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Topic: Elaine Race Riot

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	Elaine Race Riot Information
		The Elaine Race Riot was a deadly 1919 race riot in the town of Elaine in Phillips County, Arkansas which gained national attention and spurred a major U.S. Supreme Court ruling.
		In recent years, researchers have begun to investigate the riot in Elaine as well as the similar Tulsa Race Riot which occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1921.
		In early 2000 a conference on the Elaine Riot was held in Helena, Arkansas at the Delta Cultural Center.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Elaine_Race_Riot (1322 words)

	Elaine Race Riot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Elaine Race Riot was a deadly 1919 race riot in the town of Elaine in Phillips County, Arkansas which gained national attention and spurred a major U.S. Supreme Court ruling.
		In recent years, researchers have begun to investigate the riot in Elaine as well as the similar Tulsa Race Riot which occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1921.
		In early 2000 a conference on the Elaine Riot was held in Helena, Arkansas at the Delta Cultural Center.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elaine_Race_Riot (1354 words)

	Elaine, Arkansas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Elaine is a city located in Phillips County, Arkansas.
		The racial makeup of the city was 39.08% White, 58.15% Black or African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.92% from other races, and 1.85% from two or more races.
		There were 330 households out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.2% were married couples living together, 30.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.7% were non-families.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elaine,_Arkansas (389 words)

	A Serpent Cherished by Ann Roscopf Allen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Some have said the riot was basically over before they arrived; others have said that the troops, recently returned from World War I, were trigger happy and were the cause of most of the deaths.You'll have to read the book to find out where I stand on interpreting the facts.
		Perhaps "murders" would be more appropriate for both especially since one group of the Elaine Twelve was given new trials based on the fact that at their original trials, the degree of murder they were charged with was never specified.
		The connections to the Elaine race riot (October 1919) are clear, and I'll be able to make use of them as I continue with the story.
	www.aserpentcherished.com /pages/5 (2201 words)

	African American Registry: Race riot in Elaine, Arkansas!
		African American Registry: Race riot in Elaine, Arkansas!
		As a result, the rest of the condemned men were set free and the governor brought African-American and white citizens together for discussion on problems between the races.
		Currently, race relations in the county are particularly strained.
	www.aaregistry.com /african_american_history/1204/Race_riot_in_Elaine_Arkansas (436 words)

	Community Revisits 1919 Race Riot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Participants are revisiting the day — Sept. 30, 1919, near Elaine — when a white deputy was killed and white posses from Arkansas and Mississippi apparently took revenge on fls, killing anywhere from 20 to 200 or more.
		The West Helena mayor's office and city council are divided along race lines, and last year's organizers of a popular Blues Festival at Helena were criticized by a former state lawmaker, who's fl, as being racist.
		They viewed a documentary on the Elaine race riot, heard an overview on racial violence in Arkansas and listened to recollections from people who grew up in the period.
	richlabonte.net /exonews/xtra4/community_revisits.htm (320 words)

	tulsa race riot
		The end result, "The Tulsa Race Riot," was, all told, an exceptional piece of work, Gill worked diligently to uncover the causes of the riot, and to trace its path of violence and destruction, by scouring old newspaper and magazine articles, Red Cross records, and government documents.
		Riot survivors, participants, and observers, to be certain, still told stories of their experiences to family and friends.
		A young girl at the time of the riot, Avery had been haunted by her memories of the smoke and flames rising up over the African American district, and by the two trucks carrying the bodies of riot victims that had passed in front of her home on East 8th Street.
	www.ipoaa.com /tulsa_race_riot_overview.htm (7702 words)

	79.02.04: The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States,1880-1950
		The greatest number of race riots occurred during and just after World War I. During this period the North was concerned with the tremendous migration of Blacks from the South, and the displacement of some whites by Blacks in jobs and residences, which escalated social tensions between the races.
		Race riots were caused by a great number of social, political and economic factors.
		The social-political factors that caused the increase in race riots.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/2/79.02.04.x.html (5745 words)

	The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow . Jim Crow Stories . Red Summer \| PBS
		The Red Summer refers to the summer and fall of 1919, in which race riots exploded in a number of cities in both the North and South.
		By the time the riot ended, 23 fls and 15 whites were dead, 537 injured, and 1,000 fl families were left homeless.
		The Chicago riot was part of a national racial frenzy of clashes, massacres, and lynchings throughout the North and the South.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_red.html (623 words)

