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Topic: El Nino

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	The "El Niño" FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		El Niño is an unusual warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean that occurs irregularly at about 3-6 year intervals in response to large scale weakenings of the trade winds that normally blow westward from South America toward Asia.
		El Niño may be thought of as one of Earth's standard mechanisms for getting heat from the tropics (where more comes in from the sun than goes out) to the polar regions (where more heat returns to space than comes in).
		El Niño is also responsible for a good deal of diversity in plant and animal life because the periodic stress it puts on biological systems is a stimulus to the evolutionary process.
	www.aoml.noaa.gov /general/enso_faq (5973 words)

	Information on El Nino
		El Niño is the warming of sea-surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean which influences atmospheric circulation, and consequently rainfall and temperature in specific areas around the world.
		When the three-month running mean of the SST anomalies in the Nino 3.4 region (see map of Nino regions) are greater than or equal to 0.5°C, there is a good chance of an El Niño event taking place.
		During El Niño years, the area of warm water (usually over the western tropical Pacific near Australia) cools down and the warm water is displaced eastward to the central Pacific.
	www.weathersa.co.za /References/elnino.jsp (1709 words)

	Effects of El Niño on Streamflow, Lake Level, and Landslide Potential
		El Niño is a natural but largely unpredictable condition that results from complex interplay among clouds and storms, regional winds, oceanic temperatures, and ocean currents along the equatorial Pacific.
		During an El Niño, this situation is disrupted and the trade winds weaken, thus reducing the upwelling of cool waters in the eastern Pacific and allowing the pool of warm water in the west to drift eastward toward South America.
		El Niño is also of a scale, both spatially and in terms of the magnitude of temperature deviations, that is comparable to much of the greenhouse change projected in climate-model experiments.
	geochange.er.usgs.gov /sw/changes/natural/elnino (4705 words)

	STORMFAX® - El Niño Weather and La Niña Years
		El Niño is characterized by a large scale weakening of the trade winds and warming of the surface layers in the Equatorial eastern and central Pacific Ocean.
		El Niño events occur irregularly at intervals of 2-7 years, although the average has been, until recently, about once every 3-4 years and lasting 12-18 months.
		The 1982-'83 El Niño was blamed for as many as 2,000 deaths and more than $13 billion in damage to property and livelihoods worldwide.
	www.stormfax.com /elnino.htm (755 words)

	LASERS: El Niño
		The meteorological effects related to El Niño and its counterpart, La Niña (a cooling of the eastern tropical Pacific), extend throughout the Pacific Rim to eastern Africa and beyond.
		During El Niño, heat is transported from the tropics to higher latitudes by ocean currents, and additional heat goes to the atmosphere, mainly through evaporation.
		The factors leading to the end of an El Niño event are not yet entirely clear, as evidenced by the failure of computer models to predict the end of the El Niño that began late in 1990.
	www.ucar.edu /communications/factsheets/elnino (3013 words)

	Interaction with El Niño: how hurricane frequency may be affected
		El Niño is a phenomenon where ocean surface temperatures become warmer than normal in the equatorial Pacific.
		The primary explanation for the decline in hurricane frequency during El Niño years is due to the increased wind shear in the environment.
		In El Niño years, the wind patterns are aligned in such a way that the vertical wind shear is increased over the Caribbean and Atlantic.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/hurr/enso.rxml (222 words)

	El Nino La Nina California Rainfall
		El Niño is characterized by an increase in the sea surface temperatures (SST) in the tropical waters of the eastern and central Pacific Ocean.
		El Niños also vary in strength and location and are measured by a variety of criteria including SST, the Southern Oscillation, low level wind flow and outgoing long-wave radiation.
		Even though El Niño forms and is only present in the tropical Pacific, it is indirectly felt in other parts of the world as it disrupts the "usual" position of the jet stream and consequently precipitation patterns.
	ggweather.com /enso/calenso.htm (726 words)

	CNN - El Niño
		The warm waters of El Niño are cooling, but there's more more mischief on the way.
		It's wreaking havoc around the world, but no country is feeling El Niño's wrath quite like Peru.
		The bad news: It could be the worst El Niño ever.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/el.nino (155 words)

	Ocean Planet:El Nino (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The most severe El Niño of the century occurred in the winter of 1982 and 1983.
		El Niño forecasts; tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures
		El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: A Reversal of Fortune - Master's Degree thesis by Kimberly Amaral
	seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov /OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/oceanography_el_nino.html (194 words)

	El Nino Forecast (Stormsurf)
		The trend continued through 2004 with the strength and frequency of the El Nino-like periods increasing, enough to pass over the threshold to be considered a minimal but official El Nino by late August.
		Another key indicator in the evolution of either an El Nino or La Nina event is the depth and profile of the 20 degree isotherm (thermocline).
		El Nino typically enhances the size, strength and frequency of winter North Pacific storms in and around the Gulf of Alaska, thereby improving the likelihood for large winter surf in California and Hawaii.
	www.stormsurf.com /page2/enso/current.shtml (2427 words)

