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Topic: Einstein shift

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Gravitational redshift

Redshift

	E=mc² and the gravitational frequency shift
		One of the basic consequences of general relativity is the so-called gravitational frequency shift of light: Light falling towards a massive body experiences a shift towards higher frequencies (blueshift), while light leaving the vicinity of such a body is shifted towards lower frequencies (redshift).
		With his famous formula E=mc², Einstein added another form of energy to the varieties that were already known: Even when a material object is at rest with respect to a particular observer, that observer needs to assign to that object an enormous amount of energy, simply because it has a mass.
		The energy of a body falling into the funnel on the left-hand sight is converted into electromagnetic radiation energy (in short, light energy) which is emitted by the beamer pointing straight up on the right-hand side of the apparatus.
	www.einstein-online.info /en/spotlights/emc_redshift/index.html (1468 words)

	Homework Hotline - Albert Einstein (1879-1955) German Swiss American theoretical physicist.
		Einstein derived a formula for the average displacement of particles in suspension, based on the idea that the motion is caused by bombardment of the particles by molecules of the liquid.
		Einstein considered that this was unlikely to be a coincidence and it became the basis of his principle of equivalence.
		Einstein was less successful in applying his theory to the construction of a cosmological model of the universe, which he assumed to be uniform in density, static, and lacking infinite distances.
	www.homeworkhotline.com /AlbertEinstein.htm (2923 words)

	[No title]
		Einstein sought to describe gravitation in a way that was independent of the motion of observers and of the coordinates chosen to label events.
		Einstein also predicted the gravitational RED SHIFT, a change in the frequency of electromagnetic waves escaping from a strong gravitational field, which was confirmed by Robert Pound and Glen Rebka in 1960.
		Einstein was not sufficiently bold to believe this prediction, however, so he modified his equations to allow for a static universe.
	www.angelfire.com /co2/eradani7/gravity.html (1510 words)

	991125; Einstein, Relativity
		Einstein showed that if the water in which the particles were suspended was composed of molecules in random motion, according to the requirements of the kinetic theory of Maxwell and Boltzmann, then the suspended particles would indeed jiggle as they were observed to do.
		Einstein was then working on the application of his theory of relativity to the more general case of accelerated systems and in so doing worked out a new theory of gravitation of which Newton's classic theory was but a special case.
		Einstein for one carefully distinguished between a mathematics or a geometry, "the laws of which," as he put it in 1921 (still the pre-Gödel era), "are absolutely certain and indisputable," and a mathematics or a geometry that is a branch of natural science.
	www.welchco.com /02/14/01/60/99/11/2501.HTM (11566 words)

	Einstein Exhibit -- World Fame I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Einstein's new general theory of relativity predicted a remarkable effect: when a ray of light passes near a massive body, the ray should be bent.
		Einstein predicted a specific amount of deflection, and the prediction spurred British astronomers to try to observe a total eclipse in May 1919.
		In a letter to an astronomer in 1913, Einstein included a sketch (right) that showed how gravity should deflect light near the sun, making stars appear to shift their positions.
	webster.aip.org /history/einstein/fame1.htm (242 words)

	Einstein
		And Einstein published the general theory of relativity, in which it was postulated that gravitation was not a mechanical force but the consequence of the curvature of spacetime created by the presence of mass.
		But Einstein did not embrace all the new developments of physics that were transpiring at the beginning of the twentieth century.
		Einstein’s gravity theory is known as the general theory of relativity.
	www.jupiterscientific.org /science/baeparts/einstein.html (3028 words)

	HOS: Relativity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Einstein maintained that a particular wavelength of light, being made up of quanta of fixed energy content, would be absorbed by a metallic atom and would force out an electron of fixed energy content and no other.
		Einstein, as the most influential scientist in the world, was persuaded by Szilard to write a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, urging him to put into effect a gigantic research program designed to develop a nuclear bomb.
		Einstein's pregnant words refer to this state of affairs: "As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality."41 This lack of certainty is not of epistemological nature.
	www.rit.edu /~flwstv/einstein.html (11573 words)

	McGraw-Hill AccessScience: Gravitational redshift (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The amount of the shift is proportional to the difference in gravitational potential between the source and the receiver.
		For starlight received at the Earth the shift is proportional to the mass of the star divided by its radius.
		Attempts to demonstrate the gravitational redshift in the solar spectrum have thus far proved inconclusive, because it is difficult to distinguish the gravitational redshift from so-called pressure shifts resulting from perturbations of the emitting atoms by neighboring atoms.
	www.accessscience.com /Encyclopedia/2/29/Est_299050_frameset.html?doi (282 words)

	NOVA \| Einstein's Big Idea \| Relativity (Lightman Essay) \| PBS
		Einstein's earlier theory of time and space, special relativity, proposed that distance and time are not absolute.
		Friedmann began with Einstein's equations of general relativity and found a solution to those equations in which the universe began in a state of extremely high density and temperature (the so-called big bang) and then expanded in time, thinning out and cooling as it did so.
		No one except Einstein was thinking of gravity as equivalent to acceleration, as a geometrical phenomenon, as a bending of time and space.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/einstein/relativity/index.html (1248 words)