	The summer of ’43 (Metro Times Detroit) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The 1943 race riot is not as well remembered as the city’s 1967 tumult, perhaps because it doesn’t fit smoothly with the mythology we’ve created about our past.
		Detroit’s race riot was not the nation’s sole urban conflict of 1943, but it was the largest and last.
		Nazi-controlled Vichy radio asserted that the riot was symptomatic of “the internal disorganization of a country torn by social injustice, race hatreds, regional disputes, the violence of an irritated proletariat, and the gangsterism of capitalistic police.”
	www.metrotimes.com /editorial/story.asp?id=5041 (4225 words)

	Scipio Africanus Jones
		However, Judge Jones, appointed to the bench in 1915, was primarily noted for his defense of twelve fl men who in 1919 were convicted of murder after race related violence in Philips County, Arkansas.
		There are two versions of the "Elaine race riot of 1919" that left as many as 200 fls dead: the white version and the fl version.
		In Elaine, on September 30, 1919, when a white sheriff's deputy was killed and white mobs from Arkansas and Mississippi took revenge on fls.
	www.nathanielturner.com /scipioafricanusjones.htm (1568 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> NAACP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Springfield Race Riot of 1908 in Lincoln's hometown of Springfield, Illinois the previous summer had highlighted the urgent need for a large civil rights organization in the U.S. This event is often cited as the spark that initiated the formation of the NAACP.
		The organization sent Walter F. White to Phillips County, Arkansas, in October, 1919, to investigate the Elaine Race Riot in which more than two hundred fl tenant farmers were killed by roving white vigilantes and federal troops after a deputy sheriff's attack on a union meeting of sharecroppers left one white man dead.
		The NAACP organized the appeals for the twelve men sentenced to death a month later â” based on the fact of the testimony used in their convictions having been obtained by beatings and electric shocks â” and obtained a groundbreaking Supreme Court decision in Moore v.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/NAACP (3441 words)

	THE 1919 RIOT & THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RIGHT TO SELF-DEFENSE ARGUMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		N312 The negro in Chicago; a study of race relations and a race riot.
		T9 Race riot; Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919 [by] William M. Tuttle Jr.
		The race riots; biennial report, 1918-1919 and official record of inquests on the victims of the race riots of July and August, 1919… Compiled and certified to by Peter M. Hoffman, Coroner of Cook County, Illinois.
	www.chicagohs.org /collections/historyfair/subjects/bibliographies/race_riots_of_1919.htm (257 words)

	elapg1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In fall 1999, a graduate class at Arkansas State University, under the direction of Dr. Sarah Wilkerson-Freeman in the History Department, engaged in a collaborative research project that focused on the Elaine Race Riot (Phillips County, Arkansas) of 1919.
		The students also chose aspects of the "riot" (which was, in fact, an orchestrated attack on fl sharecroppers who tried to organize for fairer treatment), and wrote introductory essays to provide background material for the articles.
		The "mysteries" associated with the Elaine Riot, the numerous conflicting versions of the event, the uncertainty concerning the number of victims, and the failure of law officials to investigate the murders of fl victims, etc., need to be brought to light and explored.
	www.clt.astate.edu /sarahwf/elainrt/elapg1.html (319 words)

	President
		The Elaine race riot, as history until now has called it, is an awful blemish on Arkansas history.
		But Stockley, exhibiting his experience as a lawyer, analyzes the facts and identifies the events as a massacre, not a riot, because even 20 deaths fit that description in the events Stockley brings to light, namely, shooting unarmed fls with their hands in the air, and burying many in unmarked graves.
		Farming conditions in the Arkansas Delta in 1919 are not what they are today, and the sharecroppers, with grievances over cotton prices paid by their white landlords, attended the meeting.
	www.arkbar.com /Ark_Lawyer_Mag/_notes/BookReview_Win02.htm (1050 words)

	Untitled Document
		Consequently, once the shooting started, fighting spread to Elaine where white posses fought fl union members in the streets and outlying areas of the small community.
		The Elaine race riot was one of twenty-five racial conflicts throughout the nation referred to collectively as the "Red Summer" of 1919.
		Allen on the Elaine riot in Brough Scrapbook, Film 272; Arkansas: A Guide to the State, 354; U. Bratton to David Y. Thomas, Sept. 15, 1921, David Y. Thomas Papers, Box 1.
	peace.saumag.edu /swark/articles/ahq/arkansas/redscare/redscare276.html (368 words)

	African American Perspectives: African American Pamphlets - Time Line Page Three
		On September 22-24, in a race riot in Atlanta, ten fls and two whites were killed.
		On August 23, a riot erupted in Houston between fl soldiers and white citizens; 2 fls and 11 whites were killed.
		On May 31-June 1, in a race riot in Tulsa, Oklahoma, 21 whites and 60 fls were killed.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /ammem/aap/timelin3.html (1277 words)