	El Nino (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		El Nino is a shift in ocean temperatures and atmospheric conditions in the tropical Pacific that disrupts weather around the world.
		It is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific, compared to El Nino, which is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific.
		El Nino and La Nina are the most powerful phenomenon on the earth and alter the climate across more than half the planet.
	edugreen.teri.res.in /explore/climate/elnino.htm (615 words)

	El Niño today (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		But it's the first strong El Niño to be watched step by step by an improved set of buoys in the Pacific.
		Caption: El Niño is that band along the equator west of Peru.
		The strong El Niño has contributed to what could be the warmest year since records were kept.
	whyfiles.org /050el_nino/1.html (537 words)

	El Nino/Enso: Short- and Long- Term Effects
		To know the likely implications of an El Nino event in advance, as noted by the more than $10 billion in worldwide damages produced by the 1982-83 El Nino pattern, will allow strategic and logistical planners to be better prepared in their efforts to diffuse chaos in the world's political and military arenas of tomorrow.
		The 10-year gap between moderate to strong El Nino's from 1943 to 1953 could easily be seen as the key factor in the strength of the Siberian High in the winter of 1950-51.
		During the 1982-83 El Nino, the resultant atmospheric pressure for Darwin, Australia (Figure 4) was the highest in the last 100 years; while the atmospheric pressure concurrently recorded in Tahiti was the lowest in the last 50 years.
	www.tec.army.mil /publications/elnino (6865 words)

	JPL - Earth - El Nino
		El Niño, which in Spanish means "The Christ Child," was named by South American fishermen who noticed this phenomenon occurs around Christmas time.
		One of the most famous and powerful of these ocean-atmosphere interactions is El Niño, the unusually warm current that invades South and Central American coastal waters at the end of some years.
		In contrast, during an El Niño year, weakened winds allow warm water to occupy the entire tropical Pacific.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /earth/ocean_motion/el_nino_index.cfm (204 words)

	El Niño Bibliographies
		When examining an El Niño bibliography, it is important to remember that the El Niño event of 1982-83 was so strong, and unexpected, that it prompted a 10-year program of intensive research on the subject.
		On the prediction of the El Niño of 1986-1987.
		The influence of El Niño from Alaska to Baja is strongest during the winter causing downwelling along the northern coasts and upwelling in southern coastal areas.
	www.lib.noaa.gov /edocs/elnino.html (3798 words)

	El Nino - Of Droughts and Flooding Rains
		The tendency for El Niño and La Niña episodes to last about twelve months means that, once we have identified that an episode is under way, we can often predict how the climate will develop, in countries where this phenomenon is a major climatic influence.
		Rainfall in previous El Niño events can be examined, to determine the likelihood of low rainfall in specific areas during El Niño.
		All these efforts meant that by the El Niño events of 1991 and 1994 we were better placed to recognise quickly that we were in an El Niño and to disseminate forecasts.
	www.abc.net.au /science/slab/elnino/story.htm (4230 words)

	Climate Glossary - El Nino
		Nowadays, the term El Niño refers to the extensive warming of the central and eastern Pacific that leads to a major shift in weather patterns across the Pacific.
		El Niño, La Niña, ENSO, Southern Oscillation and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) are all related to this topic.
		El Niño/Southern Oscillation modification to the structure of the monsoon and tropical cyclone activity in the Australasian region
	www.bom.gov.au /climate/glossary/elnino.shtml (1027 words)

	FEMA For Kids: El Niño (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		El Niño is a climate pattern that involves the surface of the ocean and the atmosphere in the Pacific Ocean.
		In 1982-1983, El Niño brought flooding to the states of California, Utah and Louisiana.
		El Niño may also bring warmer than normal winter temperatures to the eastern part of the United States.
	www.fema.gov /kids/elnino.htm (230 words)

	Untitled Document
		A classic feature of the transition from an El Niño pattern into a La Niña was seen in the global average surface temperature anomaly for 1998, which was the highest observed in the instrumental record despite maturing La Niña conditions during the latter half of the year.
		This lag between the development of La Niña and the emergence of negative surface land temperature anomalies and teleconnections to higher latitudes is typical.
		The meeting was held in accordance with UN General Assembly Resolution 52/200 of 18 December 1997 on international cooperation to reduce the impact of the El Niño phenomenon, and in line with the report to the UN Secretary-General on its implementation by the Inter-Agency Task Force on El Niño.
	www.wmo.ch /nino/updat.html (1751 words)

	El Niño (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		El Niño is a weather event involving the eastward migration of a mass of warm water normally found in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean.
		El Niño is sometimes referred to as ENSO, for El Niño-Southern Oscillation.
		In the past, El Niño has often brought heavy rains to southern California and to a portion of the South from Atlanta to Cape Hatteras; it can bring relatively mild winter temperatures to the northern third of the country.
	www.almanac.com /elnino/index.html (439 words)

