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Topic: Elaboration Likelihood Model

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	Elaboration Likelihood Model - Persuasion Context
		ELM is a scientific theory that charcterizes humans as reactors to a stimulus making a desired reaction or attitude change achievable.
		Elaboration Likelihood Model, though scientific, is difficult to critique according to traditional scientific standards.
		ELM is a fairly accurate model of how attitude changes are achieved and the difficulty in producing a major or long-term attitude change.
	www.uky.edu /~drlane/capstone/persuasion/elm.htm (629 words)

	The Elaboration Likelihood Model: Why People Won't Switch - OSNews.com
		This model is based on the presumption that in order for someone's attitude towards a certain idea, concept, or object to change, there are two routes: the central route, and the peripheral route.
		A crucial part of the ELM is that these two routes do not lead to the same form of attitude change.
		Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. (1986) The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion.
	www.osnews.com /story.php/15973/The-Elaboration-Likelihood-Model-Why-People-Wont-Switch (1013 words)

	eWorld: Verbal Intercourse: Elaboration Likelihood Model
		The Elaboration Likelihood Model was developed by Richard Petty and John Cacioppo and first published in the early 1980's (Littlejohn, 2002).
		Petty, speaking of ELM and the heuristic-systematic model in a later article, said that ``These models have likely maintained their popularity over the past five review periods in part because these theories encompass the effects of a multitude of persuasion variables, processes, and outcomes'' (Petty, 1997, p.
		The ELM has done as good a job as any other theory we have to explain what causes people to process information in certain ways, and as such will likely be around for a long time to come.
	www.ericrichardson.com /verbal/elm (2224 words)

	Hans-Joachim Mosler: Better Be Convincing or Better Be Stylish?
		A modeller planning the rules for building agents may be predisposed to a biased view since the rules he or she develops will make sense from his or her personal perspective on the issue at hand.
		When elaboration is low, people engage in less thoughtful analyses of arguments or take their orientation from peripheral cues, such as the trustworthiness of the source, sympathy, number of arguments or argument length and many more.
		For example, assuming that an agent's elaboration likelihood (EL) reaches a value of 8, 80% of his or her attitude change will be determined to by the central factor and 20% of it by the peripheral factor because the agent will treat the information more centrally than peripherally.
	jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk /9/3/4.html (8410 words)

	eWorld: Verbal Intercourse: Elaboration Likelihood Model
		The Elaboration Likelihood Model was developed by Richard Petty and John Cacioppo and first published in the early 1980's (Littlejohn, 2002).
		Petty, speaking of ELM and the heuristic-systematic model in a later article, said that ``These models have likely maintained their popularity over the past five review periods in part because these theories encompass the effects of a multitude of persuasion variables, processes, and outcomes'' (Petty, 1997, p.
		The ELM has done as good a job as any other theory we have to explain what causes people to process information in certain ways, and as such will likely be around for a long time to come.
	eworld.ericrichardson.com /verbal/elm (2224 words)

	Lesson 7.2: Transcript
		The elaboration likelihood model involves high elaboration likelihood and low elaboration likelihood and also uses the term central and peripheral routes to persuasion.
		The HSM or heuristic systematic model was proposed by Chaiken and Eagly.
		The competing model, the elaboration likelihood model proposed by Petty and Cacioppo says that elaboration likelihood is on a continuum, so as opposed to heuristic and systematic themes, dichotomous and categorical, elaboration is a continuous variable and they allow for motivation and personality characteristics to influence the amount of elaboration as well as situational factors.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /psyc320/lessons/lesson07/lesson7-2_transcript.htm (1845 words)

	JVER Volume 29 Number 1 - Frank Linnehan
		The ELM hypothesizes that belief formation and attitude changes are based upon the presence and interaction of multiple factors (Petty and Cacioppo, 1981), two of which are the frequency of the messages that are communicated and the credibility of their source.
		The model also posits that beliefs may be temporarily changed via the peripheral route in the presence of a strong peripheral cue, even if the individual lacks either the ability or motivation to evaluate the message.
		Based on the ELM, it was hypothesized that since the contact between the adult and student is of a short duration, student beliefs would be related to the frequency with which the adult communicated a message and the credibility of the adult to the student.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /ejournals/JVER/v29n1/linnehan.html (5031 words)

	Elaboration Likelihood Model
		The ELM accounts for the differences in persuasive impact produced by arguments that contain ample information and cogent reasons as compared to messages that rely on simplistic associations of negative and positive attributes to some object, action or situation.
		The receiver is not guided by his or her assessment of the message, as in the case of the central route, but the receiver decides to follow a principle or a decision-rule which is derived from the persuasion situation.
		Petty, R.E. & Cacioppo, J.T. The Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion.
	www.tcw.utwente.nl /theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Public%20Relations%2C%20Advertising%2C%20Marketing%20and%20Consumer%20Behavior/Elaboration_Likelihood_Model.doc (374 words)