	African American Articles
		A sophisticated historical analysis of the changing psychological and economic forces affecting the Black and White communities of the Delta that produced the clash of the Elaine Riot of 1919.
		Analyzes the competing historical interpretations of the Elaine Race Riot of 1919 and suggests this specific event is best understood within the larger context of white -fl struggles in the Delta and is a more complicated story than usually portrayed.
		A brief, factual account of the Elaine incident, indicating that it was caused by African American farmers seeking economic justice who met with a violent response of the white landowners.
	peace.saumag.edu /swark/articles/ahq/african_americans/african-american-articles.html (454 words)

	Tulsa Race Riot Panel Recommends Reparations by Renee Ruble
		About a half-dozen of the 80 known riot survivors watched yesterday as the commission heard personal accounts, newspaper stories and a subcommittee recommendation before approving the payment of reparations.
		The riot broke out May 31, 1921, when a white lynch mob clashed with fls who were protecting a fl man accused of assaulting a white elevator operator.
		In Arkansas, historians and residents will hold a conference next week to discuss a major race riot in 1919 at Elaine, Ark. The death toll has been put at anywhere from 20 to 200.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines/020500-01.htm (519 words)

	arkansas
		In 1919 a race riot in Phillips County brought unfavorable publicity.
		This was "red summer," when labor strife and race riots occurred across the country.
		While the Elaine Race Riot brought unfavorable publicity to the state, the sharp decline in prices paid for agricultural products that persisted throughout the 1920s brought ruin to farmers and many of the merchants and bankers who depended upon the agricultural economy.
	arkansas.50ustates.net (3319 words)

	newsobserver.com \| Searches
		Stories related to The Ghosts of 1989: Wilmington's race riot and the rise of white supremacy.
		Stories related to The Ghosts of 1898: Wilmington's race riot and the rise of white supremacy.
		An archive of articles by North Raleigh News columnist Elaine Klonicki.
	www.newsobserver.com /member_center/help/searches (3529 words)

	Thirteen/WNET - Online Pressroom - Press Release
		In 1900, a race riot occurs in New Orleans in which Robert Charles kills seven and wounds 20 before he himself is killed.
		1906: Atlanta Race Riot: The riot, from September 22 to 24 in Atlanta, Georgia, is incited by a race-baiting political campaign and a barrage of false reports charging fls with assaulting white women.
		On August 23 in Houston, Texas, a race riot occurs between fl soldiers and white citizens.
	www.thirteen.org /pressroom/release.php?get=112 (1697 words)

	Tulsa Burning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		On the edge of his desk is a manila folder stuffed with documents, old newspaper clips and grand-jury indictments relating to Tulsa's Race Riot of 1921, one of the worst in the nation's history.
		The incident that set off the Tulsa riot was the same incident that set off so many other race riots before it: a report of an assault by a Black man on a white woman.
		Along with a photographic portrait, he sent this description of the patriarch of the Stradford clan: "He was magnificent, and had the courage and physical strength of a Mandingo warrior." Toole finished by mentioning the memoirs, which are still in the family's possession.
	www.northtulsa.com /tulsa_burning.html (5383 words)

	Arkansas Resources for African American Studies
		An optimistic analysis of Southern race relations by a onetime editor of the Arkansas Gazette.
		Union, Reaction, and Riot: A Biography of a Rural Race Riot.
		A useful discussion of intra-fl race relations based on a cautious use of the WPA slave narratives.
	arkedu.state.ar.us /africanamerican/arkres.htm (5271 words)

	University of Arkansas Press listings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The tragedy of the Elaine massacres is not only that they occurred but that we have ignored them.
		Compounding the violence by rampaging white mobs and army troops was the torture of fl survivors.
		Grif Stockley is a lawyer, the author of five murder mysteries (Expert Testimony, Probable Cause, Religious Conviction, Illegal Motion, and Blind Judgment, all from Simon and Schuster), and a longtime scholar of the Elaine race riots.
	www.uark.edu /~uaprinfo/titles/fa01/stockley_elaine.html (424 words)

	Articles: The Changing Face of Sharecropping and Tenancy - Historical Text Archive
		They looked back to the Elaine massacre, which had occurred a decade and a half earlier and just a few counties south, and drew from it an important lesson.
		It probably goes without saying that in this respect race was probably not the key factor, but it establishes the fact that despite the safety and security, despite the better conditions, the decision to stay on the Wilson plantation had its price.
		For a full treatment of the Elaine Race Riot, see Grif Stockley, Blood in their Eyes: The Elaine Race Massacres of 1919 (Fayetteville, 2001).
	historicaltextarchive.com /sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=657 (6823 words)

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