	CPC: Expert Assessments - ENSO Diagnostic Discussion
		The latest NCEP coupled forecast system (CFS) predictions indicate El Niño conditions for the remainder of 2006 and into the NH spring (SH fall) 2007 (Fig.
		Typical El Niño effects are likely to develop over North America during the upcoming winter season, including warmer-than-average temperatures over western and central Canada, and over the western and northern United States, wetter-than-average conditions over portions of the U.S. Gulf Coast and Florida, and drier-than-average conditions in the Ohio Valley and the Pacific Northwest.
		Forecasts for the evolution of El Niño/La Niña are updated monthly in the Forecast Forum section of CPC's Climate Diagnostics Bulletin.
	www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov /products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory (344 words)

	El Niño: online meteorology guide
		This module introduces El Niño, conditions are responsible for its occurrence, plus the impact it has on the rest of the world.
		Conditions that lead to an El Niño event and how El Niño influences upwelling processes, tropical rainfall and local fish populations.
		The navigation menu (left) for this module is called "El Nino" and the menu items are arranged in a recommended sequence, beginning with this introduction.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/eln/home.rxml (312 words)

	National Geographic Magazine Article: El Nino/La Nina--Part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Peru was where it all began, but El Niño’s abnormal effects on the main components of climate—sunshine, temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, cloud formation, and ocean currents—changed weather patterns across the equatorial Pacific and in turn around the globe.
		By the time the debris settled and the collective misery was tallied, the devastation had in some respects exceeded even that of the El Niño of 1982-83, which killed 2,000 worldwide and caused about 13 billion dollars in damage.
		It is not uncommon for an El Niño winter to be followed by a La Niña one—where climate patterns and worldwide effects are, for the most part, the opposite of those produced by El Niño.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /elnino/mainpage.html (1042 words)

	El Nino Theme Page
		An instructional module from the University of Illinois which introduces El Niño, describes the conditions responsible for its occurrence, and outlines the impact it has on the rest of the world (e.g., weather, economy).
		In this Web Quest, students learn more about El Nino and La Nina Cycles by collecting and analyzing data and sharing their findings in a speculation paper.
		In addition to basic information about El Niño, there are links to research information and other El Niño sites, access to earth science data, and connections to Earth scientists and Earth science teachers.
	www.cln.org /themes/el_nino.html (659 words)

	APOD: November 12, 1997 - El Nino Earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		El Niño is a temporary global climate change resulting from unusually warm water in the central Pacific Ocean.
		El Niño can cause unusual or severe weather for some locations over the next few months.
		The cause and full effects of El Niños are still under study.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap971112.html (143 words)

	El Niño: Hot Air over Hot Water
		Since the fishermen believed in the birth of the Christ child at Christmas, and since they spoke Spanish, they named the hot water El Niño, which means "the infant" in Spanish.
		The 1997-1998 El Niño may or may not be stronger than ever before.
		One thing that is definitely different about this El Niño is the technology that scientists are using to study it.
	sln.fi.edu /weather/nino/nino.html (486 words)

	Preparing for El Nino - Winter storms, rain, flooding, San Francisco
		El Niño, also known as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), occurred in the winter of 1997-1998.
		In an effort to help people understand this incredible weather phenomenon, ABAG is happy to provide this informative website to help you learn more and get ready for potentially tumultuous winters.
		El Niño and its possible influence on landslides.
	www.abag.ca.gov /bayarea/enviro/elnino.html (168 words)

	The 1997 El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO 97-98)
		As El Niño continues to fade, it is not clear whether events such as southern U.S. droughts and heavy monsoons in Asia are ENSO-related.
		A tongue of cold water in the eastern Pacific ocean may signal the onset of an occurrence of La Niña, the cold-water version of El Niño.
		This electronic mailing is intended to provide near real-time reports primarily on marine and terrestrial events that may be linked to the development of the 1997-98 El Niño/Southern Oscillation which appears to be unfolding as one of the most severe ENSO events in history.
	darwin.bio.uci.edu /~sustain/ENSO.html (836 words)

	LASERS: El Niño (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		UCAR > Communications > Lasers > El nino
		Completed in 1994, the TAO array gathers surface meteorological and oceanographic data and records ocean temperature to a depth of 500 meters (1650 feet).
		This effort was further enhanced by the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment (CEPEX) held in spring of 1993.
	www.ucar.edu /communications/lasers/elnino (3052 words)

	Science NetLinks: El Nino
		To understand that El Nino is caused by changes in the atmospheric and ocean content.
		El Nino is a mass of warm water that moves eastward as trade winds relax.
		For a printout activity in which students construct a timeline of El Nino, go to El Nino Task #3 on the Athena website.
	www.sciencenetlinks.com /lessons.cfm?DocID=157 (1178 words)

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