	Doppler Shift for Sound and Light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The possibility of such a test, based on observing the Doppler shift for “canal rays” emitted from high-speed ions, had been considered by Stark in 1906, and Einstein published a short paper in 1907 deriving the relativistic prediction for such an experiment.
		Ironically, although the results of their experiment brilliantly confirmed Einstein’s prediction based on the special theory of relativity, Ives and Stillwell were not advocates of relativity, and in fact gave a completely different theoretical model to account for their experimental results and the deviation from the classical prediction.
		This differs in appearance from the Doppler shift equation given in Einstein’s 1905 paper, but only because, in Einstein’s equation, the angle f is evaluated with respect to the emitter’s rest frame, whereas in our equation the angle is evaluated with respect to the absorber’s rest frame.
	www.mathpages.com /rr/s2-04/2-04.htm (1466 words)

	Putting Relativity to The Test
		Though Einstein based his theory of gravitation on deep theoretical principles, he and others proposed a number of experimental tests of the theory soon after its publication.
		Einstein's theory says that as a photon fights its way out of a gravitational field, it loses energy and its color reddens.
		Einstein's theory predicted that disturbances in spacetime should generate a differe nt kind of radiation in the form of gravitational waves.
	archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu /Cyberia/NumRel/EinsteinTest.html (799 words)

	Special Relativity after 100 Years (Skeptical Inquirer September/October 2005)
		This is the famous red shift caused by the Doppler effect, in this case a shift of 100 percent.
		The same shift means that the light signals sent out by A at 1:00, 2:00, and 3:00 according to A’s clock will be received by B at 2:00, 4:00, and 6:00 according to B’s clock.
		This reflects Einstein’s postulate that the speed of light is the same in all inertial reference frames.
	www.csicop.org /si/2005-09/einstein.html (2555 words)

	Gravitational Redshift
		In fact the result must be interpreted as a relative shift of the photon frequency with respect to the nuclear one since the experiment does not measure these frequencies independently.
		I would instead say that sometimes the presentation of gravitational red-shift is over-simplfied, and that Einstein's original motivation of the conservation of energy is presented as justifying the pheonomenon in detail, while it turns out that the gory details of how energy is actually conserved in GR are considerably more complex.
		Einstein's equations in which he derived what Robert Pound was testing at Harvard, show that, when the equivalence principle is employed, the energy of the photon is conserved!
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=86716 (3131 words)

	It’s Albert’s world. We just live in it. - A Century of Einstein - MSNBC.com
		Einstein, in fact, was refused security clearance to have any role in the Manhattan Project, said Janssen, who was trained as a physicist and edited the volumes of Einstein’s collected papers on relativity.
		However, many of Einstein’s other theories, which began pouring out in a burst of incandescent creativity 100 years ago, turned physics and our understanding of the natural world on their heads, giving scientists the tools to mold almost every observable aspect of life as we live it in 2005.
		While Einstein’s work at the patent office in Bern, Switzerland, gave him wide opportunity to conduct sophisticated experiments on advanced submissions, he was, in his great year of 1905, still a 26-year-old government worker.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/7318567 (778 words)

	[No title]
		The general feeling is that this 'einstein' thorn should not do much.
		This means that CauchyBase will define a certain maximum number, say 3, and then the people using the variables should specify the actual number of timelevels they use in their schedule.ccl files.
		There is a suggestion to have a separate tensor transformation thorn which provides a library of routines to do tensor transformations.
	www.cactuscode.org /old/Development/Specs/Einstein.txt (889 words)

	[No title]
		According to the principle of equivalence from general relativity, any frequency shift which can be shown to arise from acceleration of a radiating source could also be produced by the appropriate gravitational field.
		Thus the expected shift in radiation frequency in a gravitational field can be related to the relativistic Doppler shift experienced from an accelerating light source.
		Since it is reduced in frequency, this is called the gravitational red shift or the Einstein red shift.
	cph-theory.persiangig.com /1191-english2.htm (2216 words)

	A Challenge: The Origins and Evolution of the Universe - Astronomy.com Forums
		IMO the red shift is probably due to distance and not necessarily recession when regarding the expanding universe.
		The term redshift is also used for the observation that light emitted by distant galaxies is shifted to longer wavelengths (towards the red end of the spectrum, hence the name) when compared to the spectrum of closer galaxies.
		Einstein realized that his general theory implied a dynamic universe (either expanding or contracting) an idea for which there was no observational evidence.
	www.astronomy.com /ASY/CS/forums/3/287347/ShowPost.aspx (5118 words)

	5. What form does a gravitational-wave pulsar signal take at an Earth-based detector?
		Superimposed on this is a faster frequency shift, moving up and down once every 24 hours as the Earth rotates on its axis.
		As the Earth's motion carries the detector toward the pulsar, the frequency of the signal at the detector is shifted to a larger value (this effect is also known as ``blue-shift'' of the frequency).
		Later, when the Earth's motion carries the detector away from the pulsar, the frequency is shifted to lower values (``red-shift'' of the frequency).
	einstein.phys.uwm.edu /PartialS3Results/node5.html (738 words)