	Internet Marketing--Chapter 10-Elaboration Likelihood Model
		This model was developed by researchers in the field of social psychology to explain the different ways of persuading an audience.
		The model posits that there is a continuum of approaches to persuasion which is anchored on one end by the Central Route and on the other end by the Peripheral Route.
		Elaboration is a cognitive process in which a person actively thinks about the information being presented.
	education.smartpros.com /internetmarketing/ch10/elm.html (448 words)

	Media Literacy and Attitude Change
		The ELM has developed into a general framework for the study of persuasion in the field of social psychology, but it also has been applied effectively to advertising communications and become popular in the field of consumer behavior.
		The ELM overcomes a critical limitation of traditional hierarchy-of-effects models by relaxing the assumption that cognitively complex changes in consumer attitudes are necessary for effective advertising.
		The ELM is an excellent framework to adequately explain the effectiveness of advertising; however, "the influence of attitude toward the ad as a negative cue within this framework is not fully understood in the context of negative advertising".
	www.westga.edu /~byates/media1.htm (9135 words)

	Elaboration Likelihood Model
		In general, we are naturally more likely to accept the statements of an expert than a non-expert.
		The cognitive response model posits that when auditors believe the source of a message is an expert, they have less motivation to scrutinize (develop counter arguments to) messages attributed to that source.
		Research found that when an audience was told the source was an expert after listening to the message, that information did not increase persuasion.
	www.cios.org /encyclopedia/persuasion/Helaboration_6source.htm (847 words)

	Does Reputation Management Reap Rewards? A Path Analysis of Corporate Reputation Advertising's Impacts on Brand ...
		This Elaboration Likelihood Model holds that consumers who are both motivated (personally concerned) and able to cognitively process the content of a persuasive message are likely to be persuaded by the central route.
		To adjust for the possibility of response differences between intentions and estimates45, purchase likelihood was measured with both an intention item (a ten-point semantic differential of very likely/very unlikely) and an estimation question ("probability that you will purchase this cereal," ranging from 1=0% to 10 =100%).
		In this model, the exogenous variable, which is the attitude toward the corporate reputation ad, has no direct effect on the attitude toward the brand ad and the attitude toward the brand.
	www.scripps.ohiou.edu /wjmcr/vol04/4-1a-b.htm (6391 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for elaboration
		A model of persuasion and attitude change according to which recipients of a persuasive message who are highly motivated and able to process the content of the message with care tend to elaborate or think about issue-relevant arguments, and if they find the arguments...
		The simple repetition (without elaboration) of items that need to be remembered in order to prevent them fading from short-term memory, as when a person repeats a telephone number over and over while searching for a pen and paper to write it down.
		Cultivation and the elaboration likelihood model: a test of the learning and construction and availability heuristic models.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=elaboration (837 words)

	Elaboration Likelihood Model
		The peripheral route states that if a person is unable to elaborate on a message extensively, then she may still be persuaded by factors that have nothing do with the actual content of the message itself.
		That is that she would be drawn to the message by factors that she is already familiar with and has positive attitudes about and would associate those attitudes with the message.
		The Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion is a relatively new theory, having been developed within the last 20 years.
	www.ciadvertising.org /student_account/fall_01/adv382j/cmoore/elaboration_likelihood_model.htm (2266 words)

	Elaboration_Likelihood_Model - The Wordbook Encyclopedia
		The Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion (ELM; proposed by Petty & Cacioppo, 1981, 1986) is a model of how attitudes are formed and changed (see also attitude change).
		Central to this model is the elaboration continuum, which ranges from low elaboration (low thought) to high elaboration (high thought).
		Attitudes formed under high elaboration are stronger (more predictive of behavior and information processing, more stable over time, more resistant to persuasion) than those formed under low elaboration.
	www.thewordbook.com /Elaboration_Likelihood_Model (763 words)

	James Harbin - UF Journal of Undergraduate Research Paper (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The elaboration likelihood model (Albarracin and Wyer, 2000; Petty and Cacioppo, 1981, 1986a, 1986b) suggests that when people receive a persuasive message and are motivated and able to process the arguments, the content of the persuasive message should influence their attitudes.
		While the elaboration likelihood model (Albarracin and Wyer, 2000; Petty and Cacioppo, 1981, 1986a, 1986b) predicts that the lecture will have the greatest influence on selective exposure, cognitive dissonance theory (Albarracin and Wyer, 2000; Festinger, 1957, 1964) and self-perception theory (Albarracin and Wyer, 2000; Bem, 1965, 1970) predict the training to have the greatest effect.
		The results indicate that elaboration likelihood is a greater predictor of selective exposure than dissonance reduction or self-perception.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /jur/200102/papers/paper_harbin.html (2088 words)

	cmm
		The Elaboration Likelihood Model claims that there are two paths to persuasion: the central path and the peripheral path.
		If the receiver is motivated and able to elaborate on the message and if there are compelling arguments to use, then the central route to persuasion should be used.
		If the receiver is unlikely to elaborate the message, or if the available arguments are weak, then the peripheral route to persuasion should be used.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/theory/elm.html (349 words)

