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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ekranoplan
		Once moving at speed, the ekranoplan was no longer in contact with the water, and could move over ice, snow, or level land with equal ease, though flight over land would have involved extreme risks unless the surface were very dependably flat.
		Ekranoplans were featured in the Joe Buff novel Seas of Crisis, Hideo Kojima's game Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, the computer games Real War, IGI-2: Covert Strike, Microsoft Flight Simulator X, and in the Charles Stross novella Missile Gap.
		An ekranoplan (, literally "screen plane") is a vehicle resembling an aircraft but which operates solely on the principle of ground effect (in Russian ÑÑÑÐµÐºÑ ÑÐºÑÐ°Ð½Ð° effekt ekrana - from which the name derived).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/ekranoplan (2137 words)

	Russian Sea Plane - Ekranoplan - Gizmo Highway Technology Guide
		The Ekranoplan is what is known as a Ground Effect Vehicle, it operates on the principle of wing in ground effect, where the air gap between a wing and the ground is small enough for the air to be compressed.
		The largest Ekranoplan called the KM was built in 1967, it was dubbed the Caspian Sea Monster after the sea it was on when first seen by the west.
		Once moving at speed, the Ekranoplan was no longer in contact with the water, and could move over ice, snow, or level land with equal ease.
	www.gizmohighway.com /transport/ekranoplan.htm (594 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		An ekranoplan (, literally "screen plane") is a vehicle resembling an aircraft but which operates solely on the principle of ground effect (in Russian ÑÑÑÐµÐºÑ ÑÐºÑÐ°Ð½Ð° effekt ekrana - from which the name derived).
		As of 2007-08-15, two ekranoplans could be seen on Google Earth at Kaspiysk, The Lun, located at and an Orlyonok at.
		Ekranoplans were featured in the Idries Shah novel Kara Kush, Joe Buff's novel Seas of Crisis, Hideo Kojima's game Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, the computer games Real War, IGI-2: Covert Strike, Microsoft Flight Simulator X, and in the Charles Stross novella Missile Gap.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Ekranoplan (1171 words)

	Russian Secret Project Exposed.
		All Ekranoplans are amphibious and will easily fly over land or sea at high speed, just as long as the surface is relatively flat.
		The last Ekranoplan from the former Soviet Union was the LUN.
		It was about 90 percent finished when the military funding stopped, because of the financial situation and the end of the cold war and later the eventual collapse of communism.
	www.vincelewis.net /ekranoplan.html (1159 words)

	Sea Spaceplane
		The plan is to mount a spaceplane on the back of a 1500-tonne, rocket-propelled seaplane, known in Russia as an "ekranoplan".
		Powered by jet engines, the ekranoplan reaches speeds of over 600 kilometres per hour (Mach 0·5) at which point the spaceplane's rockets fire and the two vehicles separate.
		To work, the ekranoplan has to be three times larger than the Caspian Sea Monster -an enormous military ekranoplan built during the Cold War.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /seaspaceplane.html (495 words)

	YouTube - Ekranoplan
		During the Cold War, ekranoplans were sighted for years on the Caspian Sea as huge, fast-moving objects.
		Once moving at speed, the ekranoplan was no longer in contact with the water, and could move over ice, snow, or level land with equal ease, though flight over land would have involved extreme risks unless the surface were very dependably flat.
		The development of ekranoplans was supported by Dmitri Ustinov, Minister of Defence of the USSR.
	youtube.com /watch?v=nOtSfb-P1C8 (741 words)

	FIG "High-speed ships" :: Our companies
		Ekranoplan is fitted with the automatized navigation complex which keeps the reckoning both by the data obtained from self - contained Doppler or inertial means and by way of continuous observation with using the data of radio-engineering stations or navigation satellites.
		This fire-extinguishing method can be used both when ekranoplan is passing the object in fire in the displacement mode or when it is at standstill and its afterpart is fastened to the object in fire by a rope.
		The use of ekranoplan during the natural disasters on the shore to render assistance and evacuate people is similar to its use in case of accidents and fires on ships.
	www.hs-ships.ru /e_pages.phtm?f=2&p=29 (1436 words)

	FIG "High-speed ships" :: Our companies
		During the development of ekranoplan (further in the text - ekranoplan) optimization of an analog is provided by means of removing from it special devices and articles not necessary for the passenger ekranoplan as well as for the improvement of a series of constructively-configuration solutions.
		The fuselage of the ekranoplan has relatively simple semimonocoque construction and it is divided by configuration into three parts: the nose part, the middle part and tail part.
		Main systems of the ekranoplan (control system, hydraulics system, power-supply system, life support system, radio and navigation equipment systems, etc.) are performed in the aviation version with the appropriate doubling and system redundancy to ensure safe operation of the ekranoplan.
	www.hs-ships.ru /e_pages.phtm?f=2&p=31 (676 words)

	ekranoplan
		Ekranoplan is a Russian word formed as joining of "ekran", corresponding to the screen, and "plan", corresponding to the plane.
		In sixties of 20th century, when Rostislav Alexiev designed a craft flying very close to the sea surface, the Russians called this airplane-ship mixture vehicle as "ekranoplan".
		While Russian engineers working on their ekranoplan, engineers from some other countries were looking for a way of using the advantage of the ground effect in all phases of flight.
	www.ae.metu.edu.tr /~gulkiz/wig.html (1123 words)

