings produced by stars may be low, but the chance of observing those produced by galaxies is higher since the angular size of an Einstein ring is proportional to the mass of the lens.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Einstein_ring (1097 words)

	Einstein ring -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In observational (The branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and the universe as a whole) astronomy an Einstein ring is a ring-shaped image on the sky which is caused by gravitational deflection of an intervening object.
		An Einstein ring is a special form of a (additional info and facts about gravitational lens) gravitational lens in which source (such as a (A starlike object that may send out radio waves and other forms of energy; large red shifts imply enormous recession velocities) quasar) and lens
		The radius of the Einstein ring is a characteristic
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/ei/einstein_ring.htm (732 words)

	Einstein (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Einstein's universe, a model dust universe which is a solution of Einstein's field equation.
		Einstein ring, a ring-shaped image on the sky which is caused by gravitational deflection of an intervening object
		Einstein refrigerator, a refrigerator co-invented by Albert Einstein
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Einstein_(disambiguation) (446 words)

	Gravitational lens - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The process is known as gravitational lensing, and was one of the predictions made by Einstein's general relativity.
		More commonly, the massive galaxy is off-center, creating a number of images according to the relative positions of the source, lens, and observer, and the shape of the gravitational well of the lensing galaxy.
		Einstein realized that it was also possible for astronomical objects to bend light, and that under the correct conditions, one would observe multiple images of a single source, called a gravitational lens or sometimes a gravitational mirage.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Gravitational_lensing (983 words)

	Alternate View Column AV-29
		Seven decades ago in 1919 a pivotal confirmation of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity came with the observation of the bending of star light by the gravitational pull of the sun during a total solar eclipse.
		The Einstein ring is not, strictly speaking, an image of the sort made by a lens.
		But true Einstein rings may be out there waiting to be found, produced by massive fl holes that would signal their presence with a matching pair of gravity's rainbows.
	mist.npl.washington.edu /AV/altvw29.html (1505 words)

	Einstein's "Miracle Year" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In 1905 Albert Einstein was an unknown clerk in Switzerland's patent office married to Mileva Maric, a classmate from the university.
		The second principle from which Einstein derived his theory—the principle that the speed of light in a vacuum is always the same—was, and continues to be, supported by experimental evidence.
		Einstein's contributions to physics by no means ended with the year 1905; general relativity is only the most famous of a number of extremely important contributions he made in later years.
	www.facts.com /sb000171.htm (2660 words)

	Discussion: Near Perfect "Einstein Ring" ... - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum
		Einstein's cross is interpreted as several (4 or 5) microlensing masses whereas FORS 0332 is lensed by an entire galactic halo as a rough unity.
		Then they (Einstein and his friends) go on, time would become slower and therefore he could fly into the past (which is about the contrary, but I don't think your zero-divisor sense of logic will suffice to understand this).
		Einstein to some extent was more a politician and a guru than a scientist.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?t=27660 (4214 words)

	Gravitational Microlensing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The phenomenon now known as gravitational microlensing was first described by Einstein in 1936 in a paper on the lens-like action of a star by the deviation of light in the gravitational field (Science, Vol.
		The magnification is given by the ratio of the area of the Einstein ring to the area of the source star.
		As noted by Einstein, the alignments that are needed to observe the effect are rare.
	www.phy.auckland.ac.nz /moa/gravitational_microlensing.html (244 words)

	Science News: Ringing in an estimate of a galaxy's mass
		One of the striking manifestations of the ability of massive astronomical bodies, such as galaxies, to act as gravitational lenses and bend the path of light is known as an Einstein ring.
		This particular Einstein ring, designated MG1654+1346, is ideally suited for such a measurement because the lens is simply a single, relatively bright, elliptical galaxy.
		To produce the Einstein ring, the galaxy magnifies and distorts radio waves travelling from one of two regions of radio-wave emissions that extend out on either side of a more distant quasar.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n9_v137/ai_8784707 (644 words)

	Gravitational Lenses
		Einstein's General Theory of Relativity demonstrates that a large mass can deform spacetime and bend the path of light.
		If the alignment is perfect, the resulting image is an Einstein Ring, shown to the left.
		The object to the right, called the Einstein Cross, shows four images of a distant quasar at a redshift, z=1.7, imaged by an intervening spiral galaxy with z=0.04.
	cassfos02.ucsd.edu /public/tutorial/GLens.html (518 words)