	PSU'S Media Lab Impression Formation Study
		The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) of persuasion was used as a theoretical framework.
		High involvement participants showed somewhat less likelihood to vote for the targeted candidate in the fl and white condition, but the difference between the color conditions was not significant.
		First, the Elaboration Likelihood Model was clearly not supported, although the last cited finding, that of memory of political ads as a function of involvement, would point in that direction.
	www.psu.edu /dept/medialab/research/impressform.html (618 words)

	AF Media Use
		The ELM attempts to explain not only different ways of processing messages, but also why different processing methods are used, and the results of those methods on attitude change.
		Of the two routes, ELM proposes that the central route is the one that will result in attitude changes that are enduring, resistant to counter-persuasion, and predictive of future behavior (Booth-Butterfield and Welbourne, 2002; Miller 2002; Petty and Cacioppo 1986; Petty, Cacioppo, and Kasmer 1988).
		A person’s motivation to elaborate on the content of a message is affected by the person’s involvement in and knowledge of the topic (Booth-Butterfield and Welbourne, 2002; Infante, Rancer, and Womack, 1997; Miller 2002; Petty, Cacioppo, and Schumann, 1983).
	www.ou.edu /deptcomm/dodjcc/groups/04C2/lit.htm (3850 words)

	Hovland's Analysis of Persuasion \| in Chapter 15: Social \| from Psychology: An Introduction by Russ Dewey
		In the early 1980s, Richard Petty and John Cacioppo developed a theory of persuasion and attitude change called the ELM or Elaboration Likelihood Model.
		When subjects were put into a high involvement condition (expecting to select a brand of razor given to them free) they paid more attention to the ad, and the celebrity endorsers lost their advantage.
		The more likely people are to elaborate on an message (to relate it to other things they know, which means thinking about it) the less likely they are to show a non-specific positive emotional response to it.
	www.psywww.com /intropsych/ch15_social/elaboration_likelihood_model.html (613 words)

	Changing men's male gender-role attitudes by applying the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change Sex Roles: A ...
		The ELM is a theory of attitude change that has received strong empirical support and has been applied with success to a wide variety of attitude change situations, including business, counseling, and public health.
		The ELM describes two types of attitude change: central route and peripheral route attitude change.
		Central route attitude change can occur when there is significant cognitive elaboration (high elaboration likelihood), whereas peripheral route attitude change can occur in the absence of cognitive elaboration (low elaboration likelihood).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2294/is_n9-10_v35/ai_19226193 (657 words)

	Testing the mediating role of cognitive responses in the Elaboration Likelihood Model \| Communication Studies \| Find ...
		Using the peripheral route, the listener decides whether to agree with the message based on other cues besides the strength of the arguments in the message, such as whether the source is credible or attractive, the number (but not the quality) of arguments in the message, or length of the message.
		The cognitive response model assumes that cognitive responses are a mediating variable in the persuasion process.
		To address this critique, this study employs structural equation modeling to assess the role of cognitive responses as a mediating variable in the ELM.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3669/is_200101/ai_n8946419 (943 words)

	The Elaboration Likelihood Model: Why People Won't Switch
		This answer is what is known as the Elaboration Likelihood Model, or ELM (Petty, Cacioppo, 1986).
		This model is based on the presumption that in order for someone's attitude towards a certain idea, concept, or object to change, there are two routes: the central route, and the peripheral route.
		A crucial part of the ELM is that these two routes do not lead to the same form of attitude change.
	osnews.com /story/15973/The-Elaboration-Likelihood-Model-Why-People-Wont-Switch (1114 words)

	Lit Review Paper
		The Elaboration Likelihood Model posits two routes to persuasion, the central route and the peripheral route.
		In the Elaboration Likelihood Model the two paths are followed simultaneously, but one is dominant depending on the motivation of the receiver of persuasive communication.
		Though the Elaboration Likelihood Model has been the object of some criticism (Mongeau and Stiff, 1993; Allen and Reynolds, 1993), the application made here does not appear to advance into the most controversial features of this theory.
	commfaculty.fullerton.edu /jreinard/lit_review_paper.htm (2268 words)

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