	Does light exist between events?
		I don't mean to chastise Einstein, but rather the leagues of followers (read, believers) who have transmitted his concept in hundreds of scientific papers and placed it upon an untouchable pedestal of Truth.
		Einstein thought that since you cannot see outside the elevator, you cannot tell the difference between the force of gravity or an acceleration force (imagine the elevator in free space).
		Since Einstein's theory predicts a gravitational influence on the measurement of clocks, perhaps electrons at the solar edge, shift their spin orientation accordingly when acting as a reflector or defractor.
	www.nobeliefs.com /light.htm (8323 words)

	Einstein@Home: Ask a Physicist
		That motion changes (Doppler shifts) the frequency of the signal in a complicated way that is a function of time and also of position on the sky.
		The data analysis has to compensate for the Doppler shift to make any signal as sinusoidal as possible, which helps pull it out of the noise (with something based on a Fourier transform).
		It has to do one Doppler shift for one sky location, then Fourier transform to see if there's something there; another Doppler shift for another sky location, then Fourier transform; and so on.
	www.einsteinathome.org /ask/archive/ligo-qa3.html (520 words)

	Humancafe's Bulletin Boards
		Einstein's theories may be unified with symmetry and metrics, but not how reality is itself, for the universe is an interactive construct of gravity and electromagnetic energy.
		Einstein's third postulate: "The postulate of equivalence of inertial frames for the formulation of the laws of Nature is assumed to be valid for the whole of physics." This is an extension of the first postulate.
		Einstein goes on to explain how "time" which we know of as the hands on a watch must be substituted with the concept of a fourth coordinate of space-time, to make the event "simultaneous" in all reference frames.
	www.humancafe.com /discus/messages/70/126.html?SundayApril2520041004am (17811 words)

	Einstein - Balancing Work and Home
		Whether you’re managing a home, raising a family, building a career or caring for aging parents, Einstein does all it can to help you handle life’s pressures, such as offering flexible scheduling and employee support services.
		Full-time, part-time and weekend programs, casual and formal pools and a variety of shift options (four, eight or 12 hours) allow you to create a schedule that fits your lifestyle and helps you better manage competing priorities.
		Albert Einstein Healthcare Network's web site, including its contents and programs, is provided for informational and educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice nor is it intended to create any physician-patient relationship.
	www.einstein.edu /professional/nurses/article10559.html (289 words)

	~@Com~\|~~BIG BANG THEORY UNDER FIRE~~
		That interpretation of red shift data also results in the anomaly of quasars at various distances, and thus of various ages, that are observed to have similar electromagnetic spectrums.
		Dependence on Doppler red shift for the determination of velocity and distance also results in the perception of an unreasonably large number of distant quasars having associated superluminal flares.(32,43) Some simple mathematics can show that, if the perceived distance of those quasars was less, fewer of such flares would be indicated.
		In support of this it is known, for example, that even our sun has a small gravitational red shift (z Å 0.000002); and it is suggested that the differences in masses and radii of stars of some binary pairs(50) may be the cause of observed differences in their average red shift.
	nowscape.com /big-ban2.htm (7823 words)

	Redshift - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics and astronomy, redshift occurs when the visible light from an object is shifted towards the red end of the spectrum.
		Yet a third type of redshift, the gravitational redshift also known as the Einstein effect, results from the time dilation that occurs in general relativity near massive objects.
		These shifts can be due to such physical phenomena as coherence effects or the scattering of electromagnetic radiation whether from charged elementary particles, from particulates, or from fluctuations in a dielectric medium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Red-shift (5483 words)

	Einstein (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A number of topics are named Einstein; most are related to the noted physicist Albert Einstein.
		Einstein refrigerator, a refrigerator co-invented by Albert Einstein
		Einstein Bros. Bagels, a bagel and coffee chain in the United States
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Einstein_(disambiguation) (223 words)

	symmetry - February 2005
		Hannah and her Einstein teddy bear are ready for the World Year of Physics, which celebrates the 100th anniversary of Einstein's most famous science publications.
		A handwritten page from 1912 is the earliest known Albert Einstein manuscript on special relativity still to exist.
		Einstein's famous equation says that mass is another form of energy.
	www.symmetrymagazine.org /cms/?pid=1000052 (230 words)

	Near Perfect "Einstein Ring" Discovered (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One-hundred years ago a little known Swiss patent clerk in the very early years of a scientific career was confronted with a series of paradoxes related to time and space, energy and matter.
		Because of Einstein's investigation of the photoelectric effect, we now understand why light is not continuous but curiously riddled with dark and bright lines telling us when that light was emitted, what emitted it.
		Because of Einstein's insight into the conversion of mass and energy, we now understand how distant Sun's illuminate the cosmos, and how powerful magnetic fields whip particles up to stupendous speeds later to come crashing down on the Earth's atmosphere.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1394244/posts (1404 words)

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