	EKRANOPLAN.org
		ekranoplan dot org is continually under revision and as
		ekranoplan, for a purpose to be determined at a later date.
		For more information on what an ekranoplan is, google it.
	www.ekranoplan.org (115 words)

	Cool Kit - The Ekranoplan
		This does not begin to happen until the wing has attained a certain speed and it is quite hard to get an ekranoplan up to that speed.
		Many of the smaller ekranoplans had jet engines to get them flying but then a low powered piston engine in the fin to keep them there.
		So provided you have a reasonably long journey to make the ekranoplan is very efficient.
	www.aether.demon.co.uk /coolkit/ekranoplan.html (635 words)

	EKRANOPLAN.org (Site not responding. Last check: )
		ekranoplan dot org is continually under revision and as
		ekranoplan, for a purpose to be determined at a later date.
		For more information on what an ekranoplan is, google it.
	www.ekranoplan.org /index.html (115 words)

	The Kaspian Monsters: Russian Ekranoplans Part 1
		v a 550 ton military ekranoplan, only a few years after this top secret project was initiated.
		The first ekranoplan as we know it now, the SM-2P, was built in 1962.
		Another feature found in most later ekranoplans were the jets that were blowing under the wing to assist at take-off.
	www.airbornegrafix.com /HistoricAircraft/Ekranoplans/ekrano1.htm (123 words)

	Revell's 1/144 Orlyonok Ekranoplan by Caz Dalton
		The tests passed successfully, and in the spring the ekranoplane was disassembled and transported down on the Volga to the Caspian Sea, reassembled, and tests proceeded under sea conditions again.
		The ekranoplane was projected and built as a cargo-descent vessel for carrying machines and also armed forces into regions of battle action and landings.
		Due to large durability of its design, the ekranoplane can sit on a strong harsh sea, perilous for hydroplanes, and has the unique value, that will allow it to work practically in any point of global ocean or sea (you see, fuel is spent only for a return way up to the nearest port).
	www.aircraftresourcecenter.com /Fea1/001-100/Fea069_Ekranoplan_Dalton/Fea069.htm (3286 words)

	Ekranoplan
		An ekranoplan (Russian name 'зкраноплан') is a type of surface-effect vehicle resembling an aircraft.
		The important design principle is that the wing lift reduces the further above the surface (land or sea) the ekranoplan "flies" (see ground effect).
		Thus it is dynamically stable in the vertical dimension.
	www.fastload.org /ek/Ekranoplan.html (162 words)

	К 85-ти летию Алексеева (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Related to ekranoplans this statement is enhanced by the fact that the revolution was made in shipbuilding, though it resulted in building a ship which uses flying mode in cruising movement.
		In 1964 the famous KM ekranoplan (KM is an abbreviation of Russian "korabl'-maket", meaning "ship-prototype") was built based on this layout.
		In foreign sources the ekranoplan was nicknamed "Caspian Monster" as it was tested on the Caspian Sea when it was discovered by the American satellite intelligence.
	www.att-nn.com /ENGL/85yaers.htm (1326 words)

	Ekranoplan models. Ekranoplan man
		Ekranoplan is a Russian term that comes from the Russian word for ‘screen’ although the exact derivation gets lost in the translation.
		The important thing about the term ‘Ekranoplan’ is that it is unique to the class of vehicle that is designed to fly very close to a surface (water or ground), and that in so doing these vehicles benefit from the peculiarities of aerodynamics in that region.
		‘Ekranoplan’ is both a generic term for the general class of vehicles, a more specific term for the stubby aeroplane wing configuration used by the Russians in their research programme dating back to the 1960’s.
	www.home-taylor.freeserve.co.uk /content/ekranoplan%20models.html (632 words)

	Aviapedia » Ekranoplans: Caspian Sea Monster video from Smotr
		I didn’t hear about any ekranoplans in US, still there is very fast boat but with clever bulge shape, when wave this bulge gereating is getting boat upper.
		And all the russian ekranoplans are of the first generation.
		Ekranoplans are not designed to replace aircrafts or helicopters.
	www.aviapedia.com /transports/ekranoplans-caspian-sea-monster-video (1443 words)

	ekranoplan (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When the new configuration of the Ekranoplan passed all flight tests successfully, a very ambitious program was launched in 1963, the KM (Caspian Sea Monster).
		The object of building such a large craft was to investigate the consequences of size on the concept of the Ekranoplan.
		The KM was finished in 1966 and successfully tested in 1967-1969 it proved to be capable of stable flight up to speeds of 500 km/h and heights of 20 m.
	freespace.virgin.net /julian.moseley/Dreamland/ekranoplan.html (253 words)