	GRAVITATIONAL LENSE
		As will be explained, numerous Einstein rings may appear simultaneously, however, and they are also important as invisible dividing lines between sets of images, even when no source is distorted into a ring.
		The only Einstein ring currently discussed in the literature is the most prominent one that occurs at precise observer - lens - source alignment, where Delta phi = pi.
		It is possible for photons to orbit the lens an arbitrarily large number of times before coming to the observer, and each of these orbits corresponds to an Einstein ring.
	blackholesinfo.net /part2.html (958 words)

	Albert Einstein
		(1879) Albert Einstein is born to Hermann Einstein (a featherbed salesman) and Pauline in Ulm, Germany.
		(1914) Einstein becomes director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin and professor of theoretical physics at the University of Berlin.
		Einstein writes a famous letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt warning of the possibility of Germany's building an atomic bomb and urging nuclear research.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~rmuhamma/Astro-Physics/albertEinstein.html (1057 words)

	Quotehouse Authors - Albert Einstein
		Einstein grew up in Munich, where his father, Hermann, owned a small electrochemical factory.
		The strict discipline of German schools did not appeal to the young Einstein, who was a poor student but conducted his own studies of philosophy, math, and science.
		After his graduation in 1900, Einstein became a naturalized Swiss citizen in 1901 and got a job as a technical assistant at the Swiss patent office in Bern.
	home.netcarrier.com /~conover/Authors/Einstein.html (405 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Giant cosmic lens reveals secrets of distant galaxy
		Einstein himself showed in 1936 that a perfectly-aligned gravitational lens would produce a circular image, but felt that the chances of actually observing such an object were nearly zero.
		The first gravitational lens was discovered in 1979, and the first Einstein Ring was discovered by researchers using the VLA in 1987.
		PSS J2322+1944 is the first Einstein Ring detected through the signature emission of a molecule and the most distant yet found.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0304/04lens (1528 words)

	Distortions Paper Description of Types of Effects
		The first Einstein ring can be seen not only in a high gravity environment, but also in a low gravity environment quite a distance from much larger objects, such as normal stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies.
		It should be noted that the existence of an Einstein ring may depend on the relative positions of the lens, observer, and source, while the existence of the photon sphere or event horizon does not depend on these relative positions.
		It is possible for the first sky Einstein ring to exist for a given observer looking toward a neutron star lens, but as the observer moves closer to the neutron star the angular size of the surface becomes larger than the angular size of this Einstein ring.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /htmltest/gifcity/nslens_effects.html (4010 words)

	Einstein ring
		The effect is a cosmic mirage caused by the gravity of a massive galaxy bending the light from an object behind it and acting as a "gravitational lens".
		The size of the ring on the sky is tiny - roughly a second of arc or about the size of a penny viewed from a distance of over two miles - even though the lens consists of an entire galaxy.
		The way in which a gravitional lens produces multiple images, including the special Einstein ring case, is illustrated in the explanatory diagram (Figure 2 on the press release WWW page).
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/merlin.html (1087 words)

	Universe Today - Near Perfect "Einstein Ring" Discovered
		Because of Einstein's investigation of the photoelectric effect, we now understand why light is not continuous but curiously riddled with dark and bright lines telling us when that light was emitted, what emitted it.
		In a paper entitled "Discovery of a high red-shift Einstein Ring" published April 27, 2005, Remi Cabanac of Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, in Hawaii and associates "report the discovery of a partial Einstein ring...
		That ring - also one of the few visible in optical light - is slightly less than a half-circle in circumference (170 degrees).
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/printer_perfect_einstein_ring.html (857 words)

	Gravitational lensing of distant galaxies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In this case the light rays from the source are distorted into the shape of a crescent or ring, which is why they are called Einstein ring gravitational lenses.
		The ring has a radius of 1.35 arcsecs, and shows a non-uniform distribution in surface brightness, with prominent peaks and breaks.
		The lower right-hand panel is a model of the ring, assuming that the source is a compact (0.2 arcsec) system locates almost directly behind the lensing galaxy.
	almuhit.phys.uvic.ca /~gfl/Astro/Ring/Ring.html (433 words)

	Einstein Rings - lenses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This "mirage", is produced when the light from a distant object is bent by the gravity produced by a massive galaxy situated between us the far object.
		The term Einstein Cross is also often used to describe this phenomenon.
		Einstein had predicted that light waves could be bent by a strong gravitational force and the proof was discovered some years ago when in 1919, astronomers detected a slight shift in the apparent position of stars near the edge of the sun's disc.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /brian.kilby/astro/1998/june/einstein.html (213 words)

	APOD: March 30, 1998 - A Bulls Eye Einstein Ring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
		The bright peak at the center of the bulls-eye is the nearer galaxy.
		Einstein ring is really tens of thousands of light years across.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap980330.html (117 words)