	The Kaspian Monsters: Russian Ekranoplans Part 2: the KM-08 and "Orlyonok" A-90
		When the KM programme was launched in 1963 it was very ambitious, it was to be more than 100 times heavier than the SM-2P,
		which was the heaviest ekranoplan at that time.
		ekranoplan from the former Soviet Union is the 400 ton Lun which was built in 1987 as a missile launcher.
	www.airbornegrafix.com /HistoricAircraft/Ekranoplans/ekrano2.htm (162 words)

	PLAN Assault Ekranoplan
		The military equipment purchased from the Soviet Union included 25 6 engine Antonov An-225's and 50 Orlyonok assault Ekranoplans, 10 of which were extensively modified to incorporate vertical launch missile systems and upgraded assault weaponry.
		This is Revel's 1/144th scale Ekranoplan which was released a couple of years ago.
		The turrets came from the spares box and were fashioned from the end caps of drop tanks from a 1/48 Rafale kit i had lying around.
	www.whatifmodelers.com /sea/sbeatson/ekranoplan.htm (1658 words)

	Lun Class Ekranoplane - Project 903
		If the wing’s natural accelerated flow passing over it is further accelerated by the high-velocity exhaust of a turbojet engine, the lifting capacity of the wing is even more greatly enhanced.
		In 1966 the Central Hydrofoil Design Bureau under Rostislav Alekseev produced a gargantuan "ekranoplan" ("surface plane") combining the smooth hull form of a ship with stub wings, a large vertical fin and horizontal tail.
		In 1989 the missile launcher ekranoplane "Lun" (about 400 tons) was enlisted in the Navy.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/sys/ship/row/rus/903.htm (481 words)

	Small Ekranoplan "Aquaglide 5" - ATT Company ("Amphibious Transportation Technologies" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The prototype of Aquaglide-5 is small ekranoplan Amphistar (Xtreme Xplorer) (www.amphistar.com), created by the same group of designers under leadership of chief designer Sinitsyn D.N. in 1995, certified by the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping and constructed between 1995 and 1997 in Nizhny Novgorod.
		Total 11 pieces were constructed and underwent trial commercial operation in USA and Commonwealth of the Bahamas.
		The ekranoplan is amphibious — it is capable of un-assisted surfacing onto relatively smooth shores and sand banks with incline up to 5 degrees and un-assisted return into water afterwards.
	www.att-nn.com /ENGL/Aquaglide_b.htm (110 words)

	Ekranoplan
		An ekranoplan (Russian: экранопла́н, literally "screen plane") is a vehicle resembling an aircraft, but operating solely on the principle of ground effect.
		These craft were originally developed by the Soviet Union as very high-speed (several hundred km/hour) military transports, and were mostly based on the shores of the Caspian Sea and Black Sea.
		Ekranoplans were featured in the Joe Buff novel Seas of Crisis, as well as Hideo Kojima's game Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater.
	www.omniknow.com /common/wiki.php?in=en&term=Ekranoplan (1999 words)

	[No title]
		The Soviet Union planned to develop 120 Ekranoplans of the A-90 Orlyonok class, but in the …”
		An Ekranoplan (surface-planeÂ in Russian) is a plane-ship hybrid that can skim over the water using the upward force of the WiG (Wing in Ground) effect, which forms a cushion of air under the short but very wide wings.
		The Soviet Union planned to develop 120 Ekranoplans of the A-90 Orlyonok class, but in the
	www.googlesightseeing.com /gearth/ekranoplans.kml (222 words)

	Ekranoplan - susning.nu
		Följaktligen kan ekranoplan ha korta vingar och uppnå höga hastigheter med betydligt lägre bränsleförbrukning än det vanliga flyget.
		Nu pågår utvecklingen av små ekranoplan av privata företag och benämns ibland WIG-plan (WIG - Wing In Ground-effect).
		Varvet i Volga i Nizjnij Novgorod tillverkar och säljer större ekranoplan för persontransporter.
	www.susning.nu /Ekranoplan (247 words)

	In search of the Caspian Sea Monster \| The Register
		This "ship-prototype" was the first in a series of Soviet "ekranoplan" ("screen plane") developments and was designed by Rostislav Evgenievich Alexeev of the Central Hydrofoil Design Bureau.
		The KM, powered by eight Dobryin VD-7 turbojets on the front of the fuselage, and two on the tail for extra thrust during take-off, first took to the air in October 1966.
		While the KM programme was ongoing, Alexeev began work on a medium-sized ekranoplan suitable for military transportation duties.
	www.theregister.co.uk /2006/09/22/caspian_sea_monster (540 words)

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