	Jahrbuch-CD der MPG 2003 - A molecular Einstein ring : ima
		A molecular Einstein ring : imaging a starburst disk surrounding a quasi-stellar object
		Images of the molecular CO 2-1 line emission and the radio continuum emission from the redshift 4.12 gravitationally lensed quasi-stellar object (QSO) PSS J2322 + 1944 reveal an Einstein ring with a diameter of 1.5".
		The observation of active star formation in the host galaxy of a high-redshift QSO supports the hypothesis of coeval formation of supermassive fl holes and stars in spheroidal galaxies.
	www.mpg.de /forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/archivListenJahrbuch/2003/21/publZIM10.html (159 words)

	Einstein Ring in Distant Universe (ESO Press Photo 20/05)
		By far the field is dominated by thousands of faint background galaxies the colours of which are related to the age of their dominant stellar population, their dust content and their distance.
		The newly found Einstein ring is visible in the top right part of the image.
		But in the case of this newly found cosmic ring, the images show it to extend to almost 3/4 of a circle.
	www.eso.org /outreach/press-rel/pr-2005/phot-20-05.html (932 words)

	Jodrell Bank - Gravitational Lenses
		Part of the ring and further multiple images are seen in the MERLIN image.
		One of the predictions of Einstein's Theory of General Relativity is that a massive object will distort the space around it forming what is called a Gravitational Lens.
		When Einstein first tried to apply his General Theory of Relativity to what he thought was a static, unchanging universe, he had to incorporate a term called L, the cosmological constant.
	www.jb.man.ac.uk /booklet/GravitationalLenses.html (497 words)

	Albert, It Just Goes On And On (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Einstein predicted this effect as part of his general theory of relativity.
		Einstein's theory offered a new concept of gravity, according to which gravity is not an invisible force that grabs distant objects, as his famed predecessor Sir Isaac Newton had believed.
		The discovery of the giant ring is a reminder that humans inhabit an Einsteinian universe.
	www.virtuallystrange.net /ufo/updates/1998/mar/m31-003.shtml (595 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Cosmic mirage: Discovery of quasar with Einstein ring
		The gravitational field of a massive object curves the local geometry of the Universe, so light rays passing close to the object are bent (like a "straight line" on the surface of the Earth is necessarily curved because of the curvature of the Earth's surface).
		Such "Einstein rings" are very rare, though, and have only been observed in a very few cases.
		Because of the specific geometry of the lens and the position of the lensing galaxy, it is possible to show that the light from the extended galaxy in which the quasar is located should also be lensed and become visible as a ring-shaped image.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0307/19einsteinring (1964 words)

	Distortions Paper Black Hole Trip Description with GIFs
		The second sky Einstein ring appears in the conglomeration of stellar images near the apparent photon sphere position, just outside the photon sphere.
		The self Einstein ring where viewers could see the backs of their heads is the photon sphere horizon line dividing the light captured by the fl hole from the the light coming from the sky: it is a horizontal line across the middle of the figure.
		The outer radial limit of the dim ring marks the position of the second sky Einstein ring.
	www.phy.mtu.edu /bht/nslens_bh.html (1736 words)

	New Scientist SPACE - Breaking News - Most distant Einstein ring is revealed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		If the lens lies directly between Earth and the distant background object, the light can be distorted into a ring, named after Einstein because the effect is described by general relativity.
		Complete rings are extremely rare because they require near-perfect alignment of the lens and the distant object along the same line of sight.
		But Cabanac estimates the ring actually spans about 270°, and he expects to confirm that during planned observations with the Hubble Space Telescope.
	www.newscientistspace.com /article/dn7614-most-distant-einstein-ring-is-revealed.html (554 words)

	Most distant Einstein ring is revealed
		Continue to Most distant Einstein ring is revealed on New Scientist - Space.
		A ring often serves as the visible symbol of the unseen - be it mystical, Lord of the Rings-style power or the devotion between two people.
		This montage of four images of Saturn's knotted F ring shows different locations around the ring, even though all taken within a few hours of each other.
	www.thespacetimes.com /most-distant-einstein-ring-is-revealed,7060.html (188 words)

	Albert Einstein
		This is a collection of K-12 Albert Einstein and modern physics jokes with physics facts, pictures and links interspersed throughout the site describing modern physics history and Einstein's life and work.
		Einstein could not, but with a space-time odometer in addition to a light-clock we can now measure time and spatial distance in the common sense.
		Analyze your relationships with Albert Einstein, in mathematical terms, for presence and strength of the four pillars: commitment, intimacy, passion, and synergy.
	h.webring.com /hub?ring=ein12 (751 words)

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